Diesel Engine Efficiency under Varying Loads and Engine Oil Contaminated with Safe levels of Glycol Haider Ali Hasan, Saif Alden K. Mohammad Al-Sumaidaee, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2025 Abstract: Although allowable amounts of glycol contamination in diesel engine oil, no research has been conducted on how these levels and varying loads affect engine performance The research used a four-stroke diesel engine to investigate the effect of different glycol contamination levels (0, 120, and 220 ppm) under two engine loads (4.5 and 9 kW). Brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature were measured to determine the engine performance. The experiment used the factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Increasing the contamination levels from 0 to 120 and then to 220 ppm under constant engine load significantly increased brake specific fuel consumption, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature and decreased brake thermal efficiency. Increasing the engine load from 4.5 to 9 kW with constant oil glycol contamination levels significantly increased brake thermal efficiency, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature and decreased brake specific fuel consumption. The results of the statistical analysis showed significant differences in the interaction between glycol contamination levels and load levels. Lower friction power (5.6 kW) and exhaust gas temperature (165.33 °C) were produced by combining the first contamination level (0 ppm) with the first load (4.5 kW), while the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (0.24 kg/kWh) and highest brake thermal efficiency (32.14%) were produced by combining the first contamination level (0 ppm) with the second load (9 kW). The study concluded that diesel engine performance decreases when engine oil is exposed to the permissible levels of contamination above with changes in engine load. This study can aid diesel engine maintenance and operational instructions, particularly in glycol-contaminated diesel engine oil.
TEST AND STUDY THE WORK EFFICIENCY OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED PALM SERVICE EQUIPMENT A. A. Ghali, A. M. Abdul-Munaim Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2024 A hydraulic platform was manufactured to serve palm trees and to enhance palm tree services, with a height of 12 meters, by the General Company for Hydraulic Industries, one of the Ministry of Industry's formations. This platform was tested in the field after being manufactured according to a randomized complete block design using split-split plots with three factors. The first factor represented the shape of the orchard land, with two levels (flat land and uneven land), serving as the main plots. The second factor had three levels representing palm tree heights (4, 8, and 12 meters), which served as the sub-plots. The third factor was the palm tree services, represented at three levels (pruning, pollination, and harvesting), with each treatment repeated three times. The measured characteristics of the platform test in the field included the costs, the power needed to operate the platform, and the force required to lift the palm platform. The effect of land nature on cost differed significantly at the 0.05 significance level. The costs amounted to 1,330.93 and 1,698.44 dinars per date palm for flat and uneven land, respectively. The effect of palm height on costs also differed significantly, with costs of 1,200.11, 1,510.28, and 1,833.67 dinars per palm for heights of 4, 8, and 12 meters, respectively. The power needed to operate the engine, which drives the pump to lift the hydraulic cylinders and the platform, was 1.44 kW. The force required to lift the platform and the scissors was 9,425.3 Newtons. There were no significant differences in the effect of the three factors in their single, double, and triple interactions regarding power and strength. It can be recommended to use the platform for operations on both flat and uneven lands at different heights and for various service operations with multiple palm trees.
Refinement of Internal-Combustion Engine Oil Properties Via Magnetic Flux Abbas Fadhil Abed, Haider Ali Hasan, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2024 To verify the influence of magnetic flux on the characteristics of SAE 10W-30 gasoline engine oil when the engine oil is exposed to different magnetic fluxes 0, 6, 9, and 13 Volt. The following oil characteristics were measured: viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, and total acid number (TAN) mg KOH/g. The research was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment under the 5% probability level to compare the means of the treatments. The results of the experiment showed that there were significant differences in the studied properties when the engine oil was exposed to the above magnetic fluxes and, inversely, especially the magnetic flux of 13 Volt, which led to a decrease in the viscosity of the oils at 40 °C to 67.704 cSt and 14.1 cSt at 100 °C, in addition to a decrease in the total acid number to 2.1 mgKOH/g. The results of this study promise the possibility of the magnetic flux affecting changes in the properties of gasoline engine oil, which may contribute to improving the performance of engine oils during operation.
