Myogenic Differentiation on 3D-Printed Interpenetrating Bioactive Hydrogel of Decellularised Human Placenta With Fish Scale Gelatin Asmita Biswas, Ragavi Rajasekaran, Pravin Vasudeo Vaidya, Atul Kumar Ojha, Suman Mishra, Sayan Mukherjee, Saikat Biswas, Nantu Dogra, Padmavati Manchikanti, Santanu Dhara Medcomm Biomaterials and Applications, 2026 Tissue‐specific templates are essential for muscle differentiation as they enhance cell alignment and regeneration. Advancements in extrusion 3D printing with biomaterial inks enable customizable designs and tailored spatial arrangements. Key growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents are crucial for muscle differentiation from stem cells, with the placenta being a significant resource. This study explores human placenta ECM‐fish gelatin‐based hydrogels as a cost‐effective alternative. ECM was obtained via ultrasonication‐assisted decellularisation, which preserved its structure while removing cellular content. The research focused on placenta‐gelatin ink formulations for scaffold printing, forming an interpenetrating network hydrogel. Rheological analysis indicated that placenta‐fish gelatin biomaterial ink exhibited a higher storage modulus compared to only fish gelatin formulations. Analytical techniques such as FESEM, FTIR, and the Ninhydrin assay confirmed that the placenta hydrogels exhibit shape fidelity and achieved approximately 75 ± 7% crosslinking density. Hydrogels supported cellular proliferation and aligned growth. Myogenic differentiation involving C2C12 cells and human amniotic membrane stem cells (HAMSCs) demonstrated organized myoblasts and aligned myotubes, respectively. CAM assay revealed enhanced angiogenesis and microvascular growth with negligible hemolysis. This research offers biowaste‐derived ECM hydrogels for skeletal muscle engineering, eliminating the need for sacrificial templates or synthetic crosslinkers.
3D-Printed Fish Gelatin–Xanthan Gum Hydrogel with Myogenic Differentiation toward Skeletal Muscle Loss Repair Asmita Biswas, Pravin Vasudeo Vaidya, Ragavi Rajasekaran, Saikat Biswas, Sayan Mukherjee, Atul Kumar Ojha, Suman Mishra, U. N. Nagalakhsmi, Nantu Dogra, Padmavati Manchikanti, Santanu Dhara ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2026 Fish gelatin for 3D extrusion printing applications presents inherent challenges, primarily due to its relatively low mechanical strength. Despite its beneficial properties, including high bioactivity, suppressed inflammation, and cost-effectiveness, uninterrupted extrusion at constant pressure has been limited without the use of synthetic materials or functionalization. The incorporation of plasticizers and thickening agents/stabilizers, such as xanthan gum, can enhance continuous extrusion, maintain shape fidelity, and reduce gravitational flow before complete cross-linking. Sustainable biomaterial inks comprising fish gelatin (FG) from Catla catla scales, xanthan gum (XG), and microbial transglutaminase (mTG) have been explored for the fabrication of tailorable, customized porous hydrogels for myogenic tissue engineering. Characterizations indicated multiple layers with high cross-linking density (72 ± 3%) and water absorption capacity. Hydrogels exhibited cell proliferation and aligned growth along the struts. A myogenic differentiation study using C2C12 and human amniotic membrane stem cells (HAMSCs) demonstrated the formation of aligned myotubes and myoblast alignment, respectively. The CAM assay revealed enhanced angiogenesis and microvascular growth along the filaments. Hydrogels facilitated functional skeletal muscle regeneration in Wistar rat models of volumetric muscle loss (VML). Improved regeneration was evidenced by increased expression of myosin IIb and Myh7, as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and late myogenic markers, as revealed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Fish gelatin hydrogels show promise as a sustainable and economical method for enhancing muscle regeneration by delivering bioactive signals at the VML site.
