To the Question of the Formation of National Elites in the Kazakh Steppe in the 19th century Arman A. Umarov, B. Abdrakhmanov, A. Karimova, Ziyat Sh, Aitkenov Bylye Gody, 2023 This scientific article presents a study of the process of formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe in the XIX century. The Kazakh aristocracy, which previously acted as intermediaries between Kazakh society and Russia, subsequently became direct representatives of the Russian government. The article highlights the role of Kazakh representatives in the structure of the Russian Empire and their function as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the local population. The article analyzes the important influence of Kazakh intermediaries on the establishment of contacts and cooperation between different cultures, which in turn contributed to the preservation of traditional Kazakh culture in the conditions of Russian domination. The article deeply examines the challenges and difficulties faced by Kazakh representatives, including the impact of the new management system on their lifestyle and traditional power structures. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and factors that contributed to the formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe. The article analyzes the role of education, culture and social mobility in the formation of Kazakh leaders, intellectuals and cultural figures during this period. The contribution of the Russian Empire to the training and retraining of personnel, the development of education, the construction of schools, as well as the policy of the Empire to preserve the cultural traditions of the local population in the Kazakh steppe is considered.
On the Issue of Land Ownership among Kazakhs Nomads in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries and its Reflection in the Legislation of the Russian Empire B. Abdrakhmanov, A. Karimova, G. Otepova Bylye Gody, 2022 In this article the authors explore the origins, reasons and determine the chronological framework of the emergence of private ownership of pastures among the nomadic Kazakhs. Having studied archival sources, the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, testimonies of contemporaries and research of scientists, the authors conclude that these processes refer to the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. The issues of land use and land ownership among the Kazakhs who were engaged in nomadic cattle-breeding were and remain topical, since this problem is caused by the special role of land in nomadic society. Despite the polemics which have started in the 30's of the last century, up to the middle 50's of the XX century there was no unified opinion among scientists on the question of the nature, forms and the right of feudal property in Kazakhstan. The Soviet historiography was dominated by two opposite opinions: the first – since the times of the Karakhanid state (XI century) in Kazakhstan existed the right of feudal land ownership (S.V. Yushkov, S.Z. Zimanov, A.E. Erenov and others). The second point of view – in conditions of nomadic cattle breeding the basic means of manufacture was and remained the cattle, instead of land..., not possession of the land, but possession of cattle was a defining factor of exploitation (V.F. Shakhmatov, S.E. Tolybekov and others). One or the other position dominated at different periods in history, but scientists did not come to a consensus and the question remained unresolved in the historical literature. Communal land use existed in Russia until the beginning of capitalism, but this does not mean that there was no private land ownership. In some Asian countries, communal land tenure coexisted in parallel with state ownership. There is no doubt that in the Steppe the main form of land use was communal land use (aul or clan), but the presence of communal land use does not negate the existence of private feudal property.
The appearance of agrarian property in the nomadic society in central Asia in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries S. Z. Razdykov, B. Abdrakhmanov, Z. Aitkenov, K. Battalov, A. Shabambaeva Space and Culture India, 2019 The main aim of the research is to analyse the process of transformation of the nomadic Kazakh society in the 18th Century and the first half of the 19th Centuries. Based on the archival materials, the authors concluded that in the period under study, actual private ownership of pastures was emerging in the nomadic Kazakh society.
History of Kazakhstan in the legislation of the Russian empire in the 18th - Early 20th centuries Man in India, 2017
