Strength of a cement-improved clay and a machine learning evaluation of interactions between observed mechanical behaviours Henok Marie Shiferaw, Samuele Tosatto, Enrico Soranzo, Barbara Schneider-Muntau Geoscience Frontiers, 2026 • Ensemble tree-based models, especially Random Forest, outperformed others. • PCA effectively reduced dimensionality and multicollinearity. • Density and cement content were key features influencing strength in treated clays. • Neural networks revealed local feature sensitivity. Cement is a widely used chemical additive in soil improvement. Studies focusing on the interaction between sample properties, test conditions, and observed mechanical behaviours are valuable for gaining a thorough understanding of the improvement process. This study uses a machine learning-based approach to systematically investigate the improvement in the mechanical properties of a clay soil, evaluating the interaction between multiple factors, including cement content, change in specimen densities during curing, saturation levels during triaxial testing, confining pressures, and stress conditions, to uncover combined effects and key influencing features. Using data-driven techniques of correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and tree-based regression models, the study reveals that specimen density critically governs the strength properties of cemented soils, in addition to cement content. The results further demonstrate the superior modelling capability of ensemble tree-based machine learning algorithms over linear models. These findings enrich the understanding of cement-improved soils and indicate essential recommendations for developing machine learning models by pointing out critical features, such as density, and best performing algorithms.
Seismic performance of double-layer tunnel linings: a multi-performance-level framework Bahram Salehi, Aliakbar Golshani, Jamal Rostami, Barbara Schneider-Muntau Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2026 This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the seismic behavior of a double-layer tunnel lining system, focusing on damage progression, failure mechanisms, and load transfer under varying seismic intensities. Using finite element modeling and theoretical formulations, the response of both primary and secondary linings was analyzed in terms of stiffness degradation, plastic hinge formation, crack propagation, dominant frequency shifts, and interface slip behavior. The findings reveal a progression of failure beginning with localized cracking and bending in the primary lining, followed by stiffness degradation and load redistribution to the secondary lining. Three performance levels including Primary Performance Level, Second Performance Level, and Critical Performance Limit, were identified. Interface slip conditions fully bonded, partially bonded, and fully debonded, were shown to significantly affect load transfer efficiency and structural integrity. Full-slip conditions reduce internal forces but increase displacement demands, while rigid connections concentrate stress but enhance structural capacity.
Topographic profile and morphology analysis of shallow landslides inside and outside of forests with a semi-automatic mapping approach and bi-temporal airborne laser scanning data Lotte de Vugt, Thomas Zieher, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Frank Perzl, Marc Adams, Martin Rutzinger Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2026 Investigating the effects of forest land cover and forest structure on shallow landslide characteristics such as their morphology (e.g., area and mean depth) and topographic profiles could provide a better understanding of how forests affect landslide processes. Landslides located under the forest canopy, which are often overlooked by conventional landslide mapping methods (e.g., using aerial imagery), can be captured using airborne laser scanning (ALS). In this study we investigated forest effects on landslides by developing a well-performing semi-automated workflow for mapping landslide scars and analysing their characteristics in relation to the forest canopy cover, using bi-temporal ALS data and a random forest model. The mapped landslide scars were analysed with a forest canopy cover mask and forest structure parameters, such as the closest tree distance and the number of trees surrounding the scar. The investigated scars within the forest have significantly larger depths, thicknesses and higher pre-failure slope values than scars located outside the forests. Additionally, the closest tree distance showed a clear relationship with the scar volume or landslide magnitude. This enhances our understanding of forest impacts on landslide processes and their protective function. Furthermore, it shows that inventories which neglect landslides in forests also misrepresent their characteristics.
Advanced soil constitutive models for predicting soil-pile-superstructure interaction: evaluating liquefiable soil behavior under monotonic, cyclic, and seismic loading Mehdi Joneidi, Gertraud Medicus, Roshanak Shafieiganjeh, Iman Bathaeian, Barbara Schneider-Muntau Acta Geotechnica, 2026 The predictive capability of advanced soil constitutive models under undrained cyclic loading conditions is critical to their practical application, for example, in the field of soil-structure interaction. The hypoplastic framework is one possibility for predicting cyclic responses; however, most hypoplastic models have limitations due to their inability to predict observed trends in strain evolution and excess pore water pressure buildup, which can lead to liquefaction. In this paper we use an improved version of hypoplasticity for undrained monotonic loading (Liao et al., 2024) and combine it with the intergranular strain concept. The new combination with the small-strain extension improves some limitations of the hypoplastic reference model (von Wolffersdorff, 1996) with intergranular strain for undrained cyclic loading. The results of the hypoplastic models are compared to the SANISAND model under different loading scenarios. The validation of the models was done by single-element simulations of experimental monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. In addition, a 3D finite element model of a soil-pile-superstructure interaction was implemented in ABAQUS and compared with centrifuge test results (Wilson, 1998). SANISAND is effective in predicting the superstructure response; however, it overestimates pore water pressure accumulation. The modified hypoplastic model improves the simulated responses of the soil-pile-superstructure system in terms of pore water pressure and acceleration, compared to the hypoplastic reference model and SANISAND. Our study shows that reliable monotonic models are essential, as it is the basis for reliable cyclic predictions.