Sodium-Entrapped Carbon Nanodots from Silk Wastewater for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Healthcare Settings Sayan Mukherjee, Anurag K. Pandey, Suman Mishra, Parijat Das, Uday K. Singh, Kanta Chakraborty, Sanjay Bhattacharya, Sagar Pal, Santanu Dhara ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2025 Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a threat to the healthcare industry due to prolonged hospitalization triggering morbidity, mortality affecting healthcare cost, and resource utilization. There is a continuous impulse to innovate strategies and technologies to prevent HAI. Proper hospital disinfection strategies are clinically pertinent for substantially mitigating the risk of HAIs. Disinfection seeks to eradicate microorganisms on surfaces and equipment, thereby preventing their transmission among patients, healthcare personnel, and others inside the hospital environment. In the present study, a degummed wastewater-derived carbon nanodot (DwCND) was synthesized using silk textile industry sewage with exposure of microwave irradiation. The experimental data indicate that a longer microwave exposure resulted in smaller and uniform particles due to enhanced carbonization and decomposition of precursor influenced by time-dependent cyclization and size reduction. The presence of nitrogen-encompassing functional groups in DwCND facilitates defects in the sp 2 -hybridized graphitic core. The formation mechanism of sodium-entrapped DwCND is reinforced by cyclization and internalization of sodium ions, closely linked to the microwave irradiation time. High degree of sodium entrapment in DwCND increases the ζ-potential toward positive charge. These oppositely charged DwCND showed bactericidal activity with more than 4 logs drop in bacterial cell viability for both sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Therefore, DwCND, synthesized through a green facile and scalable process, has potential as an antibacterial surface cleaning agent to prevent multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) causing HAIs.
Highly Interconnected Ti6V4Al Foam with Tailorable Pore Architecture and Mechanical Property by Powder Processing for Skeletal Tissue Ingrowth Pravin Vasudeo Vaidya, Venkata Sundeep Seesala, Rahul Gautam Talukdar, Asmita Biswas, Subhodeep Jana, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Ragavi Rajasekaran, Nantu Dogra, Trina Roy, Sayan Mukherjee, Ashutosh Bagde, Prachi Dabhade, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Punit Fulzele, Sanjay Gupta, Tapas Kumar Bandyopadhyay, Santanu Dhara Advanced Engineering Materials, 2025 Interfacial failure associated with stress shielding is a primary cause of implant rejection. The customized structure, supported with similar mechanical strength and interconnected porosity, would facilitate improved interfacial crosstalk. Herein, a fugitive templating technique is explored for fabricating tailorable open porous Ti6Al4V. Ti6Al4V powder‐loaded slurry compositions are used to infiltrate fugitive templates with characteristics of 40, 30, and 20 pores per inch (PPI). The fabricated Ti6Al4V foam has open porosity ranging 73.8–91.7%, similar to trabecular bone. Further, the mechanical properties of foam are found to be in close proximity to trabecular bone. The sample of 40 PPI characteristics with different slurry combinations shows promising results compared to other fugitive templates. The Weibull modulus of all samples prepared using 40 PPI templates is evaluated to range between 3.14 and 11.31. Moreover, pore size distribution of the samples ranges from 422 ± 32.3 to 1148 ± 208 μm, with a porosity ranging from 73.8 ± 2.2 to 86.1 ± 0.8%. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm suitability of the samples for biological systems. The results indicate that the scaffolds are cytocompatible, bacteriostatic, hemocompatible, and promote osseoincorporation. Based on the optimized PPI–slurry combination, implants are fabricated as proof of concept.
Study on the Bioactivity Response of the Newly Developed Zn-Cu-Mn/Mg Alloys for Biodegradable Implant Application Debajyoti Palai, Trina Roy, Amiyangshu De, Sayan Mukherjee, Sharba Bandyopadhyay, Santanu Dhara, Siddhartha Das, Karabi Das ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering, 2024 Scaffolds play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering to support the defect area through bone regeneration and defect reconstruction. Promising tissue regeneration without negative repercussions and avoidance of the lifelong presence inside the body make bioresorbable metals prosper in the field of regenerative medicine. Recently, Zn and its alloys have emerged as promising biodegradable materials for their moderate degradation rate and satisfactory biocompatibility. Nevertheless, it is very challenging for cells to adhere and grow over the Zn surface alone, which influences the tissue-implant integration. In this study, an attempt has been made to systematically investigate the bioactivity responses in terms of in vitro hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and in vivo biocompatibility of newly developed Zn–2Cu–0.5Mn/Mg alloy scaffolds with different surface roughness. The rough surface of Zn–2Cu–0.5Mg shows the highest degradation rate of 0.16 mm/yr. The rough surface exhibits a prominent role in the adsorption of protein, further enhancing cell adhesion. Concentration-dependent alloy extract shows the highest cell proliferation for 12.5% of the extract with a maximum cell viability of 101% in Zn–2Cu–0.5Mn and 108% in Zn–2Cu–0.5Mg after 3 d. Acceptable hemolysis percentages (less than 5%) with promising anticoagulation properties are observed for all of the conditions. Enhanced antibacterial ( Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ) activity due to a significant effect of ions illustrates the maximum killing effect on the bacterial colony for the rough Zn–2Cu–0.5Mg alloy. In addition, it is observed that for rough Zn–2Cu–0.5Mn/Mg alloys, the inflammatory response is minimal after subcutaneous implantation, and neo-bone tissue forms in the defect areas of the rat femur with satisfactory biosafety response. The osseointegration property of the Zn–2Cu–0.5Mg alloy is comparable to that of the Zn–2Cu–0.5Mn alloy. Therefore, the rough surface of the Zn–2Cu–0.5Mg alloy has the potential to enhance biocompatibility and promote better osseointegration activity with host tissues for various biomedical applications.
