Traditional knowledge and sustainable agarwood cultural practices among Indonesian ethnic communities Mohammad Fathi Royyani, Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat, Margaretta Christita, Abbas Sofwan Matlail Fajar, Indra Milyardi, et al. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 2026 Background: Gaharu, also referred to as oud or agarwood (Aquilaria spp.), is one of the oldest fragrant substances, possessing profound cultural and economic importance. The historical utilization of agarwood by several ethnic groups globally has been recorded since ancient times. The elevated global demand for agarwood has resulted in problems like overharvesting, exploitation, and illegal trade that are threatening natural populations and market sustainability. There is also a lack of information on the traditional knowledge of indigenous people or ethnic groups involved in collecting and utilizing agarwood. This research is an attempt to explore the sustainability of agarwood cultural practice among generation of ethnic communities and empirical scientific evidence support their uses. We determined variable grading criteria (smell, resin color and density/texture) in different ethnic communities across the islands and show how home-garden cultivation enables a sustainable supply in accordance with ritual longing. Methods: Ethnoecological studies were conducted based on in-depth interviews carried out with 2-13 key informants for each ethnic communities across Indonesia archipelago (main islands of Indonesia, i.e. Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua). Results: This article reveals the ethnobotanical diversity of agarwood, reflected in variations in naming, use, and perspectives across ethnic groups in Indonesia. These findings demonstrate that agarwood is not merely an economic commodity but has been deeply integrated into an embodied cultural entity. The convergence of ethnographic data with historical sources—both Nusantara manuscripts and colonial records-confirms that knowledge and use of agarwood have been ongoing for a long time. The interdisciplinary approach in this study demonstrates the alignment between traditional practices, such as medicinal uses, and scientific evidence regarding the chemical composition of agarwood. Furthermore, despite declining natural availability due to deforestation, agarwood remains sustainable through cultivation efforts. This practice is driven not only by commercial value but also by cultural and religious needs, confirming the continued role of agarwood in the socio-cultural system of society Conclusion: The cultural significance of agarwood utilization in ethnic communities should not be overlooked, and this knowledge is a national heritage. And we need scientific evidence to support the anecdotal evidence of those traditional practices. Keywords: Agarwood, Indonesia, local community, traditional knowledge
Tropical Fungi and LULUCF: Synergies for Climate Mitigation Through Nature-Based Culture (NbC) Retno Prayudyaningsih, Maman Turjaman, Margaretta Christita, Neo Endra Lelana, Ragil Setio Budi Irianto, et al. Climate, 2025 Fungi in tropical ecosystems remain an understudied yet critical component of climate change mitigation, particularly within the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector. This review highlights their dual role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by regulating carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxides (N2O) while enhancing long-term carbon sequestration. Mycorrhizal fungi are pivotal in maintaining soil integrity, facilitating nutrient cycling, and amplifying carbon storage capacity through symbiotic mechanisms. We synthesize how fungal symbiotic systems under LULUCF shape ecosystem networks and note that, in pristine ecosystems, these networks are resilient. We introduce the concept of Nature-based Culture (NbC) to describe symbiotic self-cultures sustaining ecosystem stability, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. Case studies demonstrate how the NbC concept is applied in reforestation strategies such as AeroHydro Culture (AHC), the Integrated Mangrove Sowing System (IMSS), and the 4N approach (No Plastic, No Burning, No Chemical Fertilizer, Native Species). These approaches leverage mycorrhizal networks to improve restoration outcomes in peatlands, mangroves, and semi-arid regions while minimizing land disturbance and chemical inputs. Therefore, by bridging fungal ecology with LULUCF policy, this review advocates for a paradigm shift in forest management that integrates fungal symbioses to strengthen carbon storage, ecosystem resilience, and human well-being.
