Andrej Thurzo

is an Associate Professor in the Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery and in the Center of simulation and virtual medical education at the Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. He is a Forensic expert in the field of dentistry.

Education background: 2000–2006 - Medical faculty Comenius University, graduation (MD) specialization dentistry 2006–2009 - 1st approbation from stomatology 2006–2011 - PhD (Implementation of digital systems in orthodontics) 2009–2012 - 2nd approbation from orthodontics 2010–2013 - Master of public Health (MPH) 2013–2014 - Master of Health Administration (MHA) 2022 - habilitation Comenius University - Associate Professor Education abroad: 2009: USA, Chapel Hill - University of North Carolina, with Prof. William R. Proffit, Former Chair of Orthodontics 2005 :Italy, Rome - Erasmus at Faculty of Medicine at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Gemelli University Hospital Work experience; Since 2006—Univer

EDUCATION

2000-2006 - (MD) Comenius University, Medical faculty (LFUK), specialization dentistry
2006-2009 - 1st approbation from stomatology - Slovak Medical University
2006-2011 - PhD (Implementation of digital systems in orthodontics) (LFUK)
2009-2012 - 2nd approbation from orthodontics – Slovak Medical University
2010-2013 - Master of public Health (MPH) - Slovak Medical University
2013-2014 - (MHA)Master of Health Administration - College of Health&Social Work
2022 – assistant professor (doc. habilitation) Comenius University, Medical faculty,

RESEARCH INTERESTS

3D medical printing, bioprinting, artificial intelligence, orthodontics, forensic dentistry, regenerative medicine

Scopus Publications

Polymer-Based Scaffolds as an Implantable Material in Regenerative Dentistry: A Review
Lubos Lesko, Petra Jungova, Martina Culenova, Andrej Thurzo, and Lubos Danisovic
MDPI AG
Polymer-based scaffolds have emerged as transformative materials in regenerative dentistry, enabling the restoration and replacement of dental tissues through tissue engineering approaches. These scaffolds, derived from natural and synthetic polymers, mimic the extracellular matrix to promote cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and alginate offer biocompatibility and bioactivity, while synthetic alternatives like polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) provide tunable mechanical properties and degradation rates. Recent advancements highlight the integration of bioactive molecules and nanotechnology to enhance the regenerative potential of these materials. Furthermore, developing hybrid scaffolds combining natural and synthetic polymers addresses biocompatibility and mechanical strength challenges, paving the way for patient-specific treatments. Innovations in 3D bioprinting and stimuli-responsive biomaterials are expected to refine scaffold design further, improving therapeutic precision and clinical outcomes. This review underscores the critical role of polymer-based scaffolds in advancing regenerative dentistry, focusing on their applications, advantages, and limitations.


How is AI Transforming Medical Research, Education and Practice?
Andrej Thurzo
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract Artificial intelligence is rapidly reshaping medical research, education, and clinical practice. This brief communication reviews new AI applications—from personalized learning and immersive simulations in medical education to AI-assisted diagnostics in clinical settings—and examines the accompanying ethical and practical challenges. Drawing on insights from last November’s editorial in the Bratislava Medical Journal, the paper argues that while AI offers powerful new tools, human oversight remains essential. Future efforts must establish clear governance frameworks and update educational curricula to foster effective human–machine collaboration, ensuring that the uniquely human elements of science and creativity endure.


Advances in 4D Shape-Memory Resins for AI-Aided Personalized Scaffold Bioengineering
Andrej Thurzo and Ivan Varga
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract This paper introduces an innovative workflow for developing personalized bioengineered scaffolds by combining AI-driven auto-segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans with the design of temperature-responsive photocurable resins, or 4D polymers. Using Diagnocat software, AI segmentation achieves precise morphological replication of anatomical structures, creating accurate 3D models that are tailored to each patient's unique anatomy. These models guide the fabrication of scaffolds with varying porosities and geometries, using TC-85—a biocompatible, temperature-sensitive resin with distinct mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The resin’s temperature responsiveness enables the scaffolds to dynamically adapt to physiological conditions, enhancing functionality by morphologically shifting to stimulate adherent cells. This approach demonstrates the advantages of automated AI segmentation and underscores the potential of 4D scaffolds for advanced bioengineering applications.


Optimizing Dental Implant Survival in Microvascular Jaw Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Outcomes, and Future Directions
Michaela Lifková, Ladislav Czako, Dušan Hirjak, Gabriela Pavleová, and Andrej Thurzo
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract Microvascular free flap reconstruction is a key approach to restoring the jaw after significant defects, but ensuring the long-term survival of dental implants in these reconstructed areas can be challenging. This review looks at the primary factors affecting implant longevity, such as implant design, surgical placement techniques, and patient-centered issues including oral hygiene and systemic health conditions. We also discuss the influence of radiotherapy on implant outcomes and highlight the unique biomechanical properties of different reconstructive flaps. Drawing on current research, we explore how immediate implant placement, especially in areas affected by radiation, can pose higher risks, and compare the advantages of removable versus fixed prostheses in terms of function and appearance. Throughout, we emphasize personalized treatment planning, underscoring the need for careful maintenance and patient education to prevent peri-implant complications. By identifying gaps in existing literature, this review outlines potential future directions, focusing on improving implant stability, durability, and overall patient satisfaction. This comprehensive analysis offers clinicians a framework for developing individualized strategies that will help enhance implant longevity and quality of life for those undergoing microvascular jaw reconstruction.


