Dr. Deepak Sharma
@juet.ac.in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Engineering and Techonology, Guna
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Anuradhika Puri, Priyanka Singh, Navinder Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, and Deepak Sharma
Elsevier BV
The cellular chaperone machinery plays key role in the de novo formation and propagation of yeast prions (infectious protein). Though the role of Hsp70s in the prion maintenance is well studied, how Hsp90 chaperone machinery affects yeast prions remains unclear. In the current study, we examined the role of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones on yeast prions [PSI+] and [URE3]. We show that the overproduction of Hsp90 co-chaperone Tah1, cures [URE3] which is a prion form of native protein Ure2 in yeast. The Hsp90 co-chaperone Tah1 is involved in the assembly of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNP) and chromatin remodelling complexes. We found that Tah1 deletion improves the frequency of de novo appearance of [URE3]. The Tah1 was found to interact with Hsp70. The lack of Tah1 not only represses antagonizing effect of Ssa1 Hsp70 on [URE3] but also improves the prion strength suggesting role of Tah1 in both fibril growth and replication. We show that the N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domain of Tah1 is indispensable for [URE3] curing. Tah1 interacts with Ure2, improves its solubility in [URE3] strains, and affects the kinetics of Ure2 fibrillation in vitro. Its inhibitory role on Ure2 fibrillation is proposed to influence [URE3] propagation. The present study shows a novel role of Tah1 in yeast prion propagation, and that Hsp90 not only promotes its role in ribosomal RNA processing but also in the prion maintenance. SUMMARY: Prions are self-perpetuating infectious proteins. What initiates the misfolding of a protein into its prion form is still not clear. The understanding of cellular factors that facilitate or antagonize prions is crucial to gain insight into the mechanism of prion formation and propagation. In the current study, we reveal that Tah1 is a novel modulator of yeast prion [URE3]. The Hsp90 co-chaperone Tah1, is required for the formation of small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex. We show that the absence of Tah1 improves the induction of [URE3] prion. The overexpressed Tah1 cures [URE3], and this function is promoted by Hsp90 chaperones. The current study thus provides a novel cellular factor and the underlying mechanism, involved in the prion formation and propagation.
Debojyoti Pal, Archita Rai, Rahul Checker, R.S. Patwardhan, Babita Singh, Deepak Sharma, and Santosh K. Sandur
Elsevier BV
The survival, functioning and proliferation of mammalian cells are highly dependent on the cellular response and adaptation to changes in their redox environment. Cancer cells often live in an altered redox environment due to aberrant neo-vasculature, metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated proliferation. Thus, redox adaptations are critical for their survival. Glutathione plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis inside the cells by binding to redox-sensitive cysteine residues in proteins by a process called S-glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation not only protects the labile cysteine residues from oxidation, but also serves as a sensor of redox status, and acts as a signal for stimulation of downstream processes and adaptive responses to ensure redox equilibrium. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the unique redox adaptations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression, focusing on their dependence on S-glutathionylation of specific redox-sensitive proteins involved in a wide range of processes including signalling, transcription, structural maintenance, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and protein recycling. We also provide insights into the role of S-glutathionylation in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, we provide a strong rationale for the development of redox targeting drugs for treatment of refractory/resistant cancers.
Ankita Chakravarty, Moksh Tandon, Sampan Attri, Deepak Sharma, Pinky Raigond, and Gunjan Goel
Elsevier BV
Mayuri Bandekar, Dharmendra K. Maurya, Deepak Sharma, and Santosh K. Sandur
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Purpose of Review Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have received widespread attention from researchers owing to the remarkable benefits offered by these cells over other stem cells. The primitive nature of WJ-MSCs, ease of isolation, differentiation ability, and immuno-modulatory nature make these cells superior to bone marrow MSCs and ideal to treat various human ailments. This review explores ability of WJ-MSCs to mitigate acute radiation syndrome caused by planned or unplanned radiation exposure. Recent Findings Recent reports suggest that WJ-MSCs home to damaged tissues in irradiated host and mitigate radiation induced damage to radiosensitive tissues such as hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems. WJ-MSCs and conditioned media were found to protect mice from radiation induced mortality and also prevent radiation dermatitis. Local irradiation-induced lung toxicity in mice was significantly reduced by CXCR4 over-expressing WJ-MSCs. Summary Emerging evidences support safety and effectiveness of WJ-MSCs for treatment of acute radiation syndrome and lung injury after planned or accidental exposure. Additionally, conditioned media collected after culturing WJ-MSCs can also be used for mitigation of radiation dermatitis. Clinical translation of these findings would be possible after careful evaluation of resilience, effectiveness, and molecular mechanism of action of xenogeneic WJ-MSCs in non-human primates.