Performance Evaluation of Two Date Palm Frond Cutting Saws Saif Alden K. Mohammad Al-Sumaidaee, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2023 Traditional tree management is laborious and costly, thus this work aimed to study the performance of two different types of frond cutting saws (reciprocating saw and vibrating saw) and examine the two saws on five date palm varieties. Four parameters were examined, including cutting time for a single frond, the power needed for cutting a single frond, frond cutting productivity expressed as tree/h, and vibration conveyed to the worker’s hand. A field experiment was designed according to the nested randomized complete block design, including five date palm varieties as the main plot and the type of saw as a sub-plot. Means were compared using the least significant differences (LSD 0.05). Results indicated that Bream variety required the least time for frond cutting. The reciprocating saw exhibited efficiency in saving the time required for frond cutting, while the vibrating saw took significantly longer time needed for cutting a single frond. The highest number of fronds cut in one hour was recorded in Bream variety, again significantly higher than the number of other studied varieties. Moreover, the reciprocating saw achieved significantly higher productivity than the vibrating one, indicating that the productivity of the reciprocating saw is almost three times more than the vibrating saw. Maximum productivity was recorded in Bream variety, while the least was recorded in Tebarzal using the vibrating saw. Moreover, results indicate that the variety and the type of saw have a vital role in productivity since as the thickness of a frond increases, the cutting takes more time and ultimately reduces the number of date palms to be pruned per hour. Results also exhibited that vibrating saw reduced the consumed energy during frond cutting. Additionally, results revealed that the minimum power consumed by a vibrating saw was in Bream variety, while Tebarzal consumed the upmost energy when a reciprocating saw was used. Maximum vibration on X-axis was reported in Bream variety when a vibrating saw was used. Additionally, the reciprocating saw exhibited the highest vibration compared with the vibrating saw. Moreover, the reciprocating saw caused the lowest vibration in Tebarzal variety. Results indicated that the vibration imposed by both saws reached the maximum value in Bream variety. The vibrating saw resulted in the higher vibration toward Z axis, while the Reciprocating saw resulted in higher vibration toward X axis, which was more than eight times that recorded by the vibrating saw. Results indicate that vibration toward the Y axis increased significantly in Bream variety compared with others. Again, as in the situation with X and Z axis, the reciprocating saw exhibited the highest vibration compared to that resulted from using a vibrating saw which was more than three times the vibration caused by the vibrating saw.
Evaluation of the Performance of a Locally Manufactured Palm Service Platform Aliwi Amir Ghali, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2023 A field experiment was carried out in one of the orchards of Al-Qassim district in Babel Governorate to find out the ability of a locally manufactured platform to serve palm trees by working in flat and uneven orchard land, palm tree heights of 4, 8, and 12 meters, and it performs pollination, pruning and harvesting services. The time of ascent and descent, the palm service, and the palm/hour productivity were measured. A randomized complete block design with three replications used a split split-plot arrangement. The nature of the land (flat or uneven) represented the main plots, the height of the palm trees (4, 8, 12) meters, the sub-plots, and the palm service operations (pollination, pruning, harvesting) of the sub-sub plots. The data were analyzed and compared according to the L.S.D test at the probability level of 0.05. The results indicated that there is a significant effect of the palm height factor and the type of service factor on the studied characteristics. The highest time for ascent and descent was 101.22 and 50.86 seconds, respectively, at the height of 12 meters, and the highest time for serving the palm tree was 95.40 seconds/palm for the pruning process, and the least productivity was 7.33 palm trees/hour for the pruning process. There was a significant interaction between the palm tree’s height and the land’s nature regarding productivity characteristics. There was a significant difference between the height of the palm tree and the type of service with both times of ascent, descent, and service of a palm tree. Based on the previous, it is possible to use the locally manufactured platform in palm groves to reduce the suffering of palm farmers from the difficulty of performing the necessary operations to serve palm trees, especially those of high altitudes.
A study of the Effect of Diesel Oil Contamination with Glycol on the Performance of a Diesel Engine Naseer Salman Kadhim, Haider Ali Hasan, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2023 The performance of a diesel engine was tested with diesel oil contaminated with glycol at the engineering workshop/Department of Agricultural Machines and Equipment / College of the Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad. To investigate the impact of different concentrations of glycol on the performance of a diesel engine, an experimental water-cooled four-stroke motor was utilized, with oil containing 0, 100, and 200 parts per million (ppm). Specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, friction power, and exhaust gas temperature were examined as performance indicators. To compare the significance of the treatments, the study employed a full randomization design (CRD), with three replicates for each treatment at the 5% probability level. Experiment results demonstrated significant variations in the characteristics under study. For example, the highest rates of Brake-specific fuel consumption (kg/KW.h) (0.4459), frictional power (7.8837 kW), and exhaust gas temperature (173.6 0 C) were all observed at oil contamination levels of 200 ppm glycol. Meanwhile, the Brake thermal efficiency was the lowest of any measured system at only 17.5623%. Glycol oil pollution was shown to have a considerable effect on engine performance.
Uv-visible spectrophotometer for distinguishing oxidation time of engine oil Torrey Holland, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Christopher Mandrell, Robinson Karunanithy, Dennis G. Watson, Poopalasingam Sivakumar Lubricants, 2021 Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, resulting in a range of total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavelength (190.5 – 849.5 nm) and selected wavelength ranges were evaluated to determine the wavelength or wavelength ranges that could best distinguish among all oxidation times. The best wavelengths and wavelength ranges were analyzed with linear regression to determine the best wavelength or range to predict oxidation time.