Three-Dimensional-Printed Elements Based on Polymer and Composite Materials in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
Michaela Lepišová, Juraj Tomášik, Ľubica Oravcová, and Andrej Thurzo
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract 3D printing technologies are manufacturing technologies based on computer-designed digital models that allow fabrication of layered three-dimensional objects. This review aims to present a summary of the literature published on 3D-printed polymer and composite materials in dentistry. A literature search was performed using the PubMed database to identify eligible articles. In total 508 articles were identified based on the original search query, with 362 being eliminated based on the exclusion criteria and 146 articles were screened and based on their abstracts, 68 articles were studied in detail. Subsequently, these articles were divided into three groups based on the area of application: (1) restorative dentistry, which included 3D printed crowns, bridges, and veneers; (2) regenerative dentistry and tissue engineering, such as 3D printed scaffolds; (3) fabrication of oral guides and other appliances, such as surgical guides, dental implants, and surgical splints. In this review the 3D printing technology is described, including its benefits regarding working time, accuracy and overall design and fabrication of products. The review shows that the most studied area of application of printable polymers and composites is regenerative dentistry. Even though these materials are studied for their properties and the effects on the human body as well as the environment, novel materials with specific and revolutionary characteristics that have emerged in recent years are given special attention. However, more research is needed to ensure the safety of use and confirm the characteristics of novel materials in both in vivo and in vitro conditions.


3D-Printed Accessories and Auxiliaries in Orthodontic Treatment
Marcel Paľovčík, Juraj Tomášik, Márton Zsoldos, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
The integration of 3D printing has transformed orthodontics, allowing for the creation of highly customized intraoral devices that support traditional orthodontic treatments. This review examines the innovations and applications of 3D-printed accessories in orthodontics, focusing on customization, precision, and workflow improvements. In-office 3D printing enables reduced dependence on external labs, enhancing efficiency and potentially lowering costs. Key topics include material properties, biocompatibility, and clinical applications, alongside an evaluation of both successes and limitations highlighted in recent studies. Unlike prior research focused on aligners and braces, this review centers on auxiliary devices, demonstrating how 3D printing can revolutionize these less-studied accessories in orthodontics. The rise of 4D memory shape materials signals a potential breakthrough in “smart orthodontics”, where directly printed devices can adapt over time. This innovation could lead to a new era of personalized dynamic orthodontic solutions with 3D-printed auxiliaries, providing unprecedented customization and expanding the scope of orthodontic care. Further research is essential to address challenges related to durability, biocompatibility, and long-term clinical performance to optimize 3D printing’s role in orthodontic treatments.


Is virtual reality enhancing dental anatomy education? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Katarina Bevizova, Hisham El Falougy, Andrej Thurzo, and Stefan Harsanyi
Springer Science and Business Media LLC



Three-Dimensionally-Printed Polymer and Composite Materials for Dental Applications with Focus on Orthodontics
Daniela Tichá, Juraj Tomášik, Ľubica Oravcová, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
Three-dimensional printing has transformed dentistry by enabling the production of customized dental restorations, aligners, surgical guides, and implants. A variety of polymers and composites are used, each with distinct properties. This review explores materials used in 3D printing for dental applications, focusing on trends identified through a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. The most studied areas include 3D-printed crowns, bridges, removable prostheses, surgical guides, and aligners. The development of new materials is still ongoing and also holds great promise in terms of environmentally friendly technologies. Modern manufacturing technologies have a promising future in all areas of dentistry: prosthetics, periodontology, dental and oral surgery, implantology, orthodontics, and regenerative dentistry. However, further studies are needed to safely introduce the latest materials, such as nanodiamond-reinforced PMMA, PLA reinforced with nanohydroxyapatite or magnesium, PLGA composites with tricalcium phosphate and magnesium, and PEEK reinforced with hydroxyapatite or titanium into clinical practice.