Prashant Singh, Harleen Khurana, Shiv Pratap Yadav, Kanika Dhiman, Padam Singh, Ashish, Ramandeep Singh, and Deepak Sharma
Elsevier BV
Tuberculosis, caused by pathogenic M. tuberculosis, remains a global health concern among various infectious diseases. Studies show that ClpB, a major disaggregase, protects the pathogen from various stresses encountered in the host environment. In the present study we have performed a detailed biophysical characterization of M. tuberculosis ClpB followed by a high throughput screening to identify small molecule inhibitors. The sedimentation velocity studies reveal that ClpB oligomerization varies with its concentration and presence of nucleotides. Further, using high throughput malachite green-based screening assay, we identified potential novel inhibitors of ClpB ATPase activity. The enzyme kinetics revealed that the lead molecule inhibits ClpB activity in a competitive manner. These drugs were also able to inhibit ATPase activity associated with E. coli ClpB and yeast Hsp104. The identified drugs inhibited the growth of intracellular bacteria in macrophages. Small angle X-ray scattering based modeling shows that ATP, and not its non-hydrolyzable analogs induce large scale conformational rearrangements in ClpB. Remarkably, the identified small molecules inhibited these ATP inducible conformational changes, suggesting that nucleotide induced shape changes are crucial for ClpB activity. The study broadens our understanding of M. tuberculosis chaperone machinery and provides the basis for designing more potent inhibitors against ClpB chaperone.
Babita Singh, Raghavendra S. Patwardhan, Sundarraj Jayakumar, Deepak Sharma, and Santosh K. Sandur
Elsevier BV
Differential inherent and acquired radioresistance of human lung cancer cells contribute to poor therapeutic outcome and tumor recurrence after radiotherapy. Inherent radioresistance of lung cancer cells is known to be associated with ROSLow cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, mechanism of acquired radioresistance in lung cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we exposed human lung cancer cells (A549) to a cumulative dose of 40Gy and allowed the radioresistant (RR) survivors to divide and form macroscopic colonies after each fraction of 5Gy dose. The RR subline exhibited enrichment of cytosolic ROSHigh cells without specific increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. We found a concomitant increase in the expression of redox regulatory transcription factor Nrf2 and its dependent antioxidant genes in RR cells and cell cycle delay as compared to parental cells. The treatment of RR cells with Nrf2 inhibitor resulted in decreased clonogenic survival indicating their addiction to Nrf2 for metabolic adaptations under high levels of cytosolic ROS. A causal role of inherent ROS levels in conferring radioresistance was established by sorting ROSHigh and ROSLow populations from parental and RR cells. It was observed that ROSHigh population from both parental and RR cells exhibited radioresistance as observed by clonogenic assay. Interestingly, ROSHigh population of cells exhibited higher levels of cellular thiols in both parental and RR cells. Thus, our observations highlight presence of a novel subpopulation in lung cancer cells, which exhibits radioresistance by maintaining 'oxidative stress' and Nrf2 dependent metabolic adaptations. We also posit Nrf2 pathway as a druggable target for radiosensitization of RR A549 cells.
K. Shitaljit Sharma, Maikho Thoh, Akhil K. Dubey, Prasad P. Phadnis, Deepak Sharma, Santosh K. Sandur, and Rajesh K. Vatsa
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Silica coated NaY0.8Yb0.16Tm0.04F4 NPs functionalized with d-glucose or 2-deoxy-d-glucose were prepared. Cytotoxicity and uptake studies on MCF-7 cells revealed the potential of formulation in bioimaging, therapy.