Structural interaction mechanisms in double-shell tunnel linings: influence of slip conditions and shotcrete degradation (Rev.02) Bahram Salehi, Aliakbar Golshani, Jamal Rostami, Barbara Schneider-Muntau Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2025 This study investigates the interaction and load transfer between the initial and final linings in tunnels constructed using the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) or New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), focusing on the impact of initial and final lining connection. The methodology encompasses numerical modelling using finite element analysis (FEM) to simulate tunnel behaviour under various conditions, including different soil models, shotcrete and concrete material properties, and lining system configurations (no slip, relative slip, full slip). Special attention is given to the deterioration of shotcrete over time, modelled as a reduction in load-bearing capacity (strength and stiffness), and its implications on the load redistribution between initial and final linings. Results highlight the significance of considering shotcrete deterioration in tunnel design, demonstrating that the initial lining’s load-bearing capacity significantly influences the load on the final lining, especially under varying overburden conditions. The study also explores the role of the interface effect between both linings, emphasizing the need for accurate estimation of interface parameters for realistic simulation of tunnel behaviour. This comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights into the design and implementation of tunnel linings, suggesting that a nuanced understanding of the interaction between different lining components should be considered for resource saving constructions. The consideration of material deterioration is crucial for ensuring structural safety and longevity of tunnel constructions.
Estimation of dam breach parameters and simulation of flood propagation due to overtopping failure in long-existing landslide dams Roshanak Shafieiganjeh, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Marc Ostermann, Bernhard Gems Natural Hazards, 2025 Overtopping is the most common failure mode of landslide dams, potentially causing flood hazards in the downstream region. In this study, the breach parameters of a long-existing landslide dam are estimated using empirical equations. To assess the accuracy of the empirical equations, the breach geometries of 28 historical landslide dams are compared with the results of applying the equations. The depth of the breach can be estimated more accurately than the top and bottom widths of the breach, with an error of less than 8% in half of the cases. To obtain a breach hydrograph, a physically-based model, developed for landslide dams is applied. Breach hydrograph is calculated by varying the erosion coefficient and overflow depth. The peak discharges obtained from the physically-based model vary between 200 and 500 m3/s which corresponds to the lower range of results of the regression-based models between 150 and 1190 m3/s. A 2D hydrodynamic model is also run to simulate flood propagation. The calculated hydrographs with high, medium, and low erosion rates are applied as the input to the flood model. The calculated flood discharge, the arrival time of the peaks, and the intensity are presented. The simulated floods due to dam breach impact the downstream areas up to at least 20 km from the dam failure site.
The critical role of fracture propagation in the evolution of extensive, structurally preconditioned rockslides R. Gerstner, A. Maschler, B. Schneider-Muntau, F. Agliardi, M. Avian, M. Frießenbichler, C. Zangerl Engineering Geology, 2025 The inherited rock mass structure often preconditions rockslides in foliated, metamorphic rock slopes. However, the role of progressive fracturing processes associated with rock slope failure is receiving increasing attention. This paper demonstrates how rock mass fracturing can overcome limitations imposed by the inherited rock mass structure in two high-alpine rockslides with volumes of 670,000 and 1,000,000 m 3 , applying a comprehensive methodological approach. The rockslides' evolution and kinematics are unravelled based on remote sensing campaigns. Geological-geotechnical field and laboratory investigations provide the basis for a complementary numerical approach, utilising discrete-element (DEM) and hybrid-finite-discrete-element (FDEM) models. Leveraging the potential of each numerical approach, the rockslides are back-analysed, investigating the role of inherited structures and fracture propagation in the rockslides' evolution. The inherited structures, particularly foliation layers and tectonic shear zones, strongly precondition both rockslides while imposing specific limitations on their initiation. Nonetheless, progressive fracture propagation overcomes these structural limitations by (i) developing a toe-breakout that provides kinematic freedom for a retrogressive rockslide on a dip-slope, and (ii) forming an active wedge in a compound rockslide, which overcomes the frictional resistance of a tectonically preconditioned basal shear zone. Furthermore, the (iii) complementary DEM-FDEM showcases the advantages of each respective method and reproduces these fracturing processes in remarkable agreement with field observations, holding significant implications for engineering geology and hazard assessment. Thus, this study demonstrates that even in structurally preconditioned rockslides, progressive fracture propagation can dominate over inherited structures in controlling the mechanism and evolution of large rockslides.
