Green approach for improving functionality of medical protective textiles using ZnO NPs Tariq M. Zagloul, Talaat M. Hassan, Naser Gad Al-Balakocy Scientific Reports, 2026 The article explores the possibility of applying enzymatic treatment as a green approach for fabric surface activation that can facilitate loading polyester containing cotton fabrics zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared by sol–gel method. Cotton and PET/C fabrics treated by neutral (Cellu GN 50) and acid (Producto EAPS 55), cellulase enzymes before and after loading with ZnO NPs were investigated by the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Dispersion Emission X-Ray (EDX) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR).The functionality of activated fabrics loaded by ZnO NPs was evaluated by analyzing their antimicrobial activity and UV protection efficacy. Antimicrobial activity of activated fabrics and loaded by sol ZnO NPs was tested against Gram-positive (Bacillus mycoides), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and nonfilamentous fungus (Candida albicans). The level of UV protection was verified by the UV Protection factor (UPF) of fabrics. Activated and loaded fabrics with sol ZnO NPs showed outstanding antimicrobial and UV protection efficiency. The achieved antimicrobial function and UV protection on the fabrics are durable with repeated laundering processes even after five washing cycles.
Eco-Friendly approach for enhancing functionality of PET/C blended fabric with ZnO NPs Naser Gad Al-Balakocy, Eman F. Ahmed, Sara H. Mansour Scientific Reports, 2025 The current study explores at the viability of employing enzymatic treatments to activate fabric surfaces and enable for the long-term loading of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) onto PET/C blended fabrics. The fabric was treated with pectinase degrading enzyme, manufactured by a locally identified fungus from agriculture waste.; the active strain was genetically identified as Aspergillus foetidus (NR_163668.1). Factors affecting the activation of textile material with pectinase enzyme (incubation time and concentration) were studied. Parent and pretreated textiles loaded with ZnO NPs were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans by using inhibition zone and shake flask methods was evaluated. UV protection efficacy of activated and ZnO NPs loaded textiles were assessed. The impact of different concentrations of the enzyme and different periods of pectinase incubation with the textile revealed that the highest activity of the partially purified enzyme (41.4 U/ml) was got at the first 15 min and an increase in the activity of pectin degrading enzyme from 20.5 U/ml by 0.8 g/l enzyme to 70.6 U/ml by the use of 4 g/l pectinase. Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were got 0.84 × 108 and 0.6 × 108 CFU/ml using shake flask method respectively. The pretreated and ZnO NPs loaded fabrics demonstrated exceptional and durable antibacterial activity using inhibition zone and UV protection efficiency, even after five washing cycles.
Imparting Polyamide-6 Nonwoven Fabrics Antimicrobial Activity for Medical and Intelligent Packaging Applications Naser Gad Al-Balakocy, Samy Elsebaie Shalaby, Tawfik Khataab, Mahmoud elshakonkery, margrita bilyakova Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2025 The ultimate goal of this article is producing on industrial scale antimicrobial nonwoven fabrics based on polyamide-6 (PA-6) fibers for medical and intelligent packaging applications. Therefore, the adaptation and development of pilot scale conditions for imparting PA-6 textile materials antimicrobial properties is highly needed. The effect of semi-industrial scale finishing conditions, mainly antimicrobial substrate concentration, duration and temperature on the (%) of colony forming unit (CFU) reduction after treatment with alkaline aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium salt definitely dimethylalkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (DMABAC) was examined. The antimicrobial activity of PA-6 fibers finished with DMABAC against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and nonfilamentous fungus (Candida albicans) was investigated using the shake flask method. Antimicrobial activity of produced PA-6 nonwoven fabrics was appeared outstanding antimicrobial activities as follow: needle punched nonwoven fabrics were 95% Bacillus mycoides, 91% Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans 88.5%, respectively. While air laid nonwoven fabrics were 92.3 %, 89.7% and 85.3%, respectively. The achieved antimicrobial functions on the PA-6 nonwoven fabrics are durable with repeated laundering processes even after five washing cycles. Accordingly, the improvement antimicrobial properties of these fibers was important for a wider range of industrial applications including medical mattresses and ventilation sectors.