Mayuri Bandekar, Dharmendra K. Maurya, Deepak Sharma, Rahul Checker, Vikram Gota, Nigamananda Mishra, and Santosh K. Sandur
Wiley
There is an unmet medical need for radiation countermeasures that can be deployed for treatment of exposed individuals during ionizing radiation (IR) accidents or terrorism. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ‐MSCs) from human umbilical cord have been shown to avoid allorecognition and induce a tissue‐regenerating microenvironment, which makes them an attractive candidate for mitigating IR injury. We found that WJ‐MSCs protected mice from a lethal dose of IR even when transplanted up to 24 hours after irradiation, and a combination of WJ‐MSCs and antibiotic (tetracycline) could further expand the window of protection offered by WJ‐MSCs. This combinatorial approach mitigated IR‐induced damage to the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal system. WJ‐MSCs increased the serum concentration of the cytoprotective cytokines granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and IL‐6 in mice. Knockdown of G‐CSF and IL‐6 in WJ‐MSCs before injection to lethally irradiated mice or transplantation of WJ‐MSCs to lethally irradiated Nrf‐2 knockout mice significantly nullified the therapeutic protective efficacy. Hence, WJ‐MSCs could be a potential cell‐based therapy for individuals accidentally exposed to radiation.
Miten Mehta, Dievya Gohil, Navin Khattry, Rajiv Kumar, Santosh Sandur, Deepak Sharma, Rahul Checker, Beamon Agarwal, Dhruv Jha, Anuradha Majumdar,et al.
Elsevier BV
Acute Graft versus Host Disease (aGVHD) is a frequent and serious complication in patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) and often requires rigorous prophylaxis. The current treatment regimens for aGVHD are associated with several side effects which necessitates the development of novel interventions that prevent aGVHD without precluding graft-versus-tumor effects. In the present study, we show that treatment of donor graft with plant steroidal lactone Withaferin A (WA) prior to transplantation markedly reduced aGVHD mediated damage in target organs without compromising the graft-versus.-tumor activity of the transplanted lymphocytes. WA abrogated post-transplant cytokine storm associated with allo-activation of donor lymphocytes. This was attributed to the ability of WA to inhibit early signaling events in T-cell activation including lymphoblast formation and activation of AKT/mTOR pathway. Mortality and morbidity related to allo-transplantation was significantly reduced in recipients of WA treated donor splenocytes compared to recipient of vehicle treated donor splenocytes. Further, WA treatment did not have any effect on reconstitution of lymphoid and myeloid lineages in recipients, resulting in stable and complete donor chimerism. In agreement with previous reports showing the effectiveness of WA in a mouse model of partial chimerism, our data further establishes that WA is able to attenuate aGVHD in an MHC-mismatched high dose chemo-conditioned murine model without compromising engraftment. This study provides compelling scientific basis for possible application of WA for prevention and treatment of aGVHD in patients receiving allo-BMT.