Fibre optic monitoring of segmental lining at the Brenner Base Tunnel Tobias Cordes, Lukas Walter, Barbara Schneider‐Muntau Geomechanik Und Tunnelbau, 2025 The reliability of infrastructure, especially key structures, is crucial for the future efficiency of the entire infrastructure system. To ensure high availability of the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT), various aspects in the planning and construction measures were implemented. Following this requirement, a distributed fibre optic sensing system was employed for the mechanised tunnelling sections of construction lots H41 and H53. This system enables detailed load monitoring of the segmental lining during both construction and operation phase. By continuously monitoring the condition of the segmental lining, the system supports optimised on‐site implementation planning (e.g. for temporary supports of cross‐passage openings) and facilitates targeted maintenance during operation. Thanks to its durability and immunity to electromagnetic interference, the distributed fibre optic sensing system embedded in the segments is ideally suited for long‐term monitoring during operation, i.e. serving as a structural health monitoring system.
“Everything was better in the past” – “Everything is faster today” – Evolution of geomechanics over time Maria Honisch, Johannes Branke, Markus Keuschnig, Gerhard Poscher, Barbara Schneider‐Muntau Geomechanik Und Tunnelbau, 2025 The rapid development of new technologies and advances in science as ‘tools’ for specialists do not always bring the promised benefits. In a dialogue between retired, active and future generations of geoscientists and engineers, this contribution highlights the technical aspects as well as the human relationships. Especially in remote alpine areas, infrastructure design is increasingly confronted by spatial conflicts of interest in times of global environmental change. While the focus was mainly on solving technical problems (the art of engineering) 50 years ago, today the Procurement Law, environmental regulations and the accomplishment of procedures come first. New trends in contractual cooperation between client and contractor give hope that the technical challenges will once again take centre stage. In addition, the methods and technologies available to us are developing at rapid pace. Future generations face the significant challenge of not only gathering virtual data but also understanding it, verifying it, and ultimately generating added value. Our experience in science, geoscience and engineering shows, that interdisciplinary and intergenerational communication has to be enhanced in order to cope with the challenges of global change.
GIS-based deterministic analysis of deep-seated slope stability in a complex geological setting Martin Mergili, Ivan Marchesini, Massimiliano Alvioli, Mauro Rossi, Michele Santangelo, Mauro Cardinali, Francesca Ardizzone, Federica Fiorucci, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Wolfgang Fellin, Fausto Guzzetti Engineering Geology for Society and Territory Volume 2 Landslide Processes, 2015
A GIS approach to analysis of deep-seated slope stability in complex geology Ivan Marchesini, Martin Mergili, Mauro Rossi, Michele Santangelo, Mauro Cardinali, Francesca Ardizzone, Federica Fiorucci, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Wolfgang Fellin, Fausto Guzzetti Landslide Science for A Safer Geoenvironment Volume 2 Methods of Landslide Studies, 2014
Process-based investigations and monitoring of deep-seated landslides C. Zangerl, C. Prager, W. Chwatal, S. Mertl, D. Renk, B. Schneider-Muntau, H. Kirschner, R. Brandner, E. Brückl, W. Fellin, E. Tentschert, S. Eder, G. Poscher, H. Schönlaub Sustainable Natural Hazard Management in Alpine Environments, 2009
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Bridging Interpretability and Deep Intelligence: An Interpretable-to-Deep (I2D) AI Framework for Tunnel Convergence Prediction G Saadati, JMN Abad, M Mett, MR Mohebbid, S Javankhoshdeld, ... Geodata and AI, 100082 , 2026 2026
Seismic performance of double-layer tunnel linings: a multi-performance-level framework B Salehi, A Golshani, J Rostami, B Schneider-Muntau Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 170, 107394 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Topographic profile and morphology analysis of shallow landslides inside and outside of forests with a semi-automatic mapping approach and bi-temporal airborne laser scanning data L de Vugt, T Zieher, B Schneider-Muntau, F Perzl, M Adams, M Rutzinger Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 26 (3), 1375-1396 , 2026 2026