Artificial Intelligence-Driven Facial Image Analysis for the Early Detection of Rare Diseases: Legal, Ethical, Forensic, and Cybersecurity Considerations
Peter Kováč, Peter Jackuliak, Alexandra Bražinová, Ivan Varga, Michal Aláč, Martin Smatana, Dušan Lovich, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
This narrative review explores the potential, complexities, and consequences of using artificial intelligence (AI) to screen large government-held facial image databases for the early detection of rare genetic diseases. Government-held facial image databases, combined with the power of artificial intelligence, offer the potential to revolutionize the early diagnosis of rare genetic diseases. AI-powered phenotyping, as exemplified by the Face2Gene app, enables highly accurate genetic assessments from simple photographs. This and similar breakthrough technologies raise significant privacy and ethical concerns about potential government overreach augmented with the power of AI. This paper explores the concept, methods, and legal complexities of AI-based phenotyping within the EU. It highlights the transformative potential of such tools for public health while emphasizing the critical need to balance innovation with the protection of individual privacy and ethical boundaries. This comprehensive overview underscores the urgent need to develop robust safeguards around individual rights while responsibly utilizing AI’s potential for improved healthcare outcomes, including within a forensic context. Furthermore, the intersection of AI and sensitive genetic data necessitates proactive cybersecurity measures. Current and future developments must focus on securing AI models against attacks, ensuring data integrity, and safeguarding the privacy of individuals within this technological landscape.


The Potential of AI-Powered Face Enhancement Technologies in Face-Driven Orthodontic Treatment Planning
Juraj Tomášik, Márton Zsoldos, Kristína Majdáková, Alexander Fleischmann, Ľubica Oravcová, Dominika Sónak Ballová and Andrej Thurzo

Improving one’s appearance is one of the main reasons to undergo an orthodontic therapy. While occlusion is important, not just for long-term stability, aesthetics is often considered a key factor in patient’s satisfaction. Following recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), this study set out to investigate whether AI can help guide orthodontists in diagnosis and treatment planning. In this study, 25 male and 25 female faces were generated and consequently enhanced using FaceApp (ver. 11.10, FaceApp Technology Limited, Limassol, Cyprus), one of the many pictures transforming applications on the market. Both original and FaceApp-modified pictures were then assessed by 441 respondents regarding their attractiveness, and the pictures were further compared using a software for picture analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square goodness of fit test R Studio Studio (ver. 4.1.1, R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) software and the level of statistical significance was set to 0.05. The interrater reliability was tested using Fleiss’ Kappa for m Raters. The results showed that in 49 out of 50 cases, the FaceApp-enhanced pictures were considered to be more attractive. Selected pictures were further analyzed using the graphical software GIMP. The most prominent changes were observed in lip fullness, eye size, and lower face height. The results suggest that AI-powered face enhancement could be a part of the diagnosis and treatment planning stages in orthodontics. These enhanced pictures could steer clinicians towards soft-tissue-oriented and personalized treatment planning, respecting patients’ wishes for improved face appearance.


Synthesis, sintering, radiopacity and cytotoxicity of Ca, Sr and Ba - phosphate bioceramics
Ľuboš Bača, Tatiana Sivčáková, Zuzana Varchulová Nováková, Marián Matejdes, Martina Horváth Orlovská, Andrej Thurzo, Ľuboš Danišovič, and Marián Janek
Elsevier BV



Evolving Strategies and Materials for Scaffold Development in Regenerative Dentistry
Michal Gašparovič, Petra Jungová, Juraj Tomášik, Bela Mriňáková, Dušan Hirjak, Silvia Timková, Ľuboš Danišovič, Marián Janek, Ľuboš Bača, Peter Peciar,et al.
MDPI AG
Regenerative dentistry has experienced remarkable advancement in recent years. The interdisciplinary discoveries in stem cell applications and scaffold design and fabrication, including novel techniques and biomaterials, have demonstrated immense potential in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. Scaffolds play a pivotal role in regenerative dentistry by facilitating tissue regeneration and restoring damaged or missing dental structures. These biocompatible and biomimetic structures serve as a temporary framework for cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate into functional tissues. This review provides a concise overview of the evolution of scaffold strategies in regenerative dentistry, along with a novel analysis (Bard v2.0 based on the Gemini neural network architecture) of the most commonly employed materials used for scaffold fabrication during the last 10 years. Additionally, it delves into bioprinting, stem cell colonization techniques and procedures, and outlines the prospects of regenerating a whole tooth in the future. Moreover, it discusses the optimal conditions for maximizing mesenchymal stem cell utilization and optimizing scaffold design and personalization through precise 3D bioprinting. This review highlights the recent advancements in scaffold development, particularly with the advent of 3D bioprinting technologies, and is based on a comprehensive literature search of the most influential recent publications in this field.


AI and Face-Driven Orthodontics: A Scoping Review of Digital Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Juraj Tomášik, Márton Zsoldos, Ľubica Oravcová, Michaela Lifková, Gabriela Pavleová, Martin Strunga, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), technological progress is changing established workflows and enabling some basic routines to be updated. In dentistry, the patient’s face is a crucial part of treatment planning, although it has always been difficult to grasp in an analytical way. This review highlights the current digital advances that, thanks to AI tools, allow us to implement facial features beyond symmetry and proportionality and incorporate facial analysis into diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. A Scopus literature search was conducted to identify the topics with the greatest research potential within digital orthodontics over the last five years. The most researched and cited topic was artificial intelligence and its applications in orthodontics. Apart from automated 2D or 3D cephalometric analysis, AI finds its application in facial analysis, decision-making algorithms as well as in the evaluation of treatment progress and retention. Together with AI, other digital advances are shaping the face of today’s orthodontics. Without any doubts, the era of “old” orthodontics is at its end, and modern, face-driven orthodontics is on the way to becoming a reality in modern orthodontic practices.