Circular economy reinforcement through molecular fabrication of textile wastes with microbial synthesized ZnO nanoparticles to have multifunctional properties Osama M. Darwesh, Ibrahim A. Matter, Naser G. Al-Balakocy, Mohamed I. Abo-Alkasem Scientific Reports, 2024 The fibrous wastes generated from the mills of textile production can be recycled and converted into high add-values products to be implemented in several applications. The current study aimed to employ commercial free cellulase enzyme to partially hydrolyze (activate) the polyester cotton blended (PET/C) fibrous wastes by creation functional groups such as OH and COOH on their surfaces. The activated fibrous wastes were then modified by coating with ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) biosynthesized by actinobacterial cultures free supernatant. The isolate was identified as Streptomyces pseudogriseolus with accession number of OR574241. The conditions that influence the actino-synthesis of ZnO-NPs were optimized and the product was characterized using spectroscopic vision, FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. The characteristic ZnO peaks were obviously observed by EDX analysis with 0.38 and 0.75% (wt%), respectively. TEM analyses proved the nanoscale of ZnO-NPs (5–15 nm) which was followed by cytotoxic evaluation for the produced NPs. Fortunately, the tested actino-ZnO-NPs didn’t have any cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblast cell line (BJ1), which means that the product can be safely used in a direct-contact with human skin. The treated PET/C blended waste fabrics coated with ZnO-NPs showed high antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet protection values after functionalization by cellulase. EDX analysis demonstrates the presence of Zn peaks on the coated fabrics compared with their absence in blank and control samples, while SEM images showed the formation of a thin layer of ZnO-NPs on the fabric surface. The obtained smart textile can be applied several needed sectors.
Phyco-biosynthesis of Chlorella-CuO-NPs and its Immobilization on Polyester/Cotton Blended Textile Waste Activated by Cellulase Enzymes for Application as Wastewater Disinfection Filter Hassan Abdel-Gawad, Ibrahim A. Matter, Mohamed I. Abo-Alkasem, Naser G. Al- Balakocy, Osama M. Darwesh Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 2024 The accumulation of textile wastes, without use, leads to many environmental and economic problems, so they must be recycled and given "smart" properties to be useful in many applied fields. Immobilization of nanoparticles, particularly biosynthesized one, on textile surfaces may provide additional bioactive capabilities, such as antimicrobial and photoprotection due to its distinct properties. Therefore, in this study, CuO-NPs were biosynthesized by Chlorella microalga and immobilized on the surface of Polyester/Cotton (PET/C) blended textile waste modified using cellulase enzymes. Phyco-biosynthesized Chlorella -CuO-NPs were characterized using SEM-EDAX, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, and whose particles were approximately spherical and nano-sized (<10 nm) and capped with organic compounds of biological origin. Both Chlorella - CuO-NPs and cellulase-modified PET/C textiles loaded with Chlorella -CuO-NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity and UV protection. The modified fabric was applied as a nano-biofilter to reduce the microbial load in wastewater to disinfect it from different pathogens e.g. total coliform bacteria, E. coli and Salmonella (efficiency exceeding 97, 98 and 99.4%, respectively). Recycling textile waste using microbial nanotechnology is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to develop smart fabrics for various industrial and applications in the environment.
One Step Treatment of Polyester Fabrics by Alkali and TiO2 NPs and its Effect on their Functional Performance and Dye-ability N. G. Al-Balakocy,T. M. Hassan,S. Y. Aly, S. H. Abd Elsalam Journal of the Textile Association, 2024 10.5281/zenodo.10903231This article is aiming to study the effect of simultaneous treatment of PET and PET/C blended fabricswith sodium hydroxide and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on their functional performance and dye-ability.The advance of the suggested method is production polyester fabrics imparted new and betterfunctional performance (antimicrobial activity and ultraviolet protection) properties durable in theirrepeated laundering processes. The modified and dyed fabrics will be investigated by using: SEM,EDX, FTIR. The color strength (K/S) and the fastness properties of dyed PET and PET/C blendedfabrics samples were assessed. The obtained results showed that, dyeing polyester fabrics aftertreatment with alkali and NPs simultaneously have a tangible effect on both % reduction of colonyforming unit (% CFU) and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) properties. The dyed samples appearedenhancement in the color strength and fastness properties. The suggested approach is facile and benignto apply on industrial scale without cost investment.