Dharmendra Kumar Maurya and Deepak Sharma
Informa UK Limited
Abstract Since the emergence of novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, China in December 2019, it has now spread to over 205 countries. The ever-growing list of globally spread corona virus-19 disease (COVID-19) patients has demonstrated the high transmission rate among the human population. Currently, there are no FDA approved drugs or vaccines to prevent and treat the infection of the SARS-CoV-2. Considering the current state of affairs, there is an urgent unmet medical need to identify novel and effective approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by re-evaluating the knowledge of traditional medicines and repurposing of drugs. Here, we used molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach to explore the beneficial roles of phytochemicals and active pharmacological agents present in the Indian herbs which are widely used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines in the form of Kadha to control various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold and flu. Our study has identified an array of phytochemicals present in these herbs which have significant docking scores and potential to inhibit different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as other Coronavirus target proteins. The phytochemicals present in these herbs possess significant anti-inflammatory property. Apart from this, based on their pharmaceutical characteristics, we have also performed in-silico drug-likeness and predicted pharmacokinetics of the selected phytochemicals found in the Kadha. Overall our study provides scientific justification in terms of binding of active ingredients present in different plants used in Kadha preparation with viral proteins and target proteins for prevention and treatment of the COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Deepak Sharma and Abhishek Chaudhary
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
In the present study, we report a simple, robust, and eco-friendly one pot synthesis of gentamicin conjugated gold nanoparticles (G-GNPs), where gentamicin behaves dually as a reducing as well as a stabilizing agent. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized through different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques and found to be almost spherical in shape with hydrodynamic diameter of ~ 15 nm along with excellent stability. The antibacterial potential was evaluated by well diffusion assay and showed that G-GNPs effectively inhibit the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria viz. Escherichia coli DH5α, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160 (p < 0.05). Results also revealed that G-GNPs exhibit excellent antibacterial activity as compared with pure gentamicin, interestingly G-GNPs also showed excellent activity against gentamicin resistant Escherichia fergusonii ATCC 35469. A sustained release of gentamicin molecules from nanoparticles was observed. Furthermore, when we tested the effect of G-GNPs on mouse myoblast C2C12 cell line, G-GNPs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity. Consequently, the developed G-GNPs can be considered as safe based on minimal cytotoxicity of G-GNPs, and hold a great potential against gram-positive, gram-negative and drug resistance bacteria.
Deepak Sharma, Reena Sharma, and Abhishek Chaudhary
Springer Singapore
The nanotechnology is the fast-growing field that offers a huge application in various disciplines of science and technology. The nanoscale materials can be synthesized by physical, chemical, physicochemical, or biological methods. All the synthesis processes except biological process have some environmental and operational constraints. The biological synthesis process or green synthesis of these nanomaterials is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach which utilizes bacteria, fungi, and plant sources. Biological systems are a good producer of nanoparticles such as magnetotactic bacteria that are capable of producing magnetite (Fe3O4), while diatoms are capable of producing siliceous materials. Magnetotactic bacteria produce magnetosomes which are greatly used for the immobilization of enzymes, antibodies, DNA, and RNA. Metal and microbial interactions are greatly involved in the processes like biomineralization, bioremediation, bioleaching, and microbial corrosion. Pseudomonas stutzeri AG259 is a metal-accumulating bacterium that has the capability to produce silver nanoparticles; fungi like Candida glabrata and Schizosaccharomyces pombe have the potential to produce cadmium sulfide particles. Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been well studied for its potential to detoxify cadmium from the environment by active intracellular uptake of cadmium and its bioconversion to small iso-peptides. In a summarized way, we can say microbes are the living factories for the generation of advanced materials.
Raghavendra S. Patwardhan, Babita Singh, Debojyoti Pal, Rahul Checker, Mayuri Bandekar, Deepak Sharma, and Santosh K. Sandur
Informa UK Limited
The choice between immunity or tolerance is a consequence of T-cell fate determined by T cell receptor affinity to cognate MHC-peptide complex, costimulatory molecules and cytokines from antigen presenting cells. While activated, effector and memory T cells provide immunity against antigens, regulatory T cells play a pivotal non-redundant role in immune tolerance and tissue repair. T-cell differentiation and functions are also well known to be governed by the redox status. Physiological redox status is determined by oxygen concentration, reactive oxygen species levels, anti-oxidant concentration (vitamin C, glutathione, Vitamin E). Cellular redox state influences the levels of oxygen dependent ten eleven translocase (TET) demethylase, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and metabolic reprogramming which in turn control the epigenetic modification, transcription, translation and post translational stability of FoxP3, the master regulator of regulatory T cell induction and maintenance. Redox changes during foetal development, pregnancy, aging, infections and cancer bolster Treg differentiation for immune tolerance to non-dangerous non-self-antigens. Incidentally, the changes in blood oxygen levels in pregnant women and developing foetus are accompanied by increase in tolerance due to increased frequency of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Aging associated oxidative stress and solid tumor associated hypoxia are also associated with increase in the number and function of regulatory T cells. This review covers the aspects of redox regulation of Treg differentiation and functions during development, aging, immunity and stem cell homeostasis. We also propose redox modulation based therapeutic interventions for prevention and treatment of T cell associated disorders.