AI-Powered Segmentation Revolutionizes Scaffold Design in Regenerative Dentistry
Andrej Thurzo, Petra Jungová, and Ľuboš Danišovič
IEEE
The era of 3D printing of biocompatible personalized scaffolds has arrived, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is essential for 3D reproduction of individualized human anatomy. When designing the shape of the personalized scaffold, the starting point is typically the CBCT scan, which must first be segmented to define the complementary shape of the scaffold. In the past, this was usually a lengthy manual segmentation process that could take hours. Today, artificial intelligence-based software can perform automatic segmentation of the various structures in the maxillo-facial region directly from CBCT data in seconds. This study presents a novel workflow comparing manual segmentation in Invivo (Anatomage, San Jose, CA, USA) with AI-automated segmentation in Diagnocat (Miami, FL, USA). In 24 cases, the time required for segmentation were compared and evaluated with a paired t-test. This revealed a statistically significant difference in segmentation time between the two groups, with the AI-driven analysis being significantly faster. The difference in average segmentation time between manual (36.03 minutes) and AI-driven analysis (4.96 minutes) showed that AI-driven analysis was on average more than five time faster than manual segmentation. AI-driven analysis reduces segmentation time by 86.17% compared to manual segmentation of CBCT. This means that AI-driven analysis can save clinicians a lot of time. The presented feasibility of AI-automated workflow with STL (Standard Triangle Language) output models suitable for 3D modeling of scaffold shapes - complementary to individual anatomy in Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA, USA), were suitable for 3D printing with hydroxyapatite. This has significance for various workflows in regenerative dentistry.


AI-automated Cephalometric Tracing: A New Normal in Orthodontics?
Martin Strunga, Dominika Sόnak Ballová, Juraj Tomášik, Ľubica Oravcová, Ľuboš Danišovič, and Andrej Thurzo
IEEE
Cephalometric analysis has typically been used to evaluate lateral skull radiographs taken with a cephalostat to determine the skeletal pattern and assess treatment difficulties in orthodontics. Nowadays, Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data can be used for 3D cephalometrics. This study compares the performance of AI-automated cephalometric tracing with human-operated digital tracing using the Invivo 7.1.2 software on a sample of 120 scans evaluated by 5 observers (4 human and AI) for 14 cephalometric variables. Measurements were repeated for paired tests. ANOVA was used to minimize type I error. Normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare measurement times between humans and AI. This study found that there were statistically significant differences between human observers and AI in 6 of 14 variables. The AI measurements were higher than the human measurements for these variables. The duration of measurements was also statistically significantly shorter for human observers than for AI. Now at the dawn of an era of AI-assisted diagnostics, we temporarily experience translational period of AI-automated algorithms being less accurate and slower than humans, albeit they will likely become the new normal in orthodontic treatment planning. This study also highlights the importance of rigorous scientific evaluation by independent researchers of incoming AI-automated cephalometric tracing solutions before they are considered clinically appropriate.


Unexpected corneal reflection phenomenon alters smartphone 3D image-based models of the eye
Veronika Kurilová, Dominika Bemberáková, Matúš Kocián, Daniel Šterbák, Tomáš Knapčok, Miriam Palkovič, Samuel Hančák, Jarmila Pavlovičová, Miloš Oravec, Andrej Thurzo,et al.
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract Reconstruction of a 3D eye model by photogrammetry from a smartphone video could be prospectively used in self-diagnosis, screening and telemedicine monitoring of diseases of the front part of the eye and its surroundings. The main use could be found in the treatment of diseases of the curvature and surface of the cornea and in follow-up after some refractive procedures. In our work, we create 3D image-based models of the eye after scanning the face with a smartphone. An unexpected phenomenon appeared during the reconstruction of the transparent cornea – a crater-like depression was formed at the place where nearby objects reflected on the cornea, which corresponds to the first Purkinje image, the so-called glint. We thus encountered complications that may arise when modelling transparent living structures from a video taken in a normal environment, which will need to be solved if we want to create such 3D models of the eye using this method for medical purposes. Another 3D reconstruction approach or additional algorithms must be considered as a future work.


The Evolution of Robin Sequence Treatment Based on the Biomimetic Interdisciplinary Approach: A Historical Review
Martin Čverha, Ivan Varga, Tereza Trenčanská, Barbora Šufliarsky, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
The Robin sequence is a congenital anomaly characterized by a triad of features: micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction. This comprehensive historical review maps the evolution of approaches and appliances for its treatment from the past to the current modern possibilities of an interdisciplinary combination of modern engineering, medicine, materials, and computer science combined approach with emphasis on designing appliances inspired by nature and individual human anatomy. Current biomimetic designs are clinically applied, resulting in appliances that are more efficient, comfortable, sustainable, and safer than legacy traditional designs. This review maps the treatment modalities that have been used for patients with a Robin sequence over the years. Early management of the Robin sequence focused primarily on airway maintenance and feeding support, while current management strategies involve both nonsurgical and surgical interventions and biomimetic biocompatible personalized appliances. The goal of this paper was to provide a review of the evolution of management strategies for patients with the Robin sequence that led to the current interdisciplinary biomimetic approaches impacting the future of Robin Sequence treatment with biomimetics at the forefront.