Production of antimicrobial nonwoven fabrics based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET) fibers on industrial scale Samy E Shalaby, Naser Gad Al-Balakocy, Mahmoud H Elshakankery, Margaretia K Beliakova Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 2024 One of the ultimate goals of this article is to produce antimicrobial polyester nonwoven fabrics on industrial scale. Therefore, the adaptation and development of pilot conditions for imparting polyester textile materials antimicrobial properties is highly needed. This will pave the way for establishment a technological package for the production of antimicrobial polyester nonwoven fabrics on industrial scale. The effect of semi-industrial scale treatment conditions, mainly antimicrobial substrate (AS) concentration, duration, and temperature on the (%) colony forming unit (CFU) reduction after treatment with aqueous solutions of AS was examined. The antimicrobial activity of treated with AS fibers against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans was investigated using the shake flask method. All PET fibers bounded with AS showed outstanding antimicrobial activities against the previously mentioned three microorganisms. In fact the % of CFU reduction for all PET samples were significant, whereas it was null for the parent fibers.
Application of microalgal-ZnO-NPs for reusing polyester/cotton blended fabric wastes after modification by cellulases enzymes Osama M. Darwesh, Naser G. Al-Balakocy, Ahmed Ghanem, Ibrahim A. Matter Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy, 2023 Polyester/cotton (PET/C) blended fabric wastes are produced daily in huge amounts, which constitutes an economic loss and an environmental threat if it is not reused appropriately. Modern textile waste recycling technologies put much effort into developing fabric materials with unique properties, such as bioactivity or new optical goods based on modern technologies, especially nano-biotechnology. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were biosynthesized using the aqueous extract of Dunaliella sp. and immobilized on PET/C waste fabrics after enzymatically activated with cellulases. The produced Dunaliella-ZnO-NPs (10–20 nm with a spherical shape) were characterized by High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDAX), and some functional groups, such as CH, CO, NH, and CN (due to the presence of carboxyl, proteins and hydroxyl groups), were detected, revealing the biosynthesis of ZnO-NPs. The analysis showed that the resulting ZnO-NPS had potent antimicrobial effects, Ultraviolet (UV) protection capabilities, and no cytotoxic effects on the normal human fibroblast cell line (BJ1). On the other hand, enzymatic treatments of PET/C fabric waste with cellulases enhanced the immobilization of biosynthetic nanoparticles on their surface. Modified PET/C fabrics loaded with Dunaliella-ZnO-NPs showed antibacterial and UV protection capabilities making them an eco-friendly and cost-effective candidate for numerous applications. These applications can include the manufacture of active packaging devices, wastewater treatment units, and many other environmental applications. Graphical abstract
Synergizing effect of poly quaternary ammonium salts and metal oxides nanoparticles on wool and wool/polyester fabrics Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 2021
Establishment of technological package for production of antimicrobial PET and PA nonwoven fabrics on pilot scale International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2018
Chemical fixation of antimicrobial substance within polyester and polyamide-6 fibers International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2018
Physical fixation of antimicrobial substances (AS) into polyester fibers manufactured from recycled chips International Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2015
Chemical modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibres for better performance: A review article Journal of the Textile Association, 2014
Imparting durable antimicrobial properties to regular nylon-6 fibers via reaction in polymer chain International Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2014
Functional finishing of polyester and polyester cotton blended fabrics with zinc oxide nanoparticles International Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2014
Modification of some properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) fabric Journal of the Textile Association, 2004
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Green approach for improving functionality of medical protective textiles using ZnO NPs TM Zagloul, TM Hassan, NG Al-Balakocy Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
