Hussein J. shareef
@uobasrah.edu.iq
Date Palm Reseaerch center
University of Basrah
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Sajeda Yaseen Swaid and Hussein Jasim Shareef
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract The date palm is one of the plants whose growth is being affected by global warming through harmful wavelengths of UV radiation. The protective role of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AsA) at physiological (100 and 200 mg l–1) levels was assessed under UV-B (8 hrs day–1) stress in the development and physiological adaptation of date palm seedlings. Three months after treatment with different concentrations of SA and AsA, their effects on growth criteria, pigment content, oxidation stress markers, and enzyme antioxidant activities were studied. Results revealed that both SA and AsA increased the seedling height, leaf width, and dry weight, decreased the level of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and increased membrane stability, thereby alleviating oxidant injury. Furthermore, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase have been upregulated, thereby enhancing the seedlings’ tolerance against stress. The results suggest that foliar SA and AsA application could be an efficient way to alleviate the UV-B radiation stress damage in young date palm plants, therefore providing a possible approach to improving crop resilience in increasingly harsh environmental conditions.
Hussein Jasim SHAREEF
University of Ljubljana
Crops are destroyed by extreme heat, which also limits their growth and yield. The present study sought to determine whether selenium (0, 15, or 30 mg l-1) impacted ‘Barhee’ date palm seedling’s development under heat stress (in the field and canopy temperature). The growth parameters, chlorophyll and relative water content, ascorbic acid, catalase activity, and phytohormones in seedlings were reduced under heat stress. At the same time, ascorbate peroxidase activity, proline, phenols, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and abscisic acid in seedlings increased. Enhancing growth features, chlorophyll content, relative water content, ascorbic acid, catalase activity, plant hormones, proline, phenols, and ascorbate peroxidase activity with exogenous nano-Selenium (15 mg l-1) reduced the negative impacts of heat stress. Date palm seedlings can be protected from high temperatures by using nano-selenium. Selenium reverses heat-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the antioxidative mechanism, improving reactive oxygen species scavenging, lowering lipid peroxidation, and modulating plant hormone levels.
Neven A. Abdullah, Haider S. Sh. AL-Jabir, and Hussein J. Shareef
Open Science Publishers LLP
The distribution of plants on the planet is associated with high temperatures as a limiting factor. Indian almond seedlings were planted in pots subjected to ascorbic acid (AsA) and calcium chloride alone or combined to reduce the negative impact of high field temperature. All treatments improved growth parameters compared with the control. The combined treatments increased chlorophyll content. In contrast, AsA 100 combined with calcium chloride 500 increased carotenoid pigment. However, the treatments modulated proline, total soluble carbohydrate, phenolic, and AsA contents. Heat stress increased abscisic acid (ABA) content and electrolyte leakage percentage, whereas calcium decreased. AsA 50 mg/L decreased ABA and electrolyte leakage, whereas calcium increased. The treatments modulated protein profile in the number of proteins separated into bands on the gel. The thickness and density of these bands indicate differences in the molecular weights of proteins by treatments. The seedlings responded to heat stress during the 2 nd week in July 2021, and the control treatment was more responsive to the temperature rise than the other treatments. The adaptation of the Indian almond plants to high temperatures during the summer in semi-tropical regions is possible using AsA and calcium chloride to reduce heat stress damage on the plant.
Hussein J. Shareef, Ahmed Y. L. Hzaa, and Nabil I. Elsheery
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Salty sandy soil usually hinders plant growth, while spraying nano-fertilizers such as iron and zinc enhances plant growth. This experiment investigated the role of iron and zinc nano-fertilizers (1 g l–1) in the adaptation of date palm seedlings (cv. Barhee) subjected to salt stress (0, 75, 150 mM NaCl). Nano-fertilizer increased plant height, length of roots, number of leaves, and roots. In contrast, salt stress led to reducing these parameters. Salt stress increased hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and antioxidants such as soluble proteins, proline, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase enzyme in the leaves. Abscisic acid also increased. Nano-fertilizers increased the chlorophyll and dry matter of the plant under salt stress. Nano-iron induced better seedling growth than nano-zinc, especially in the length of the roots. Nano-iron under salt stress increased iron and potassium concentration and K/Na ratio in leaves. Nano-fertilizers help the plant adapt to environmental stresses, and seedlings succeed in growing in saline sandy soils.