AeroHydro Culture: An Integrated Approach to Improve Crop Yield and Ecological Restoration Through Root–Microbe Symbiosis in Tropical Peatlands Eric Verchius, Kae Miyazawa, Rahmawati Ihsani Wetadewi, Maman Turjaman, Sarjiya Antonius, et al. Land, 2025 Tropical peatlands in Indonesia are increasingly degraded by conventional oil palm practices involving drainage and chemical fertilizers. This study evaluates AeroHydro Culture (AHC), a method applying microbe-enriched organic media aboveground, as a sustainable alternative that maintains high groundwater levels while supporting plant productivity. Field trials were conducted at two sites: a managed plantation in Siak and a degraded, abandoned plantation in Pulang Pisau. Ten months after treatment, AHC plots showed development of aerial-like lateral roots, improved chlorophyll levels, and increased arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization (from 0–46% to 22–73% in Siak, and 1.7–20% to 16–60% in Pulang Pisau). In Siak, AHC significantly increased IAA-producing and proteolytic bacteria in the 0–25 cm soil layer and raised oil palm yield by 36% over controls. This yield benefit was sustained in 2025, five years after the initial application. In Pulang Pisau, AHC also enhanced microbial abundance and promoted growth in the native species Shorea balangeran, suggesting its potential for reforestation. Drone imagery confirmed visible long-term differences in canopy color, supporting lasting physiological improvement. These results demonstrate that AHC promotes plant–microbe symbiosis, enhances nutrient acquisition, and sustains oil palm yield under saturated conditions. AHC offers a promising strategy for peatland rehabilitation where ecological recovery and agricultural productivity must be achieved in parallel.
Morchella rinjaniensis: A Novel Species of Tropical Morchella (Ascomycota, Pezizales, and Morchellaceae) Discovered in UNESCO Rinjani-Lombok Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia Atik Retnowati, Sarah Asih Faulina, Helbert Helbert, Rini Riffiani, Iwan Saskiawan, et al. Mycobiology, 2025 A new species of Morchella was described from Mount Rinjani National Park (MRNP), Indonesia, by combining comprehensive morphological characters and molecular data from four genes (ITS, LSU, Tef1, and RPB2). The species is characterized by having large ascomata, with irregular or not parallel pits shaped and ridges; enlarged based stipe; large and spheroidal to broadly spheroidal basidiospores, corrugated or maze-like with a few striations of spore surface. Comparisons with similar taxa were also carried out using morpho-molecular data. Phylogenetic analyses showed the position of Morchella from Mt. Rinjani was confirmed as a new species, and closely related to Morchella galilaea. The descriptions included macro- and micro-characters supplemented by photographs of fresh specimens, SEM images of spore ornamentations, and phylogenetic tree analysis.
Inland Wetland Harbors Richer Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities than Mangrove Forests: Insights from an 18S Meta-analysis Study SS Hakim, M Turjaman, Y Tamai Forest Science and Technology, 1-12 , 2026 2026
Species discrimination of Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii from Indonesia through wood anatomical analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy DS Adi, G Lukmandaru, R Damayanti, SK Himmi, IA Sofianto, W Wardani, ... Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1-15 , 2026 2026
Traditional knowledge and sustainable agarwood cultural practices among Indonesian ethnic communities MF Royyani, H Rachmat, M Christita, AS Fajar, I Milyardi, S Hakam, ... Ethnobotany Research and Applications 33, 1-23 , 2026 2026
The catalytic effect of mycorrhizal initial planting on limestone post-mining ecologi-cal land rehabilitation R Prayudyaningsih, M Turjaman, F Pratiwi, H Gunawan Global Journal of Environmental Science & Management (GJESM) 12 (1) , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Tropical fungi and LULUCF: Synergies for climate mitigation through nature-based culture (NbC) R Prayudyaningsih, M Turjaman, M Christita, NE Lelana, RSB Irianto, ... Climate 13 (10), 208 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