Nowcasting the movement of the deep-seated Reissenschuh landslide based on soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer modelling and machine learning T Zieher, T Huber, K Hagen, J Branke, B Schneider-Muntau EGU26 , 2026 2026
Understanding the failure mechanism of a gently inclined earth slide in highly weathered pyroclastic rocks (Java, Indonesia) M Misbahudin, F Ottner, B Schneider-Muntau, A Tohari, C Zangerl EGU26 , 2026 2026
Strength of a cement-improved clay and a machine learning evaluation of interactions between observed mechanical behaviours HM Shiferaw, S Tosatto, E Soranzo, B Schneider-Muntau Geoscience Frontiers, 102293 , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
Advanced soil constitutive models for predicting soil-pile-superstructure interaction: evaluating liquefiable soil behavior under monotonic, cyclic, and seismic loading M Joneidi, G Medicus, R Shafieiganjeh, I Bathaeian, B Schneider-Muntau Acta Geotechnica 21 (2), 937-960 , 2026 2026 Citations: 5
Experimental and numerical study of collapsible soils treated by colloidal nanosilica M Meftahi, Y Lu, SA Naeini, B Schneider-Muntau Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, 1-19 , 2026 2026
Structural interaction mechanisms in double-shell tunnel linings: influence of slip conditions and shotcrete degradation (Rev. 02) B Salehi, A Golshani, J Rostami, B Schneider-Muntau Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 166, 106934 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Estimation of dam breach parameters and simulation of flood propagation due to overtopping failure in long-existing landslide dams R Shafieiganjeh, B Schneider-Muntau, M Ostermann, B Gems Natural Hazards 121 (18), 21405-21439 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Fibre optic monitoring of segmental lining at the Brenner Base Tunnel T Cordes, L Walter, B Schneider‐Muntau Geomechanics and Tunnelling 18 (5), 485-489 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
“Everything was better in the past”–“Everything is faster today”–Evolution of geomechanics over time M Honisch, J Branke, M Keuschnig, G Poscher, B Schneider‐Muntau Geomechanics and Tunnelling 18 (5), 385-392 , 2025 2025
AI-powered geotechnics: enhancing rock mass classification for safer engineering practices G Saadati, S Javankhoshdel, J Mohebbi Najm Abad, M Mett, H Kontrus, ... Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 58 (10), 11319-11349 , 2025 2025 Citations: 30
The critical role of fracture propagation in the evolution of extensive, structurally preconditioned rockslides R Gerstner, A Maschler, B Schneider-Muntau, F Agliardi, M Avian, ... Engineering Geology, 108359 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Historical aerial image photogrammetry for tracking past deformation of Reissenschuh deep-seated rock slide in Tyrol, Austria J Branke, T Zieher, J Pfeiffer, M Bremer, M Rutzinger, M Keiler, B Gems, ... Geomorphology, 109996 , 2025 2025
On the sensitivity of model parameters to tunnel deformations in soft soils N Focke, I Bathaeian, B Schneider‐Muntau geotechnik 48 (3), 203-212 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Morphological and topographic profile analysis of shallow landslides inside and outside of forests with a semi-automatic mapping approach and bi-temporal airborne laser … L de Vugt, T Zieher, B Schneider-Muntau, F Perzl, M Adams, M Rutzinger EGUsphere 2025, 1-26 , 2025 2025
Investigating the effects of pile installation method and soil density on helical piles under mechanical and thermal loading N Rezaie, M Bashiri, M Ghazavi, M Siahkouhi, B Schneider-Muntau 3rd International Conference on Energy Geotechnics 2025 , 2025 2025
Unravelling the Critical Role of Rock Mass Fracturing in an Extensive High-alpine Rockslide R Gerstner, M Avian, M Frießenbichler, B Schneider-Muntau, M Stauber, ... EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, EGU25-9868 , 2025 2025
incorporating Trenchless Technology Research B Salehi, A Golshani, J Rostami, B Schneider-Muntau Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 161, 106500 , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