Use of third molar eruption based on Gambier’s criteria in assessing dental age
Petra Švábová nee Uhrová, Radoslav Beňuš, Mária Chovancová nee Kondeková, Adriana Vojtušová, Miroslav Novotný, and Andrej Thurzo
Springer Science and Business Media LLC



The New Role of the Dental Assistant and Nurse in the Age of Advanced Artificial Intelligence in Telehealth Orthodontic Care with Dental Monitoring: Preliminary Report
Jana Surovková, Sára Haluzová, Martin Strunga, Renáta Urban, Michaela Lifková, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
This paper explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the role of dental assistants and nurses in orthodontic practices, as there is a gap in understanding the currently evolving impact on orthodontic treatment workflows. The introduction of AI-language models such as ChatGPT 4 is changing patient-office communication and transforming the role of orthodontic nurses. Teledentistry is now heavily reliant on AI implementation in orthodontics. This paper presents the proof of a novel concept: an AI-powered orthodontic workflow that provides new responsibilities for an orthodontic nurse. It also provides a report of an assessment of such a workflow in an orthodontic practice that uses an AI solution called Dental Monitoring over a period of three years. The paper evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of daily automated assessments of orthodontic treatment progress, the impact of AI on personalized care, and the new role of a dental assistant. The paper concludes that AI will improve dental practice through more precise and personalized treatment, bringing new roles and responsibilities for trained medical professionals but raising new ethical and legal issues for dental practices.


AI-Assisted CBCT Data Management in Modern Dental Practice: Benefits, Limitations and Innovations
Renáta Urban, Sára Haluzová, Martin Strunga, Jana Surovková, Michaela Lifková, Juraj Tomášik, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
Within the next decade, artificial intelligence (AI) will fundamentally transform the workflow of modern dental practice. This paper reviews the innovations and new roles of dental assistants in CBCT data management with the support of AI. Its use in 3D data management brings new roles for dental assistants. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology is, together with intraoral 3D scans and 3D facial scans, commonly used 3D diagnostic in a modern digital dental practice. This paper provides an overview of the potential benefits of AI implementation for semiautomated segmentations in standard medical diagnostic workflows in dental practice. It discusses whether AI tools can enable healthcare professionals to increase their reliability, effectiveness, and usefulness, and addresses the potential limitations and errors that may occur. The paper concludes that current AI solutions can improve current digital workflows including CBCT data management. Automated CBCT segmentation is one of the current trends and innovations. It can assist professionals in obtaining an accurate 3D image in a reduced period of time, thus enhancing the efficiency of the whole process. The segmentation of CBCT serves as a helpful tool for treatment planning as well as communicating the problem to the patient in an understandable way. This paper highlights a high bias risk due to the inadequate sample size and incomplete reporting in many studies. It proposes enhancing dental workflow efficiency and accuracy through AI-supported cbct data management


Artificial Intelligence Systems Assisting in the Assessment of the Course and Retention of Orthodontic Treatment
Martin Strunga, Renáta Urban, Jana Surovková, and Andrej Thurzo
MDPI AG
This scoping review examines the contemporary applications of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) software in orthodontics, focusing on its potential to improve daily working protocols, but also highlighting its limitations. The aim of the review was to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of current AI-based systems compared to conventional methods in diagnosing, assessing the progress of patients’ treatment and follow-up stability. The researchers used various online databases and identified diagnostic software and dental monitoring software as the most studied software in contemporary orthodontics. The former can accurately identify anatomical landmarks used for cephalometric analysis, while the latter enables orthodontists to thoroughly monitor each patient, determine specific desired outcomes, track progress, and warn of potential changes in pre-existing pathology. However, there is limited evidence to assess the stability of treatment outcomes and relapse detection. The study concludes that AI is an effective tool for managing orthodontic treatment from diagnosis to retention, benefiting both patients and clinicians. Patients find the software easy to use and feel better cared for, while clinicians can make diagnoses more easily and assess compliance and damage to braces or aligners more quickly and frequently.


Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Dental Education: A Review and Guide for Curriculum Update
Andrej Thurzo, Martin Strunga, Renáta Urban, Jana Surovková, and Kelvin I. Afrashtehfar
MDPI AG
In this intellectual work, the clinical and educational aspects of dentistry were confronted with practical applications of artificial intelligence (AI). The aim was to provide an up-to-date overview of the upcoming changes and a brief analysis of the influential advancements in the use of AI in dental education since 2020. In addition, this review provides a guide for a dental curriculum update for undergraduate and postgraduate education in the context of advances in AI applications and their impact on dentistry. Unsurprisingly, most dental educators have limited knowledge and skills to assess AI applications, as they were not trained to do so. Also, AI technology has evolved exponentially in recent years. Factual reliability and opportunities with OpenAI Inc.’s ChatGPT are considered critical inflection points in the era of generative AI. Updating curricula at dental institutions is inevitable as advanced deep-learning approaches take over the clinical areas of dentistry and reshape diagnostics, treatment planning, management, and telemedicine screening. With recent advances in AI language models, communication with patients will change, and the foundations of dental education, including essay, thesis, or scientific paper writing, will need to adapt. However, there is a growing concern about its ethical and legal implications, and further consensus is needed for the safe and responsible implementation of AI in dental education.


Fabrication and In Vitro Characterization of Novel Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds 3D Printed Using Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Thermoplastic Binder
Andrej Thurzo, Paulína Gálfiová, Zuzana Varchulová Nováková, Štefan Polák, Ivan Varga, Martin Strunga, Renáta Urban, Jana Surovková, Ľuboš Leško, Zora Hajdúchová,et al.
MDPI AG
This paper presents a proof-of-concept study on the biocolonization of 3D-printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Three-dimensional (3D) printed biomimetic bone structure made of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) intended as a future bone graft was made from newly developed composite material for FDM printing. The biopolymer polyvinyl alcohol serves in this material as a thermoplastic binder for 3D molding of the printed object with a passive function and is completely removed during sintering. The study presents the material, the process of fused deposition modeling (FDM) of CDHA scaffolds, and its post-processing at three temperatures (1200, 1300, and 1400 °C), as well it evaluates the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of scaffolds with MTT and LDH release assays after 14 days. The study also includes a morphological evaluation of cellular colonization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in two different filament orientations (rectilinear and gyroid). The results of the MTT assay showed that the tested material was not toxic, and cells were preserved in both orientations, with most cells present on the material fired at 1300 °C. Results of the LDH release assay showed a slight increase in LDH leakage from all samples. Visual evaluation of SEM confirmed the ideal post-processing temperature of the 3D-printed FDM framework for samples fired at 1300 °C and 1400 °C, with a porosity of 0.3 mm between filaments. In conclusion, the presented fabrication and colonization of CDHA scaffolds have great potential to be used in the tissue engineering of bones.


Smartphone-Based Facial Scanning as a Viable Tool for Facially Driven Orthodontics?
Andrej Thurzo, Martin Strunga, Romana Havlínová, Katarína Reháková, Renata Urban, Jana Surovková, and Veronika Kurilová
MDPI AG
The current paradigm shift in orthodontic treatment planning is based on facially driven diagnostics. This requires an affordable, convenient, and non-invasive solution for face scanning. Therefore, utilization of smartphones’ TrueDepth sensors is very tempting. TrueDepth refers to front-facing cameras with a dot projector in Apple devices that provide real-time depth data in addition to visual information. There are several applications that tout themselves as accurate solutions for 3D scanning of the face in dentistry. Their clinical accuracy has been uncertain. This study focuses on evaluating the accuracy of the Bellus3D Dental Pro app, which uses Apple’s TrueDepth sensor. The app reconstructs a virtual, high-resolution version of the face, which is available for download as a 3D object. In this paper, sixty TrueDepth scans of the face were compared to sixty corresponding facial surfaces segmented from CBCT. Difference maps were created for each pair and evaluated in specific facial regions. The results confirmed statistically significant differences in some facial regions with amplitudes greater than 3 mm, suggesting that current technology has limited applicability for clinical use. The clinical utilization of facial scanning for orthodontic evaluation, which does not require accuracy in the lip region below 3 mm, can be considered.


Pierre Robin Sequence and 3D Printed Personalized Composite Appliances in Interdisciplinary Approach
Andrej Thurzo, Barbora Šufliarsky, Wanda Urbanová, Martin Čverha, Martin Strunga, and Ivan Varga
MDPI AG
This paper introduces a complex novel concept and methodology for the creation of personalized biomedical appliances 3D-printed from certified biocompatible photopolymer resin Dental LT Clear (V2). The explained workflow includes intraoral and CT scanning, patient virtualization, digital appliance design, additive manufacturing, and clinical application with evaluation of the appliance intended for patients with cranio-facial syndromes. The presented concept defines virtual 3D fusion of intraoral optical scan and segmented CT as sufficient and accurate data defining the 3D surface of the face, intraoral and airway morphology necessary for the 3D design of complex personalized intraoral and extraoral parts of the orthopedic appliance. A central aspect of the concept is a feasible utilization of composite resin for biomedical prototyping of the sequence of marginally different appliances necessary to keep the pace with the patient rapid growth. Affordability, noninvasiveness, and practicality of the appliance update process shall be highlighted. The methodology is demonstrated on a particular case of two-year-old infant with Pierre Robin sequence. Materialization by additive manufacturing of this photopolymer provides a highly durable and resistant-to-fracture two-part appliance similar to a Tübingen palatal plate, for example. The paper concludes with the viability of the described method and material upon interdisciplinary clinical evaluation of experts from departments of orthodontics and cleft anomalies, pediatric pneumology and phthisiology, and pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