Rahul Checker, Debojyoti Pal, Raghavendra S. Patwardhan, Bhakti Basu, Deepak Sharma, and Santosh K. Sandur
Elsevier BV
Radiation induced damage to normal cells is a major shortcoming of conventional radiotherapy, which necessitates the development of novel radio-protective drugs. An ideal radio-modulator would protect normal cells while having cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Plumbagin is a potent anti-tumour agent and has been shown to sensitize tumour cells to radiation-induced damage. In the present study, we have evaluated the radio-protective potential of plumbagin and found that it protected normal lymphocytes against radiation-induced apoptosis, but did not protect cancer cells against radiation. Plumbagin offered radioprotection even when it was added to cells after irradiation. The ability of only thiol based anti-oxidants to abrogate the radio-protective effects of plumbagin suggested a pivotal role of thiol groups in the radio-protective activity of plumbagin. Further, protein interaction network (PIN) analysis was used to predict the molecular targets of plumbagin. Based on the inputs from plumbagin's PIN and in light of its well-documented ability to modulate thiol groups, we proposed that plumbagin may act via modulation of caspase enzyme which harbours a critical catalytic cysteine. Indeed, plumbagin suppressed radiation-induced increase in homogenous caspase and caspase-3 activity in lymphocytes. Plumbagin also inhibited the activity of recombinant caspase-3 and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that plumbagin covalently interacts with caspase-3. Further, the in vivo radioprotective efficacy of plumbagin (single dose of 2mg/kg body weight) was demonstrated by its ability to rescue mice against radiation (7.5 Gy; Whole Body Irradiation) induced mortality. These results indicate that plumbagin prevents radiation induced apoptosis specifically in normal cells by inhibition of caspase-3 activity.
Shweta Kumari, Sundarraj Jayakumar, Gagan D. Gupta, Subhash C. Bihani, Deepak Sharma, Vijay K. Kutala, Santosh K. Sandur, and Vinay Kumar
Elsevier BV
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious threat to public health due to limited therapeutic options. Bactericidal agents with polypharmacological profiles or targeting bacterial membrane have lower propensity to develop resistance. Mitocurcumin (MitoC) is a novel compound synthesized by triphenyl-phosphonium conjugation with curcumin. Here, we demonstrate the antibacterial properties of MitoC that structurally differs markedly from the known antibacterial compounds. MitoC shows efficient bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Mycobacteria, with MIC values in 1.5-12.5 μM range, but does not affect the viability of human leukocytes and human lung normal cell lines. Even at sub-MIC values, MitoC displays bactericidal properties. MitoC bactericidal action involves rapid disruption of bacterial membrane potential. Scanning electron microscope images of MitoC treated cells show structural deformations in terms of shrinking, loss of turgidity and formation of blisters and bubbles on their surface. Although MitoC increases ROS levels in bacterial cells, it may not be the primary cause of cell death as prior treatment with anti-oxidant trolox did not affect the MIC. This is the first report on bactericidal activity of MitoC and represents an excellent alternative for development of new generation bactericidal molecules that may be slow to develop resistance.
Deepak Sharma and Amol P. Bhondekar
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an effective and efficient technology for field information collection in Internet of Things arena. Generally, the lifetime of any WSN is restricted due to the limited battery capacities available with its sensor nodes. Replenishing the nodes’ batteries through energy-harvesting is becoming popular nowadays for improving the lifetime of the WSNs. Wireless communication activities of the sensor nodes take a major chunk of battery’s energy during WSN operations and to optimize the energy dissipation, energy-efficiency is given prime importance in routing decisions. The WSN heterogeneity (e.g., sensor nodes with heterogeneous sensing requirements, nodes with different energies, etc.) has become unavoidable and its effective exploitation further complicates the routing challenges. To fulfill the requirements of a realistic WSN system, this paper considers a multi-heterogeneity WSN scenario with sensors nodes having different initial energies and different traffic requirements along with solar energy-harvesting capabilities. An improved cluster-head selection based routing algorithm is proposed for the scenario, which exploits effectively the WSN heterogeneities in terms of energy, traffic and energy-harvesting. To highlight the performance of the proposed algorithm, the system is considered non energy-neutral, i.e. the energy dissipation of the system is higher than the system’s harvesting energy over a longer time period. The proposed algorithm, Energy-Harvesting, Traffic and Energy Aware Routing, improves the WSN stability period over existing routing algorithms under the scenario, where the stability period signifies the WSN lifetime till all the nodes are alive and represents the most reliable period of an operational WSN.