Electrophoretic Deposition of 58S Bioactive Glass- Polymer Composite Coatings on 316L Stainless Steel: An Optimization for Corrosion, Bioactivity, and Cytocompatibility Hushnaara Hadem, Arijit Mitra, Atul Kumar Ojha, Ragavi Rajasekaran, Bangmaya Satpathy, Debasish Das, Sayan Mukherjee, Santanu Dhara, Siddhartha Das, Karabi Das ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2024 This study presents a facile fabrication of 58S bioactive glass (BG)-polymer composite coatings on a 316L stainless steel (SS) substrate using the electrophoretic deposition technique. The suspension characteristics and deposition kinetics of BG, along with three different polymers, namely ethylcellulose (EC), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), have been utilized to fabricate the coatings. Among all coatings, 58S BG and EC polymers are selected as the final composite coating (EC6) owing to their homogeneity and good adhesion. EC6 coating exhibits a thickness of ∼18 μm and an average roughness of ∼2.5 μm. Herein, EC6 demonstrates better hydroxyapatite formation compared to PAA and PVP coatings in simulated body fluid-based mineralization studies for a period of 28 days. Corrosion studies of EC6 in phosphate-buffered saline further confirm the higher corrosion resistance properties after 14 days. In vitro cytocompatibility studies using human placental mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate an increase in cellular viability, attachment, and higher proliferation compared to the bare SS substrate. EC6 coatings promote osteogenic differentiation, which is confirmed via the upregulation of the OPN and OCN genes. Moreover, the EC6 sample exhibits improved antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the uncoated ones. The findings of this work emphasize the potential of electrophoretically fabricated BG–EC composite coatings on SS substrates for orthopedic applications.
Abatement of air pollution in rayon plants - a review Chemical Engineering World, 1989
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Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of key phenolic compounds from pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan L.), their characterization, and measurement of … P Prabhakar, S Mukherjee, A Kumar, S Kumar, DK Verma, S Dhara, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 17 (6), 5697-5720 , 2023 2023 Citations: 32
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Iodine functionalized 2, 5-dimethoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran (DHFI) crosslinked whey protein-derived carbon nanodots (WCND) for antibacterial application S Mukherjee, AK Pandey, N Dogra, B Das, UK Singh, S Dhara Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 231, 113543 , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
In Silico, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Antihyperglycaemic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Coccinia grandis L. Leaf Extract MB Pawan Prabhakar, Sayan Mukherjee, Ankit Kuma, Rahul Kumar Rout, Suraj ... Food Technology and Biotechnology 62 (2), 188-204 , 2024 2024 Citations: 7
Study on the Bioactivity Response of the Newly Developed Zn–Cu–Mn/Mg Alloys for Biodegradable Implant Application D Palai, T Roy, A De, S Mukherjee, S Bandyopadhyay, S Dhara, S Das, ... ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 10 (10), 6167-6190 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
3D-Printed Fish Gelatin–Xanthan Gum Hydrogel with Myogenic Differentiation toward Skeletal Muscle Loss Repair A Biswas, PV Vaidya, R Rajasekaran, S Biswas, S Mukherjee, AK Ojha, ... ACS Applied Bio Materials 9 (1), 264-286 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
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The potential role of phytochemicals in regulating human appetite: A novel approach towards diet management MS Mukherjee S Botanica 67, 34–39 , 2017 2017 Citations: 2
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S. aromaticum aqueous extract derived carbon dots: A biosafe antibacterial nanocatalyst for water remediation AK Pandey, S Mukherjee, N Dogra, S Pal, TK Nath, S Dhara Journal of Materials Chemistry B , 2026 2026
Deciphering the role of fish gelatin-derived peptides by plasma-discharge assisted hydrolysis in dermal wound healing: physico-chemical characterization and preclinical studies K Chakraborty, S Das, N Dogra, PV Vaidya, S Sensharma, S Mukherjee, ... Chemical Engineering Journal, 175120 , 2026 2026