Neven A. Abdullah, Haider S. Sh. Al-Jabir, and Hussein J. Shareef
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract In light of global warming, pre-treatment plants with antioxidants may reduce the damage caused by climatic changes. Indian almond seedlings were planted in pots subjected to ascorbic acid and potassium chloride alone or combined to reduce the negative impact of high field temperature. Compared with the control, all treatments improved the plant height, branch number, number of leaves, and leaf area. These treatments reduced loss in concentration of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid. Heat stress increased abscisic acid content and electrolyte leakage percentage, whereas the application of ascorbic acid alleviated this damage. Indian almond plants can better withstand high temperatures particularly using ascorbic acid treatments at 50 mg l−1 or treatment of ascorbic acid at 50 mg l−1 + potassium chloride at 250 mg l−1 to reduce heat stress damage.
Hussein J. Shareef, Muayed F. Abbas, and Abbas M. Jasim
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Antioxidants enhance the salt tolerance of date palms. A field experiment was carried out on date palm offshoots to improve the salt tolerance of the Sayer cultivar. Salicylic acid and citric acid (500 and 1,000 ppm) were used. The results showed that all growth parameters of plant height, leaf area, and leaf numbers decreased under the salinity conditions. The antioxidant applications increased the plant height, leaf area, carbohydrates, and relative water content compared with the control. Citric acid at 1,000 ppm decreased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde. Indoleacetic acid decreased, whereas abscisic acid increased under salinity. The antioxidant application increased indoleacetic, whereas abscisic acid decreased. Proline, protein content, and peroxidase activity increased under antioxidants. Also, the potassium and K/Na ratio increased under antioxidant applications. Citric acid improved the characteristics more than salicylic acid, encouraging farmers to use it for its low cost as an antioxidant to reduce environmental stress damage.
Hussein J. Shareef, Ibtihaj H. Al-Tememi, and Gholamreza Abdi
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Foliar fertilization is one of the crucial ways for continued cultivation of date palm, obtaining the best results of growth and production, in addition to the possibility to reduce damage from abiotic stress. Although subjected date palm to an annual fertilization program, it faces some challenges, including low soil availability for nutrients, dryness of the soil surface, low root activity in the breeding period, soil alkalinity, as well as water scarcity in areas of cultivation, and symptoms of deficiency of some elements. This review attempts to shed light on the importance of using leaf fertilization, demonstrating the successful technique and positive results, and proving the ability of date palm cells to absorb nutrients, similar to other trees, and interact with chemical and biological fertilizers. Besides, the leaflet’s possibility of absorbing various nutrients, chelated iron, biostimulants, antioxidants, and nano-fertilization, are presented.
Hussein J. Shareef, Abdulrahman S. Alhamd, Summar A. Naqvi, and Mamdouh A. Eissa
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract The date palm can grow in desert areas using high salinity groundwater by increasing the number of irrigation cycles. A field experiment was carried out on date palm cv. Sayer offshoots grown in sandy saline soil during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The outcomes demonstrated that the application of saline (10 dS m–1) groundwater every four days increased plant height, number of new leaves, total chlorophyll, and relative water content. In turn, the hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage were reduced. Also, the effect of this treatment improved the growth of the plants, thus reduced the absorption of sodium, chloride, and increased potassium, then decreased the Na/K ratio. Cluster analysis showed two distinct cluster groups. In the first group, the dissimilarity between the treatments is illustrated by the influence of freshwater. While the second group showed the similarity between the treatments of four days and every week in the subgroup. Whereas treatment of two weeks duration shows the most detrimental effect on growth indices and chemical properties of offshoots. The utilization of saline groundwater in the water system of the date palm is the best option among the solutions possible in the current conditions of drought and thermal retention.