Gursimran Singh, Deepak Sharma, Amarendra Goap, Sugandha Sehgal, A K Shukla, and Satish Kumar
IEEE
Internet of things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) based solution are revolutionizing many fields of humankind like transportation, environment, business and agriculture. The fresh water resources, which are already stressed, are being used extravagantly in many countries. The Internet of Things and machine Learning techniques can be used to optimize the water usage in irrigation. This paper presents the application of ML techniques to optimize the irrigation water usage by predicting the future soil moisture of a field in an IoT driven smart irrigation framework. The field data collected from the deployed sensors (air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature, radiation) and the weather forecast data from the Internet are used for predicting the future soil moisture. Multiple ML techniques are analyzed for predicting future soil moisture and the results obtained using GBRT are quiet encouraging. The proposed techniques could be a crucial research front for optimizing the water usage in irrigation.
Manisha Singh, Deepak Sharma, Rajni Chauhan, and Gunjan Goel
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
The present study investigated skimmed milk and alginate-based encapsulation for protection of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus gastricus BTM7 during storage and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The investigations have revealed that coating with skimmed milk and alginate in a ratio of 1:1 resulted in highest encapsulation efficiency of 94% (p < 0.05) with approximately 1 log reduction in viable cell count and 90% release of encapsulated cells in 90 min. This formulation resulted in 5-fold higher survival of bacteria during storage at refrigeration for 21 days (p < 0.05). The encapsulation of L. gastricus BTM7 provided better protection at the pH of gastric juice or pancreatic conditions with 4- and 9-fold increase in survivability after 2 h of incubation. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the potential of skimmed milk supplementation to alginate (1:1) to enhance survival of probiotic strain under refrigerated storage, a process that can be safely incorporated into dairy products.
Shagun Choudhary, Manisha Singh, Deepak Sharma, Sampan Attri, Kavita Sharma, and Gunjan Goel
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
The present study aimed to screen the indigenous probiotic cultures for their effect on total phenolic contents (TPC) and associated antioxidant activities in synbiotic fermented soymilk during storage. Among 16 cultures, subtractive screening was conducted based on different tests such as acidification rate and proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on supplementation of inulin (0–20 mM) and fructooligosaccharide (0–0.45 mM). Lactobacillus paracasei CD4 was selected as potential strain after principal component analysis (PCA) of different strains with prebiotic substrates at different concentrations. The strain was used for production of synbiotic soymilk product containing 10 mM inulin. The storage study was conducted at 4 °C for 21 days. During storage, the pH, titratable acidity, TPC, antioxidant activities, and viable cell counts (VCC) were determined. The fermentation of soymilk supplemented with 10 mM inulin did not alter the VCC; however, a decrease in pH and TPC and an increase in acidity and antioxidant activity were observed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the synbiotic supplementation of inulin in soymilk enhanced the viability of Lactobacillus paracasei CD4 and antioxidant activity during storage under refrigeration conditions.
Deepak Sharma, Amritesh Ojha, and Amol P. Bhondekar
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are resource-constrained networks with limited battery power, computation abilities and communication capabilities at the sensor node level. A long-standing need in the area is to reduce energy consumption of the WSN nodes and to extend the network lifetime, along with improving the network reliability and the network quality. Energy-efficient routing protocols can improve the WSN performance, and the algorithms have been explored widely by the researchers. In the majority of the work, sensor nodes have been considered homogeneous in their configuration and capabilities. However, in practical scenarios and with the advent of an era of connected devices, called “Internet of Things,” consideration of node heterogeneity in WSN has become inevitable. Nodes’ heterogeneity can be exploited constructively in WSN routing algorithms. In the literature, many different heterogeneous WSN scenarios (e.g., energy, computation, link heterogeneities) have been considered and the routing algorithms have been proposed for performance improvement in such scenarios. This paper focuses on the routing concepts for diverse heterogeneous WSNs scenarios and covers the state of the art in the area. The clustering-based approaches for routing decisions are extensively covered under different heterogeneous WSN scenarios. Along with presenting a comprehensive review of the routing algorithms under different varieties of heterogeneous WSNs, the paper also discusses the effects and interdependencies of different heterogeneities in routing decisions and unveils new research directions in the area.