How is AI Transforming Medical Research, Education and Practice?
A Thurzo
Bratislava Medical Journal, 1-6 2025



Optimizing Dental Implant Survival in Microvascular Jaw Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Outcomes, and Future Directions
M Lifkov, L Czako, D Hirjak, G Pavleov, A Thurzo
Bratislava Medical Journal, 1-9 2025



Provable AI Ethics and Explainability in Next-Generation Medical and Educational AI agents: Trustworthy Ethical Firewall
A Thurzo
Preprints 2025



Polymer-Based Scaffolds as an Implantable Material in Regenerative Dentistry: A Review
L Lesko, P Jungova, M Culenova, A Thurzo, L Danisovic
Journal of Functional Biomaterials 16 (3), 80 2025



Advances in 4D Shape-Memory Resins for AI-Aided Personalized Scaffold Bioengineering
A Thurzo, I Varga
Bratislava Medical Journal, 1-6 2025



Three-Dimensional-Printed Elements Based on Polymer and Composite Materials in Dentistry: A Narrative Review
M Lepišov, J Tomšik, Ľ Oravcov, A Thurzo
Bratislava Medical Journal, 1-14 2025



3D-Printed Accessories and Auxiliaries in Orthodontic Treatment
M Paľovčk, J Tomšik, M Zsoldos, A Thurzo
Applied Sciences 15 (1), 78 2024



Is virtual reality enhancing dental anatomy education? A systematic review and meta-analysis
K Bevizova, HE Falougy, A Thurzo, S Harsanyi
BMC Medical Education 24 (1), 1395 2024



Three-Dimensionally-Printed Polymer and Composite Materials for Dental Applications with Focus on Orthodontics
D Tich, J Tomšik, Ľ Oravcov, A Thurzo
Polymers 16 (22), 3151 2024



The Potential of AI-Powered Face Enhancement Technologies in Face-Driven Orthodontic Treatment Planning
J Tomšik, M Zsoldos, K Majdkov, A Fleischmann, Ľ Oravcov, ...
Applied Sciences 14 (17), 7837 2024



Synthesis, sintering, radiopacity and cytotoxicity of Ca, Sr and Ba-phosphate bioceramics
Ľ Bača, T Sivčkov, ZV Novkov, M Matejdes, MH Orlovsk, A Thurzo, ...
Journal of the European Ceramic Society 44 (9), 5298-5307 2024



Artificial Intelligence-Driven Facial Image Analysis for the Early Detection of Rare Diseases: Legal, Ethical, Forensic, and Cybersecurity Considerations
P Kovč, P Jackuliak, A Bražinov, I Varga, M Alč, M Smatana, D Lovich, ...
AI 5 (3), 990-1010 2024



Evolving strategies and materials for scaffold development in regenerative dentistry
M Gašparovič, P Jungov, J Tomšik, B Mriňkov, D Hirjak, S Timkov, ...
Applied Sciences 14 (6), 2270 2024



AI-Powered Segmentation Revolutionizes Scaffold Design in Regenerative Dentistry
A Thurzo, P Jungov, Ľ Danišovič
2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data 2024



AI-automated Cephalometric Tracing: A New Normal in Orthodontics?
M Strunga, DS Ballov, J Tomšik, Ľ Oravcov, Ľ Danišovič, A Thurzo
2024 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Computer, Data 2024



AI and face-driven orthodontics: a scoping review of digital advances in diagnosis and treatment planning
J Tomšik, M Zsoldos, Ľ Oravcov, M Lifkov, G Pavleov, M Strunga, ...
AI 5 (1), 158-176 2024



The Evolution of Robin Sequence Treatment Based on the Biomimetic Interdisciplinary Approach: A Historical Review
M Čverha, I Varga, T Trenčansk, B Šufliarsky, A Thurzo
Biomimetics 8 (7), 536 2023



Use of third molar eruption based on Gambier’s criteria in assessing dental age
P Švbov nee Uhrov, R Beňuš, M Chovancov nee Kondekov, ...
International Journal of Legal Medicine 137 (3), 691-699 2023



The new role of the dental assistant and nurse in the age of advanced artificial intelligence in telehealth orthodontic care with dental monitoring: preliminary report
J Surovkov, S Haluzov, M Strunga, R Urban, M Lifkov, A Thurzo
Applied Sciences 13 (8), 5212 2023



Phenotyping Genetic Diseases Through Artificial Intelligence Use of Large Datasets of Government-stored Facial Photographs: Concept, Legal Issues, and Challenges in the
P Kovč, B Alexandra, V Ivan, M Lukš, A Michal, S Martin, A Thurzo
Preprints 2023

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Impact of artificial intelligence on dental education: a review and guide for curriculum update
A Thurzo, M Strunga, R Urban, J Surovkov, KI Afrashtehfar
Education Sciences 13 (2), 150 2023
Citations: 291