THz-TDS for detecting glycol contamination in engine oil Oday M. Abdulmunem, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Mario Mendez Aller, Sascha Preu, Dennis G. Watson Applied Sciences Switzerland, 2020 There continues to be a need for an in-situ sensor system to monitor the engine oil of internal combustion engines. Engine oil needs to be monitored for contaminants and depletion of additives. While various sensor systems have been designed and evaluated, there is still a need to develop and evaluate new sensing technologies. This study evaluated Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) for the identification and estimation of the glycol contamination of automotive engine oil. Glycol contamination is a result of a gasket or seal leak allowing coolant to enter an engine and mix with the engine oil. An engine oil intended for use in both diesel and gasoline engines was obtained. Fresh engine oil samples were contaminated with four levels of glycol (0 ppm, 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 500 ppm). The samples were analyzed with THz-TDS and converted to frequency domain parameters of refractive index and absorption coefficient. While both parameters showed potential, the absorption coefficient had the best potential and was able to statistically discriminate among the four contamination levels.
Could conservation tillage farming be the solution for agricultural soils in Iraq? AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2020
Determination of the suitability period of S-3 diesel oil when used in tractor engines AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2014
Does chilling water increase air cooling operation AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2014
Which plow is more suitable for tillage farming in Iraq? AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2013
The effect of two type of plows with four speeds on the field capacity and bulk density AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2008
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
A Review of Detection, Monitoring, and Analysis Techniques in Terahertz Sensing for Sustainable Agriculture AM Abdul-Munaim, OM Abdulmunem Sensing and Imaging 26 (1), 124 , 2025 2025
COMPARISON OF TWO CUTTING SAWS ON CUTTING FRONDS IN FIVE DATE PALM VARIETIES SAKM AL-Sumaidaee, AM Abdul-munaim Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56 (4), 1504-1510 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Diesel Engine Efficiency under Varying Loads and Engine Oil Contaminated with Safe levels of Glycol HA Hasan, SAKM Al-Sumaidaee, AM Abdul-Munaim Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 38 (1), 20-29 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Automated Detection of Dubas Bug Infestation in Palm Trees Using Deep Learning with Residual Neural Networks SA Alhadithy, AM Abdul-Munaim, HG Daway International Conference on Data Science, Computation and Security, 379-388 , 2024 2024
Refinement of Internal-Combustion Engine Oil Properties Via Magnetic Flux AF Abed, HA Hasan, AM Abdul-Munaim IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1371 (9), 092003 , 2024 2024
Cold Storage Room Design SBS Al-Badri, AM Abdul-Munaim, NS Kadhim WARNING!-Beware of Fraud 55 (4), 41 , 2024 2024
Test and study the work efficiency of locally manufactured palm service equipment A A Ghali, A M Abdul-Munaim Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
A study of the Effect of Diesel Oil Contamination with Glycol on the Performance of a Diesel Engine NS Kadhim, HA Hasan, AM Abdul-Munaim IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262 (9), 092012 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Evaluation of the Performance of a Locally Manufactured Palm Service Platform AA Ghali, AM Abdul-Munaim IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1225 (1), 012102 , 2023 2023
Performance evaluation of two date palm frond cutting saws SAKM Al-Sumaidaee, AM Abdul-Munaim IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1214 (1), 012050 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Observation of a signal suppressing effect in a binary mixture of glycol-water contamination in engine oil with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy T Holland, R Karunanithy, C Mandrell, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, ... Standards 2 (4), 474-483 , 2022 2022 Citations: 2
Observation of a Signal Suppressing Effect in a Binary Mixture of Glycol-Water Contamination in Engine Oil with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Standards 2022, 2, 474–483 T Holland, R Karunanithy, C Mandrell, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, ... s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published … , 2022 2022
Uv-visible spectrophotometer for distinguishing oxidation time of engine oil T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, C Mandrell, R Karunanithy, DG Watson, ... Lubricants 9 (4), 37 , 2021 2021 Citations: 20
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for Distinguishing Oxidation Time of Engine Oil. Lubricants 2021, 9, 37 T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, C Mandrell, R Karunanithy, DG Watson, ... s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published … , 2021 2021