AeroHydro Culture: An Integrated Approach to Improve Crop Yield and Ecological Restoration Through Root–Microbe Symbiosis in Tropical Peatlands E Verchius, K Miyazawa, RI Wetadewi, M Turjaman, S Antonius, H Segah, ... Land 14 (9), 1823 , 2025 2025
Morchella rinjaniensis : A Novel Species of Tropical Morchella ( Ascomycota , Pezizales , and Morchellaceae ) Discovered in UNESCO Rinjani-Lombok Biosphere … A Retnowati, SA Faulina, H Helbert, R Riffiani, I Saskiawan, A Hidayat, ... Mycobiology 53 (4), 367-378 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Bridging productivity and conservation: peatland native tree species plantation with arbuscular mycorrhizal innovation WC Adinugroho, M Turjaman, RSB Irianto, HH Rachmat, R Imanuddin, ... Oryx 59 (2), 145-146 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
De novo transcriptome assembly and analysis during agarwood induction in Gyrinops versteegii Gilg. seedling D Hermawaty, T Setyobudi, H Nugrahapraja, M Turjaman, A Faizal Scientific Reports 15 (1), 2977 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
AeroHydro Culture: An Integrated Approach to Improve Crop Yield and Ecological Restoration Through Root–Microbe Symbiosis in Tropical Peatlands. Land 2025, 14, 1823 E Verchius, K Miyazawa, RI Wetadewi, M Turjaman, S Antonius, H Segah, ... 2025
Grade Classification of Agarwood Sapwood Using Deep Learning HR Hatta, S Nurdiati, I Hermadi, M Turjaman JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization 8 (4), 2075-2081 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Diversity and distribution of nitrifying bacteria play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in mangrove sediments. A Mubaraq, M Sembiring, E Widiastuti, E Fachrial, B Utomo, M Turjaman, ... Global Journal of Environmental Science & Management (GJESM) 10 (4) , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Agarwood-inducing microbial inoculant in powder formula Aryanto, LM Rahayu, WY Slamet, SA Faulina, A Hidayat, M Turjaman, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 2970 (1), 050021 , 2024 2024
An Innovative Restoration Technology for Tropical Peatlands: AeroHydro Culture (AHC) M Turjaman, CA Siregar, T Wahyuni, S Silsigia, A Hidayat, Aryanto, ... Tropical Peatland Eco-evaluation, 139-161 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Ectomycorrhizal fungi inoculation on Shorea balangeran and Tristaniopsis obovata in peatland ecosystems Helbert, SA Faulina, Bastoni, PB Santosa, LM Rahayu, Aryanto, A Hidayat, ... BIO Web of Conferences 94, 04022 , 2024 2024
Revolutionizing tropical peatland restoration in Indonesia: the 4N approach WC Adinugroho, HH Rachmat, NS Lestari, B Brata, PB Santoso, ... Oryx 58 (1), 10-11 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
The effect of soil sterilization on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of Merapat ( Combretocarpus rotundatus ) SS Hakim, PB Santosa, TW Yuwati, M Turjaman, A Hidayat AIP Conference Proceedings 2972 (1), 020003 , 2023 2023
Potential of beekeeping to support the livelihood, economy, society, and environment of Indonesia AH Harianja, Y Adalina, G Pasaribu, I Winarni, R Maharani, A Fernandes, ... Forests 14 (2), 321 , 2023 2023 Citations: 72
Triharmony/trilemma of nutrients assets in tropical peatland M Osaki, T Kato, M Turjaman, YA Asep, N Tsuji Research Outreach, 14-17 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Isolation and molecular identification of agarwood-inducing fungi and their virulence test using Aquilaria sp. seedlings. D DINARTI, UJ SIREGAR, M TURJAMAN Biodiversitas: Journal of Biological Diversity 24 (1) , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Challenges and strategies for sustainable mangrove management in Indonesia: a review VB Arifanti, F Sidik, B Mulyanto, A Susilowati, T Wahyuni, N Yuniarti, ... Forests 13 (5), 695 , 2022 2022 Citations: 179
Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of tree species grown in peat swamp forests of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia K Tawaraya, Y Takaya, M Turjaman, SJ Tuah, SH Limin, Y Tamai, JY Cha, ... Forest Ecology and management 182 (1-3), 381-386 , 2003 2003 Citations: 125
Managing and reforesting degraded post-mining landscape in Indonesia: a review Pratiwi, BH Narendra, CA Siregar, M Turjaman, A Hidayat, HH Rachmat, ... Land 10 (6), 658 , 2021 2021 Citations: 113
Formation of agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis in response to inoculation of local strains of Fusarium solani A Faizal, RR Esyanti, EN Aulianisa, Iriawati, E Santoso, M Turjaman Trees 31 (1), 189-197 , 2017 2017 Citations: 111
Restoration of degraded tropical peatland in Indonesia: A review TW Yuwati, D Rachmanadi, Pratiwi, M Turjaman, Y Indrajaya, ... Land 10 (11), 1170 , 2021 2021 Citations: 99
Tropical forest landscape restoration in Indonesia: A review Y Indrajaya, TW Yuwati, S Lestari, B Winarno, BH Narendra, ... Land 11 (3), 328 , 2022 2022 Citations: 95
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased early growth of two nontimber forest product species Dyera polyphylla and Aquilaria filaria under greenhouse conditions M Turjaman, Y Tamai, E Santoso, M Osaki, K Tawaraya Mycorrhiza 16 (7), 459-464 , 2006 2006 Citations: 94
Inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. improves early growth of Shorea pinanga nursery seedlings M Turjaman, Y Tamai, H Segah, SH Limin, JY Cha, M Osaki, K Tawaraya New Forests 30 (1), 67-73 , 2005 2005 Citations: 81
Development of agarwood induction technology using endophytic fungi M Turjaman, A Hidayat, E Santoso Agarwood: science behind the fragrance, 57-71 , 2016 2016 Citations: 78
Shorea balangeran and Dyera polyphylla (syn. Dyera lowii ) as tropical peat swamp forest restoration transplant species: effects of mycorrhizae and level of … LLB Graham, M Turjaman, SE Page Wetlands Ecology and Management 21 (5), 307-321 , 2013 2013 Citations: 74
Potential of beekeeping to support the livelihood, economy, society, and environment of Indonesia AH Harianja, Y Adalina, G Pasaribu, I Winarni, R Maharani, A Fernandes, ... Forests 14 (2), 321 , 2023 2023 Citations: 72
Anti fungal activity of wood extract of Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte against agarwood-inducing fungi, Fusarium solani E Novriyanti, E Santosa, W Syafii, M Turjaman, IR Sitepu Journal of Forestry research 7 (2), 155-165 , 2010 2010 Citations: 70
The Impact of Nickel Mining on Soil Properties and Growth of Two Fast‐Growing Tropical Trees Species R Prematuri, M Turjaman, T Sato, K Tawaraya International Journal of Forestry Research 2020 (1), 8837590 , 2020 2020 Citations: 61
Increase in early growth and nutrient uptake of Shorea seminis seedlings inoculated with two ectomycorrhizal fungi M Turjaman, Y Tamai, H Segah, SH Limin, M Osaki, K Tawaraya Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 243-249 , 2006 2006 Citations: 56
Current challenges and prospects of Indonesian non-timber forest products (NTFPs): A review G Pasaribu, I Winarni, REP Gusti, R Maharani, A Fernandes, AH Harianja, ... Forests 12 (12), 1743 , 2021 2021 Citations: 54
Ectomycorrhizal fungi promote growth of Shorea balangeran in degraded peat swamp forests M Turjaman, E Santoso, A Susanto, S Gaman, SH Limin, Y Tamai, ... Wetlands Ecology and Management 19 (4), 331-339 , 2011 2011 Citations: 54
Fusarium solani induces the formation of agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke branches A Faizal, AWP Azar, M Turjaman, RR Esyanti Symbiosis 81 (1), 15-23 , 2020 2020 Citations: 53
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and growth of Aloe vera l. K Tawaraya, M Turjaman, HA Ekamawanti Hortscience 42 (7), 1737-1739 , 2007 2007 Citations: 53
Incidence of heartrot in harvest-age Acacia mangium in Indonesia, using a rapid survey method KM Barry, RSB Irianto, E Santoso, M Turjaman, E Widyati, I Sitepu, ... Forest Ecology and Management 190 (2-3), 273-280 , 2004 2004 Citations: 51
Reforestation and Sustainable Management of Pinus merkusii Forest Plantation in Indonesia: A Review R Imanuddin, A Hidayat, HH Rachmat, M Turjaman, Pratiwi, F Nurfatriani, ... Forests 11 (12), 1235 , 2020 2020 Citations: 48