Where is the artificial intelligence applied in dentistry? Systematic review and literature analysis
A Thurzo, W Urbanov, B Novk, L Czako, T Siebert, P Stano, ...
Healthcare 10 (7), 1269 2022
Citations: 141



Use of advanced artificial intelligence in forensic medicine, forensic anthropology and clinical anatomy
A Thurzo, HS Kosnčov, V Kurilov, S Kosmeľ, R Beňuš, N Moravansk, ...
Healthcare 9 (11), 1545 2021
Citations: 99



Artificial intelligence systems assisting in the assessment of the course and retention of orthodontic treatment
M Strunga, R Urban, J Surovkov, A Thurzo
Healthcare 11 (5), 683 2023
Citations: 79



Smartphone-based facial scanning as a viable tool for facially driven orthodontics?
A Thurzo, M Strunga, R Havlnov, K Rehkov, R Urban, J Surovkov, ...
Sensors 22 (20), 7752 2022
Citations: 55



Utilisation of three-dimensional printed heart models for operative planning of complex congenital heart defects
P Olejnk, M Nosal, T Havran, A Furdova, M Cizmar, M Slabej, A Thurzo, ...
Polish Heart Journal (Kardiologia Polska) 75 (5), 495-501 2017
Citations: 54



Artificial intelligence in orthodontic smart application for treatment coaching and its impact on clinical performance of patients monitored with AI-TeleHealth system
A Thurzo, V Kurilov, I Varga
Healthcare 9 (12), 1695 2021
Citations: 53



Digital and manual cephalometric analysis
A Thurzo, V Javorka, P Stanko, J Lysy, B Suchancova, V Lehotska, ...
Bratislavske lekarske listy 111 (2), 97-100 2010
Citations: 52



AI-assisted CBCT data management in modern dental practice: benefits, limitations and innovations
R Urban, S Haluzov, M Strunga, J Surovkov, M Lifkov, J Tomšik, ...
Electronics 12 (7), 1710 2023
Citations: 47



Three-dimensional modeling and 3D printing of biocompatible orthodontic power-arm design with clinical application
A Thurzo, F Kočiš, B Novk, L Czako, I Varga
Applied Sciences 11 (20), 9693 2021
Citations: 39



The WEB 2.0 induced paradigm shift in the e-learning and the role of crowdsourcing in dental education.
A Thurzo, P Stanko, W Urbanova, J Lysy, B Suchancova, M Makovnik, ...
Bratislavsk lekrske listy 111 (3), 168-175 2010
Citations: 35



Utilization of a 3D printed orthodontic distalizer for tooth-borne hybrid treatment in Class II unilateral malocclusions
A Thurzo, W Urbanov, B Novk, I Waczulkov, I Varga
Materials 15 (5), 1740 2022
Citations: 34



Human remains identification using micro-CT, chemometric and AI methods in forensic experimental reconstruction of dental patterns after concentrated sulphuric acid significant
A Thurzo, V Jančovičov, M Hain, M Thurzo, B Novk, H Kosnčov, ...
Molecules 27 (13), 4035 2022
Citations: 33



Early experiences of planning stereotactic radiosurgery using 3D printed models of eyes with uveal melanomas
A Furdov, M Sramka, A Thurzo, A Furdov
Clinical Ophthalmology, 267-271 2017
Citations: 32



Dental Care and Education Facing Highly Transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Prospective Biosafety Setting: Prospective, Single-Arm, Single-Center Study
A Thurzo, W Urbanov, I Waczulkov, V Kurilov, B Mriňkov, ...
International journal of environmental research and public health 19 (13), 7693 2022
Citations: 31



The Syndrome of elongated styloid process, the Eagle’s syndrome—from anatomical, evolutionary and embryological backgrounds to 3D printing and personalized surgery planning
L Czako, K Simko, A Thurzo, B Galis, I Varga
Medicina 56 (9), 458 2020
Citations: 31



The new role of the dental assistant and nurse in the age of advanced artificial intelligence in telehealth orthodontic care with dental monitoring: preliminary report
J Surovkov, S Haluzov, M Strunga, R Urban, M Lifkov, A Thurzo
Applied Sciences 13 (8), 5212 2023
Citations: 30



Pierre Robin sequence and 3D printed personalized composite appliances in interdisciplinary approach
A Thurzo, B Šufliarsky, W Urbanov, M Čverha, M Strunga, I Varga
Polymers 14 (18), 3858 2022
Citations: 30



Fabrication and in vitro characterization of novel hydroxyapatite scaffolds 3D printed using polyvinyl alcohol as a thermoplastic binder
A Thurzo, P Glfiov, ZV Novkov, Š Polk, I Varga, M Strunga, R Urban, ...
International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (23), 14870 2022
Citations: 26



Use of optical scanning and 3D printing to fabricate customized appliances for patients with craniofacial disorders
A Thurzo, W Urbanov, I Neuschlov, D Paouris, M Čverha
Seminars in Orthodontics 28 (2), 92-99 2022
Citations: 25