THz-TDS for detecting glycol contamination in engine oil OM Abdulmunem, AM Abdul-Munaim, MM Aller, S Preu, DG Watson Applied Sciences 10 (11), 3738 , 2020 2020 Citations: 24
Could conservation tillage farming be the solution for agricultural soils in Iraq? AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, DA Lightfoot 2020 Citations: 8
Absorption wavebands for discriminating oxidation time of engine oil as detected by FT-IR spectroscopy AM Abdul-Munaim, T Holland, P Sivakumar, DG Watson Lubricants 7 (3), 24 , 2019 2019 Citations: 32
Terahertz time domain spectroscopy to detect different oxidation levels of diesel engine oil AM Abdul-Munaim, J Ornik, M Koch, DG Watson Lubricants 7 (2), 18 , 2019 2019 Citations: 13
Influence of sample mixing techniques on engine oil contamination analysis by infrared Spectroscopy T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, P Sivakumar Lubricants 7 (1), 4 , 2019 2019 Citations: 18
Erratum: Importance of Emulsification in Calibrating Infrared Spectroscopes for Analyzing Water Contamination in Used or In-Service Engine Oil. Lubricants 2018, 6, 35 T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, P Sivakumar Lubricants 7 (1), 3 , 2019 2019
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to discriminate among water contamination levels in diesel engine oil AM Abdul-Munaim, M Reuter, OM Abdulmunem, JC Balzer, M Koch, ... Transactions of the ASABE 59 (3), 795-801 , 2016 2016 Citations: 49
Distinguishing gasoline engine oils of different viscosities using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy AM Adbul-Munaim, M Reuter, M Koch, DG Watson Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 36 (7), 687-696 , 2015 2015 Citations: 37
Absorption wavebands for discriminating oxidation time of engine oil as detected by FT-IR spectroscopy AM Abdul-Munaim, T Holland, P Sivakumar, DG Watson Lubricants 7 (3), 24 , 2019 2019 Citations: 32
Discriminating gasoline fuel contamination in engine oil by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy AM Abdul-Munaim, MM Aller, S Preu, DG Watson Tribology international 119, 123-130 , 2018 2018 Citations: 27
THz-TDS for detecting glycol contamination in engine oil OM Abdulmunem, AM Abdul-Munaim, MM Aller, S Preu, DG Watson Applied Sciences 10 (11), 3738 , 2020 2020 Citations: 24
Uv-visible spectrophotometer for distinguishing oxidation time of engine oil T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, C Mandrell, R Karunanithy, DG Watson, ... Lubricants 9 (4), 37 , 2021 2021 Citations: 20
Importance of emulsification in calibrating infrared spectroscopes for analyzing water contamination in used or in-service engine oil T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, P Sivakumar Lubricants 6 (2), 35 , 2018 2018 Citations: 20
Influence of sample mixing techniques on engine oil contamination analysis by infrared Spectroscopy T Holland, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, P Sivakumar Lubricants 7 (1), 4 , 2019 2019 Citations: 18
Error sources and distinctness of materials parameters obtained by THz-time domain spectroscopy using an example of oxidized engine oil M Méndez Aller, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, S Preu Sensors 18 (7), 2087 , 2018 2018 Citations: 18
Terahertz time domain spectroscopy to detect different oxidation levels of diesel engine oil AM Abdul-Munaim, J Ornik, M Koch, DG Watson Lubricants 7 (2), 18 , 2019 2019 Citations: 13
Which Plow is more suitable for Tillage Farming in Iraq AM Abdul-Munaim Ama, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Latin America 44 (4), 10 , 2013 2013 Citations: 9
Could conservation tillage farming be the solution for agricultural soils in Iraq? AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, DA Lightfoot 2020 Citations: 8
Determination of the suitability period of S-3 diesel oil when used in tractor engines. AM Abdul-Munaim, LHM Ali 2014 Citations: 5
Test and study the work efficiency of locally manufactured palm service equipment A A Ghali, A M Abdul-Munaim Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
A study of the Effect of Diesel Oil Contamination with Glycol on the Performance of a Diesel Engine NS Kadhim, HA Hasan, AM Abdul-Munaim IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262 (9), 092012 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Observation of a signal suppressing effect in a binary mixture of glycol-water contamination in engine oil with fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy T Holland, R Karunanithy, C Mandrell, AM Abdul-Munaim, DG Watson, ... Standards 2 (4), 474-483 , 2022 2022 Citations: 2
Evaluation of terahertz technology to determine characteristics and contaminants in engine oil AM Abdul-Munaim Southern Illinois University at Carbondale , 2018 2018 Citations: 2
Does chilling water increase air cooling operation. AM Abdul-Munaim, SBS Al-Badri 2014 Citations: 2
PAD MASS AND THICKNESS RELATIONSHIP TO THE PERFORMANCE OF EVAPORATIVE COOLING UNITE FOR POULTRY HOUSE AM Abdul-Munaim IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 40 (2), 172-179 , 2009 2009 Citations: 2
The Effect of Two Type of Plows With Four Speeds on the Field Capacity and Bulk Density AM Abdul-Munaim, MT Al-Hadidy Ama, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Latin America 39 (4), 39 , 2008 2008 Citations: 2