Shivani Sharma, Kailash Chand, Deepak Sharma, and Paramita Guha
IEEE
Early detection of fire is the key to save huge losses in terms of environment, property and lives. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can help in early detection of fires and condition monitoring of such areas. In this paper a short-range communication network has been developed which can be used for sending and receiving data between different Zigbee (XBee) Radio Frequency (RF) modules using XCTU software from Digi. Different sensors for measuring parameters like temperature, humidity, smoke and flame are placed and the data is transferred using anXBee network. The developed wireless sensor network keeps track of the above-mentioned parameters. The measured parameters are transmitted up to a distance of 100m. An alarm has been set so that corrective action can be taken ata preventive stage. The paper provides experimental results of the placed sensors in real time on an XCTU terminal port. Numerical results along with future scope of this work are given in the subsequent sections.
Deepak Sharma, Amarendra Goap, A. K. Shukla, Priyanka, and Amol P. Bhondekar
Springer Singapore
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important element of Internet of Things arena. Energy efficiency is the prime factor for attaining the long life of WSN systems, which are resource constrained especially in energy. During the WSN operations, the communication activities consume maximum energy share of the WSN nodes. As routing algorithms are associated with the communication activities of the network, the energy efficiency of the routing algorithms become a critical factor in WSNs. The early work in WSN routing considers the deployment of homogeneous nodes. In practical scenarios, the WSN nodes are not homogeneous in their configuration, capabilities and/or behavior. The heterogeneity of WSN nodes has been broadly classified into three major categories, viz. energy, computation, and link. The heterogeneity of traffic/data generation rate is another important aspect, which considers nodes with heterogeneous data transmission requirements. This paper considers traffic heterogeneity aspect along with the energy heterogeneity for improved routing decision in the WSN. The paper discusses how the performance of the system is affected under different heterogeneity scenarios. It considers a two-level energy and traffic heterogeneous scenario in a clustering-based WSN. It also proposes an improved method of cluster head selection for the given scenario. The work comes under multi-heterogeneity consideration in WSN routing algorithms, which is an important aspect for designing efficient routing algorithms for realistic WSNs.
Amarendra Goap, Deepak Sharma, A.K. Shukla, and C. Rama Krishna
Elsevier BV
Abstract The scarcity of clean water resources around the globe has generated a need for their optimum utilization. Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, based on the application specific sensors’ data acquisition and intelligent processing, are bridging the gaps between the cyber and physical worlds. IoT based smart irrigation management systems can help in achieving optimum water-resource utilization in the precision farming landscape. This paper presents an open-source technology based smart system to predict the irrigation requirements of a field using the sensing of ground parameter like soil moisture, soil temperature, and environmental conditions along with the weather forecast data from the Internet. The sensing nodes, involved in the ground and environmental sensing, consider soil moisture, soil temperature, air temperature, Ultraviolet (UV) light radiation, and relative humidity of the crop field. The intelligence of the proposed system is based on a smart algorithm, which considers sensed data along with the weather forecast parameters like precipitation, air temperature, humidity, and UV for the near future. The complete system has been developed and deployed on a pilot scale, where the sensor node data is wirelessly collected over the cloud using web-services and a web-based information visualization and decision support system provides the real-time information insights based on the analysis of sensors data and weather forecast data. The system has a provision for a closed-loop control of the water supply to realize a fully autonomous irrigation scheme. The paper describes the system and discusses in detail the information processing results of three weeks data based on the proposed algorithm. The system is fully functional and the prediction results are very encouraging.