Temperature-Dependent Crystallization in Two-Step Perovskite Deposition Revealed by In Situ GIWAXS and Machine Learning-Guided Analysis Ahmed Saadawy, Shaimaa Hassanein, Yasser Hassan, Tim Kodalle, Ahmed F. Musa, et al. Advanced Functional Materials, 2026 The performance and stability of perovskite solar cells are strongly governed by the crystallization behavior of their active layer. In two‐step sequential deposition, early‐stage film formation plays a decisive role in determining final phase purity and device quality. Guided by a data‐driven analysis of nearly 39 000 devices in the FAIR perovskite database, we identified solvent‐mediated quenching and thermal processing as key variables affecting power conversion efficiency (PCE), particularly in two‐step fabrication. To investigate these effects in real time, we designed and implemented a custom‐built, temperature‐controlled spin‐coating system, enabling precise thermal modulation during precursor deposition. Using this platform, we performed in situ GIWAXS measurements to study the crystallization dynamics of FA 0.5 MA 0.5 PbI 3 films over a temperature range of 30°C–90°C. Our results reveal a non‐monotonic relationship between spin‐coating temperature and α‐phase formation, governed by the interplay between precursor interdiffusion, PbI 2 crystallinity, and δ‐phase suppression. The custom thermal control enabled us to isolate and quantify these competing effects during the earliest stages of film formation, providing mechanistic insight into how spin‐coating temperature governs both phase purity and kinetic pathways in two‐step perovskite systems. Temperature‐dependent SEM and photovoltaic device measurements further demonstrate that early‐stage crystallization pathways directly translate into differences in morphology, charge‐transport continuity, and device performance. These findings inform targeted strategies for optimizing deposition protocols to balance rapid nucleation, phase stability, and device performance.
Double Anthracene-Based Sensitizers for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells under Both Sunlight and Indoor Light Faraghally A. Faraghally, Ahmed Fouad Musa, Ching‐Chin Chen, Yu‐Hsuan Chen, Yan‐Da Chen, et al. Small Structures, 2024 The development of photosensitizers with extended π‐conjugation and spectral matching to sunlight and fluorescent light is crucial for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This study presents a series of novel anthracene‐based photosensitizers, AMO1–AMO4. This series has been designed with bulky modified Hagfeldt donors to suppress undesired molecular aggregation, double anthracene groups for enhanced π‐conjugation, acetylene groups for improved molecular planarity, and four distinct acceptors to fine‐tune their photophysical and electrochemical properties. The performance of the novel dyes in DSSCs is investigated using two copper redox shuttles, CuI/II(dmp)2 and CuI/II(dmodmbp)2. Among the investigated dyes, AMO2 mediated with CuI/II(dmodmbp)2 exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.05% (JSC = 13.72 mA cm 2, VOC = 1.035 V, and FF = 0.71) under sunlight illumination and an outstanding PCE of 34.64% under T5 illumination (6000 lux). These achievements underscore the remarkable potential of anthracene‐bridged sensitized DSSCs in indoor and outdoor applications.
Toward Clean and Economic Production of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Module Using a Cost-Effective and Low Toxic Aqueous Lead-Nitrate Precursor Yi-Chen Teng, Tzu-Sen Su, Shiang Lan, Ahmed Fouad Musa, Tzu-Chien Wei Nanomaterials, 2022 Toxic substance usage remains one of the major concerns that must be addressed toward the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Herein, we report a highly efficient perovskite solar module (>13%) fabricated via a wet process that uses a unique aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor, eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents during perovskite film preparation. In addition, we demonstrate a unique pattern in a monolithically interconnected module structure to check the uniformity of perovskite film and the quality of laser scribing. Finally, we highlight that this aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor protocol could achieve an enormous cost reduction over conventional PbI2 organic solutions whether in the laboratory research stage or at mass production scale, strengthening the core competitiveness of perovskite solar cells in the Darwinian ocean of photovoltaic technologies.