Hussein J. SHAREEF and Jameel M. AL-KHAYRI
University of Ljubljana
<p>The formation of new proteins under the influence of harsh environmental conditions is a plant adaptation reaction. Two-year-old date palm tissue culture-derived plants from ‘Barhee’ grown in the field were subjected to salt stress (70 g l<sup>-1</sup> NaCl) and dehydration-induced by applying 70 g l<sup>-1</sup> polyethylene glycol or without irrigation and withholding irrigation (0 g l<sup>-1</sup>) for one month. The soluble carbohydrate content increased in response to salinity and polyethylene glycol treatment in leaves compared to the control and drought treatment without irrigation. Proline increased in all treatments. Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide increased under salinity. Salinity treatment increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzyme. Salinity and polyethylene glycol treatments increased abscisic acid, whereas the indoleacetic acid level decreased. The protein pattern of roots and leaves in one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the stress conditions led to new protein bands' appearance and other proteins' disappearance. A comparison of protein patterns between the control and stress treatments revealed that the relative intensity of proteins in roots and leaves were more associated with salinity treatment than the drought. The results may be clearing important the molecular mechanism of tolerance under the influence of extreme environmental stress.</p>
Hussein J. Shareef, Rashid A. Al-Yahyai, Alaa El-Din K. Omar, and Wan Arfiani Barus
Canadian Science Publishing
The experiment was conducted in the Abi Al-Khaseeb orchard, Basrah, Iraq, during the 2019 season, on date palm (‘Hillawi’). The effect of foliar nano-fertilizer on the response of the growth and fruit ripening rate was positive. Adding nano-fertilizer to the annual date palm fertilization program improved growth and increased production. A comparison was done of foliar-applied NPK (traditional; 1 and 2 g·L−1), nano-fertilizer, and a combined treatment. The results revealed that the treatment of traditional foliar fertilizer and nano-fertilizer together increased the weight of fruit and bunches, water content, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellic acid relative to other treatments. Nano-fertilizers (1 g·L−1) led to an increase in fruit ripening rate, dry mass, total soluble solids, activity of the enzymes peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and abscisic acid content. The leaflet protein expression shows that the appearance of protein bands 1 to 5 and 6 was upregulated by the control and traditional fertilizer, whereas the protein bands 6 and 7 were downregulated under nano-fertilizer. Hierarchical cluster analysis of proteins in the leaf in response to traditional fertilizer and nano-fertilizer showed two distinct clusters. The use of nano-fertilizer alone leads to the acceleration of fruit ripening, while the fruit production is increased using foliar nano-fertilizer with traditional fertilizer.
Hussein J. Shareef and Jameel M. Al-Khayri
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A common modern cultivation practice is bagging the fruit bunch if date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) which may influence fruit maturity and nutraceutical quality. Exposure of fruits to photooxidative stress induces changes in the endogenous concentrations of plant hormones and other metabolites, which may cause accelerated fruit maturity. This study was conducted to examine the effect of exposure to direct and indirect sunlight on date palm fruit development. The indirect sunlight treatment was simulated by fruit bunch bagging, a common practice in modern date production. The exposure of date palm fruits to direct sunlight-induced photooxidative stress causing an increased concentration of ascorbic acid and decreased content of chlorophyll, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenols compared to the fruit bagging treatment. Direct sunlight also reduced the concentration of phytohormones, including indoleacetic acid, gibberellin, and zeatin, but increased abscisic acid accumulation. The directly-exposed fruits reached a partially-mature stage (Rutab) in August, whereas the bagged fruits remained at the immature stage (Khalal). This study is the first to describe the biochemical basis of the observed improvement of date palm fruit development in response to reduced light intensity. Besides, it provides insights into controlling date palm fruit maturity and subsequently prolonging the shelf life dates on the tree; thus, extending the marketing period for the benefit of the farmers.
Hussein J. Shareef, Gholamreza Abdi, and Shah Fahad
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Increasing world temperatures are bringing about climate changes creating abiotic stress in plants. Date palm offshoot leaves (Khadrawi cv.) were analyzed for chlorophyll Chl a, Chl b, Total Chl, Chl a/b ratio, anthocyanin and carotenoid subject to salinity, drought and temperature stress under field conditions. Results demonstrated that drought and salinity stress accompanied by high temperatures in July and August significantly reduced the Chl a, Chl b, and Total Chl relative to the control. Anthocyanins, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde were markedly higher in July and August (45 ºC), whereas September showed lower values in these substances. Temperature reduction to 35 °C accompanied by drought or salinity stress, brought about a critical increment in relative water content and a decrease in electrolyte leakage. Although the impact of drought and salinity stress continued, the reduced temperatures in September resulted in a reduction of abscisic acid and proline concentration. Cluster analysis showed the two groups. In this first group, the significant similarity between the treatments is illustrated by the influence of the high temperature of 43–45 ºC. Recovery of photosynthesis following low-temperature, for the most part, determines plant flexibility to water deficiencies and salinity. Thermal stress, associated with salinity or drought stress is more damaging to the photosynthetic pigments than any single factor.
Hussein Jasim Shareef and
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology
Organic fertilizer can be viewed to diminish the negative effect of saltiness on the plant. Foliar application of yeast (4 g l) and algae (4 ml l) extracts on Hillawi offshoots, watered with salt or freshwater examined. The outcomes demonstrated that yeast extracts improved both the hormone levels and the date palm biochemical reactions. Salinity reduced all examined growth parameters (leaf area, plant height, and leaves number). Likewise, chlorophyll content in leaves decreased. Organic fertilizers improved date palm growth. Yeast application increased chlorophyll content, organic solutes, and substances growth included indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, and gibberellin. However, the yeast extracts increased amino acids and ascorbic acid. The organic fertilizer lowered the accumulation of sodium in the leaf. It increased uptake of potassium, bringing about a higher K/Na ratio. Improving plant development under saltiness conditions was identified with an enhancement in the content of amino acids and carbohydrate content. The use of yeast extract could induce the recovery of the plant exposed to salinity. Organic fertilizers (yeast and seaweed extracts), which are economically and environmentally friendly, can be recommended to farmers for alleviating salinity.