Imparting polyamide-6 nonwoven fabrics antimicrobial activity for medical and intelligent packaging applications SE Shalaby, NG Al-Balakocy, T Khataab Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 68 (9), 377-391 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Eco-Friendly approach for enhancing functionality of PET/C blended fabric with ZnO NPs NG Al-Balakocy, EF Ahmed, SH Mansour Scientific Reports 15 (1), 31131 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Vapochromic wool fibers for hazardous ammonia detection using xanthohumol biomolecule from natural extract of common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) TA Khattab, HM Ahmed, H Gaffer, NG Al-Balakocy, AA Zaher, IHM Ibrahim, ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 277, 134200 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
Production of antimicrobial nonwoven fabrics based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET) fibers on industrial scale SE Shalaby, NG Al-Balakocy, MH Elshakankery, MK Beliakova Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 19, 15589250241276861 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Production of Antimicrobial Nonwoven Fabrics Based on Polyamide-6 (PA-6) Fibers on Industrial Scale SE Shalaby, MK Beliakova, NG Al-Balakocy, MH Elshakankery 2024
Circular economy reinforcement through molecular fabrication of textile wastes with microbial synthesized ZnO nanoparticles to have multifunctional properties OM Darwesh, IA Matter, NG Al-Balakocy, MI Abo-Alkasem Scientific Reports 14 (1), 16660 , 2024 2024 Citations: 22
Phyco-biosynthesis of chlorella-CuO-NPs and its immobilization on polyester/cotton blended textile waste activated by cellulase enzymes for application as wastewater … H Abdel-Gawad, IA Matter, MI Abo-Alkasem, NG Al-Balakocy, ... Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 67 (7), 609-621 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
One Step Treatment of Polyester Fabrics by Alkali and TiO2 NPs and its Effect on their Functional Performance and Dye-ability NG Al-Balakocy, TM Hassan, SY Aly, SH Abd Elsalam Journal of the Textile Association 84 (6), 412-420 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Application of microalgal-ZnO-NPs for reusing polyester/cotton blended fabric wastes after modification by cellulases enzymes OM Darwesh, NG Al-Balakocy, A Ghanem, IA Matter Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy 5 (4), 471-482 , 2023 2023 Citations: 24
Effect of Finishing Wet Operation on the Functional Properties Imparted to Polyester Fabrics Loaded with Metal Oxides NPs SE Shalaby, NGA Al-Balakocy, SM Abo El-Ola, MK Beliakova Journal of the Textile Association 83 (5), 294 - 202 , 2023 2023
Preparation of photochromic and photoluminescent nonwoven fibrous mat from recycled polyester waste H Ahmed, MS Abdelrahman, NG Al-Balakocy, Z Wen, TA Khattab Journal of Polymers and the Environment 30 (12), 5239-5251 , 2022 2022 Citations: 60
Photoluminescent and photochromic smart window from recycled polyester reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals NG Al‐Balakocy, MS Abdelrahman, H Ahmed, AA Badawy, AF Ghanem, ... Luminescence 37 (9), 1575-1584 , 2022 2022 Citations: 37
Using nano technology for imparting PET/C blended fabric new functional performance properties NG Al-Balakocy, TM Hassan, SY Aly, SH Abd Elsalam, MH Elshakankery Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 17, 15589250221101385 , 2022 2022 Citations: 5
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus oryzae NRRL447 exogenous proteins: Optimization via central composite design, characterization and biological applications AM Elshafei, AM Othman, MA Elsayed, NG Al-Balakocy, MM Hassan Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16, 100553 , 2021 2021 Citations: 40
Synergizing effect of poly quaternary ammonium salts and metal oxides nanoparticles on wool and wool/polyester fabrics SMA El-Ola, NG Al Balakocy, MA El-Bendary, EA Mwafy Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research 46, 213-220 , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Simultaneous chemical modification and functional finishing of polyester textiles NG Al-Balakocy, T Hassan, S Khalil, S Abd El-Salam Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 25 (3), 257-273 , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Effect of wet processing operations on the functional properties imparted to polyester fabrics loaded with different metal oxides NPs part II: effect of the different sequences … SE Shalaby, NG Al-Balakocy, MK Beliakova, AM Othman Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16, 15589250211005760 , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by Aspergillus terreus NRRL265 for imparting durable antimicrobial finishing to polyester cotton blended fabrics: Statistical optimization … AM Othman, MA Elsayed, NG Al-Balakocy, MMHAM Elshafei Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 31 , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Functional finishing of polyamide-6 fabrics with poly quaternary ammonium salt in presence nanometal oxides N Gad Al-Balakocy, SM Abo El-Ola, EA Mwafy, MA EL-Bendary Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15, 1558925020963000 , 2020 2020 Citations: 2