A strategy for GIS-based 3-D slope stability modelling over large areas M Mergili, I Marchesini, M Alvioli, M Metz, B Schneider-Muntau, M Rossi, ... Geoscientific Model Development 7 (6), 2969-2982 , 2014 2014 Citations: 87
Strength reduction method in Barodesy B Schneider-Muntau, G Medicus, W Fellin Computers and Geotechnics 95, 57-67 , 2018 2018 Citations: 74
Triggers and consequences of landslide-induced impulse waves–3D dynamic reconstruction of the Taan Fiord 2015 tsunami event A Franco, J Moernaut, B Schneider-Muntau, M Strasser, B Gems Engineering Geology 294, 106384 , 2021 2021 Citations: 50
Sensitivity analysis and calibration of a dynamic physically based slope stability model T Zieher, M Rutzinger, B Schneider-Muntau, F Perzl, D Leidinger, ... Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17 (6), 971-992 , 2017 2017 Citations: 48
A strategy for GIS-based 3-D slope stability modelling over large areas, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2969–2982 M Mergili, I Marchesini, M Alvioli, M Metz, B Schneider-Muntau, M Rossi, ... 2014 Citations: 38
Are real-world shallow landslides reproducible by physically-based models? Four test cases in the Laternser valley, Vorarlberg (Austria) T Zieher, B Schneider-Muntau, M Mergili Landslides 14 (6), 2009-2023 , 2017 2017 Citations: 34
The 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami–pre-event bathymetry reconstruction and 3D numerical modelling utilising the computational fluid dynamics software Flow-3D A Franco, J Moernaut, B Schneider-Muntau, M Strasser, B Gems Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20 (8), 2255-2279 , 2020 2020 Citations: 33
AI-powered geotechnics: enhancing rock mass classification for safer engineering practices G Saadati, S Javankhoshdel, J Mohebbi Najm Abad, M Mett, H Kontrus, ... Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 58 (10), 11319-11349 , 2025 2025 Citations: 30
Simulation of shear bands with Soft PARticle Code (SPARC) and FE B Schneider-Muntau, CH Chen, SMI Bathaeian GEM-International Journal on Geomathematics 8 (1), 135-151 , 2017 2017 Citations: 20
Slope stability evolution of a deep‐seated landslide considering a constantly deforming topography J Pfeiffer, T Zieher, B Schneider‐Muntau Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 2022 2022 Citations: 19
Seepage process understanding at long-existing landslide dams through numerical analysis and hydrological measurements R Shafieiganjeh, B Schneider-Muntau, M Ostermann, B Gems Engineering Geology 335, 107524 , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Geometry-based preliminary quantification of landslide-induced impulse wave attenuation in mountain lakes A Franco, B Schneider-Muntau, NJ Roberts, JJ Clague, B Gems Applied Sciences 11 (24), 11614 , 2021 2021 Citations: 15
The possibility of a statistical determination of characteristic shear parameters from triaxial tests B Schneider‐Muntau, F Schranz, W Fellin Beton‐und Stahlbetonbau 113, 86-90 , 2018 2018 Citations: 15
Zur Rolle der Materialmodelle beim Standsicherheitsnachweis D Kolymbas, W Fellin, B Schneider‐Muntau, G Medicus, F Schranz geotechnik 39 (2), 89-97 , 2016 2016 Citations: 15
Simulation of settlement and bearing capacity of shallow foundations with soft particle code (SPARC) and FE B Schneider-Muntau, I Bathaeian GEM-International Journal on Geomathematics 9 (2), 359-375 , 2018 2018 Citations: 14
Zur Modellierung von Kriechhängen B Schneider-Muntau Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH , 2013 2013 Citations: 13
Assessment of the landslide dams in Western Austria, Bavaria and Northern Italy (part of the Eastern Alps): Data inventory development and application of geomorphic indices R Shafieiganjeh, M Ostermann, B Schneider-Muntau, B Gems Geomorphology 415, 108403 , 2022 2022 Citations: 11
Engineering-geological analysis of a subaerial landslide in Taan Fiord, Alaska X Dai, B Schneider-Muntau, W Fellin, A Franco, B Gems Remote Sensing 13 (21), 4258 , 2021 2021 Citations: 11
Simulations of fine-meshed biaxial tests with barodesy G Medicus, B Schneider-Muntau Geosciences 9 (1), 20 , 2018 2018 Citations: 10
Simulation of Complex Support Systems for Large Span Tunnels: Investigation on Support Interferences and Effects of Constitutive Models B Salehi, A Golshani, J Rostami, B Schneider-Muntau KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering , 2024 2024 Citations: 9