Hussein Jasim SHAREEF
University of Ljubljana
<p>Salicylic acid enhances the flowering process in the plant by creating new proteins under salinity stress. The study was to determine the role of salicylic acid (500 ppm) and potassium nitrate (1500 ppm), on flowering of date palm ‘Sayer’ offshoots under salinity effect. Application of salicylic acid increased the number of clusters, the number of new leaves, the content of carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, indoleacetic acid, zeatin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid significantly under salinity compared with control. Although the measured parameters were the highest in plants treated with salicylic acid, there was no distinction among potassium nitrate treatment under saltwater, and salicylic acid treatment with saltwater. Salicylic acid and potassium nitrate treatment demonstrated some amazing contrasts in protein patterns in light of gel electrophoresis. Plants treated with salicylic acid with fresh water and with saltwater showed five and six protein bands, respectively, that differed in the molecular mass of one polypeptide compared to control with freshwater. However, there was a difference in the molecular mass of two polypeptides compared to control with salt water, which showed six bands. In contrast, potassium nitrate application showed five protein bands, whether with freshwater or with saltwater. The findings could facilitate to elucidate the flowering mechanisms in date palm.<br /><strong></strong></p>
Ahmed Madi Waheed Al-Mayahi, Abdulminam Hussien Ali, and Hussein J. Shareef
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Mass propagation of date palm through indirect somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis has attracted the interest of commercial producers. But, this technique still faces some problems that hindered the production of date palm plantlets in vitro. Tissue browning is one of the serious problems that reduce callus growth and shoot regeneration. So the objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of cold pretreatment on callus growth, shoot regeneration, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity during the callus culture. Results showed that a high survival rate of callus cultures (100%) were obtained when cultures were incubated in low temperature (cold treatment) for 45 and 75 days. On the other hand, total amount on phenolic compounds was also reduced to 0.47 and 0.53 mg GAE/g after same period of incubation (45 and 75 days respectively) at low temperature. In additional, our results showed that the highest frequency of shoot formation (66.67 and 73.34, %) and the highest shoot numbers (7.8 and 8.6 shoots/100 mg) were obtained from callus treated with low temperature for 45 and 75 days, respectively.
Hussein J. Shareef
Springer New York
Embryogenic suspension cultures of date palm are ideal for mass propagation of somatic embryos; however, the low percentage of germination of somatic embryos (SE) remains an impediment. This chapter focuses on two important physical factors to improve germination of date palm somatic embryos: the use of partial desiccation (3 h) of somatic embryos and the exposure to low temperature (4 °C for 24 h). High germination percentage (41%) is achieved by desiccation for 3 h. Moreover, adding 0.3 g/L activated charcoal (AC) to the liquid medium further improves somatic embryo number and weight as well as the percentage of germination. Moreover, partial desiccation and low temperature exposure tend to increase proline content. This improved protocol for somatic embryo germination is potentially applicable for commercial micropropagation of date palm.
Abbas M. JASIM, Muayed F. ABBAS, and Hussein J. SHAREEF
University of Ljubljana
The effectiveness of exogenous application of calcium in ameliorating the adverse effects of salt stress (15.9 dS m<sup>-1</sup>) on date palm offshoots (<em>Phoenix dactylifera</em> L. cultivars of Berhi and Sayer) was investigated. Ca-fertilisers Polixal and Rexene were applied either as soil amendments or foliar spray. The results showed that Polixal at 30 ml offshoot<sup>-1</sup> significantly increased plant height, leaf area, total chlorophyll content, RWC, proline concentration, peroxidase activity, IAA content, K<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> ratio in leaves of Berhi cultivar, whereas catalase activity, ABA and Cl<sup>- </sup>content were decreased. Also Berhi cultivar responded to soil amendments more than to foliar spray. However, Ca-fertilisers mitigated salt stress in the two cultivars and Berhi cultivar was more salt stress tolerant than Sayer cultivar by maintaining the high ratio of K<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> and regulating levels of IAA to ABA, in silty clay loam soil. These results suggest that calcium application can improve the defense system under salt stress conditions.