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles induced by fungal proteins and its application in different biological activities AM Othman, MA Elsayed, NG Al-Balakocy, MM Hassan, AM Elshafei Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 17 (1), 8 , 2019 2019 Citations: 131
Preparation of photochromic and photoluminescent nonwoven fibrous mat from recycled polyester waste H Ahmed, MS Abdelrahman, NG Al-Balakocy, Z Wen, TA Khattab Journal of Polymers and the Environment 30 (12), 5239-5251 , 2022 2022 Citations: 60
Novel cellulose-based halochromic test strips for naked-eye detection of alkaline vapors and analytes H Abou-Yousef, TA Khattab, YA Youssef, N Al-Balakocy, S Kamel Talanta 170, 137-145 , 2017 2017 Citations: 51
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aspergillus oryzae NRRL447 exogenous proteins: Optimization via central composite design, characterization and biological applications AM Elshafei, AM Othman, MA Elsayed, NG Al-Balakocy, MM Hassan Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16, 100553 , 2021 2021 Citations: 40
Photoluminescent and photochromic smart window from recycled polyester reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals NG Al‐Balakocy, MS Abdelrahman, H Ahmed, AA Badawy, AF Ghanem, ... Luminescence 37 (9), 1575-1584 , 2022 2022 Citations: 37
Surface modification of nylon‐6 fibers for medical applications SE Shalaby, NG Al‐Balakocy, SM Abo El‐Ola Journal of applied polymer science 104 (6), 3788-3796 , 2007 2007 Citations: 33
Antimicrobial finishing of regular and modified nylon‐6 fabrics SE Shalaby, NG AL‐Balakocy, OM Abdel‐Fatah, AM Elshafei Journal of Applied Polymer Science 110 (2), 738-746 , 2008 2008 Citations: 27
Application of microalgal-ZnO-NPs for reusing polyester/cotton blended fabric wastes after modification by cellulases enzymes OM Darwesh, NG Al-Balakocy, A Ghanem, IA Matter Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy 5 (4), 471-482 , 2023 2023 Citations: 24
Circular economy reinforcement through molecular fabrication of textile wastes with microbial synthesized ZnO nanoparticles to have multifunctional properties OM Darwesh, IA Matter, NG Al-Balakocy, MI Abo-Alkasem Scientific Reports 14 (1), 16660 , 2024 2024 Citations: 22
Multi-finishing of polyester and polyester cotton blend fabrics activated by enzymatic treatment and loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles NG Al-Balakocy, K El-Badry, TM Hassan Cellulose , 2019 2019 Citations: 21
Alkali treatment of polyethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate fabrics SE Shalaby, NG Al-Balakocy, SM Abo El-Ola Journal of Textile Association 68, 31-38 , 2007 2007 Citations: 21
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles by Aspergillus terreus NRRL265 for imparting durable antimicrobial finishing to polyester cotton blended fabrics: Statistical optimization … AM Othman, MA Elsayed, NG Al-Balakocy, MMHAM Elshafei Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 31 , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Antimicrobial finishing of regular and modified polyethylene terephthalate fabrics SE Shalaby, NG Al‐Balakocy, MK Beliakova, OM Abdel‐Fatah, ... Journal of Applied Polymer Science 109 (2), 942-950 , 2008 2008 Citations: 17
Imparting antimicrobial properties to polyester and polyamide fibers-state of the art NG Al-Balakocy, SE Shalaby J. Text. Assoc 78, 179-201 , 2017 2017 Citations: 15
Development of pilot scale system for production of nylon-6 fibers grafted with polydimethylaminoethylmathacrylate (PDMAEMA) for the application as ion exchange SE Shalaby, NG Al-Balakocy, S Abo El-Ola Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 62 (9), 1713-1723 , 2019 2019 Citations: 12
Effect of surface activation of nylon-6 fabrics by plasma and grafting with vinyl monomers on its functional finishing with TiO2 nanoparticles NG Al-Balakocy, A El-Ola Journal of Applied Sciences Research 9 (3), 1743-1753 , 2013 2013 Citations: 12
Graft copolymerization of glycidylmethacrylate onto modified nylon‐6 fibers SE Shalaby, NG Al‐Balakocy, SM Abo El‐Ola Journal of applied polymer science 99 (3), 613-618 , 2006 2006 Citations: 12
Phyco-biosynthesis of chlorella-CuO-NPs and its immobilization on polyester/cotton blended textile waste activated by cellulase enzymes for application as wastewater … H Abdel-Gawad, IA Matter, MI Abo-Alkasem, NG Al-Balakocy, ... Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 67 (7), 609-621 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Cellulose AR Pascual, E Martín IntechOpen , 2019 2019 Citations: 9
Chemical Fixation of Antimicrobial Substance within Polyester and Polyamide-6 Fibers SE Shalaby, NG Balakocy, EO Abo, MK Beliakova 2018 Citations: 8