Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Science, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Drug Discovery
11
Scopus Publications
677
Scholar Citations
12
Scholar h-index
20
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Detoxification and Processing of Crude Drugs in the Unani System of Medicine Syed Zuber Ali, Huda Nafees, Mohd. Akhtar Ali Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine Volume 1 Application and Utility for Human Welfare, 2025 The Unani system of medicine consists of different types of drugs derived from plant, animal, and mineral origins. A few of these drugs contain certain poisonous alkaloids that are unsafe when used internally or externally; therefore, detoxification and processing of these drugs are essential for their use. Amal-i-Tadbīr (detoxification and processing) is the method that helps to eliminate toxic elements from the drug and increase the absorption of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing the efficacy of these drugs. Semicarpus anacardium, Strychnos nux-vomica, Aloe barbadensis, and so forth are some examples of toxic crude drugs therapeutically utilized in the Unani system of medicine. These drugs possess toxicity due to the presence of different toxic components or alkaloids, such as bhilawanols and strychnine, which lead to harmful effects on the human body when used as they are. Amal-i-Tadbīr or detoxification involves the removal or 124reduction of the levels of such toxic components, leading to better efficacy and insignificant side effects. The main intent of this chapter is to provide insight into Tadbīr-i-Advia as well as scientific evidence on this topic.
Medicinal Use of Mercury and Mercury-Based Compounds in Unani Medicine Mohd. Akhtar Ali, Shamim Irshad Azmi, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul, Hamiduddin Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine Volume 1 Application and Utility for Human Welfare, 2025 Drugs used in the Unani system of medicine are of natural origin, that is, from plant, animal, or mineral sources. The various categories of mineral origin medicines are used in Unani medicine, such as metals, stones, gemstones, clays, and so forth. The use of mercury and mercurybased compounds is established in all conventional systems of medicine, including the Unani system, for the management of many disorders. There is evidence and proof that mercury has been used throughout historical periods. Mercury and mercury-based compounds, for example, Shangarf (red sulfide of mercury), Raskabur (subchloride of mercury), 356and Darechikna (mercuric chloride), are generally not used directly in their raw form but after suitable processing and detoxification, either by the process of Ihrāq (charring) or Taklīs (calcination). They are used in nervine disorders like tremors; skin diseases like scabies, pruritus, external ulcers, eczema, syphilis, malignant ulcers, and cancer; sexual weakness; and general weakness. The anti-parasitic, antiseptic, antifungal, antipruritic, anti-syphilis, anti-inflammatory, preservative, diuretic, and dental amalgam activities of mercury are now well documented. The main purpose of writing this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the available data on mercury and mercury-based compounds and their uses in Unani medicine.
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Plant Galls and Excrescence Used in Unani System of Medicine Sayeedur Rahman, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul, Shamim Irshad Azmi, Mohd Sayeed Akhtar, Mohd Akhtar Ali Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine Volume 2 Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Aspects, 2025 Plant galls and excrescences like Mazoo (Quercus infectoria), Mayeen (Tamarix gallica and Tamarix dioica), and Kakdasinghi (Pistacia integerrima) are employed in Unani medicine as a single drug, or in formulations used for the management of various diseases of the human 68body. A gall is a pathologically developed cell, tissue, or organ of plants. It is a remarkable example of parasite plant interactions that develop in different organs, resulting in abnormal, uncontrolled growths in plants, induced by viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods, and so forth. The growth of the host tissues occurs through hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and hypoplasia. Plant galls like Mazoo and Mayeen produced on the branches of a particular tree due to a specific type of insect. They are used in uterine prolapse, menorrhagia, hematuria, chronic diarrhea, herpes, leucorrhea, intestinal ulcers, epistaxis, and inflammation, among other conditions. Kakdasinghi is an excrescence produced by the Aphis insect and is used for asthma, cough, whooping cough, and skin disorders, among others. There is no comprehensive literature is available on these drugs. Hence, in the present chapter, concise and comprehensive descriptions of these are provided. Thorough analysis of traditional Unani literature and online data on these drugs was conducted to collect the information.
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic Medicinal Plants Used in Unani Medicare System Shamim Irshad Azmi, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul, Sayeedur Rahman, Mohd. Akhtar Ali, Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine Volume 2 Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Aspects, 2025 Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been used to treat illnesses and play a significant role in traditional medicine systems. Approximately 25% of all contemporary medications come either directly or indirectly from higher plants. MAPs are used in food preservation due 4to their pharmacological characteristics, such as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, sedative, and analgesic effects. The essential oils (EOs) extracted from MAPs have been utilized for various purposes, especially in the food and cosmetics industries. They may be employed to prevent and manage infectious diseases of various systems of human body. Depending on their geographical origin, botanical parentage, genetics, bacterial endophytes, and extraction techniques, the chemical compositions of these EOs vary considerably. MAPs are also used for the treatment of various illnesses of the human body in the Unani system of medicine (USM), including cardiac and nervine diseases, because they are said to be exhilarating, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, resolvent, deobstruent, and nervine tonic, among other things. Additionally, they are used to make medicinal aromatic liquids as well as spices. Therefore, the aim of the present chapter is to provide comprehensive information on the phytopharmacology of MAPs frequently utilized in the USM for managing various medical ailments.
Phytopharmacology and Methods of Production of Lac (Kerria lacca Kerr.) Used in Unani System of Medicine Vaibhav Daulatrao Lohot, Arnab Roy Chowdhury, Nandkishore Thombare, Achintya Pramanik, Mohammad Fahim Ansari, Abhijit Kar, Shamim Irshad Azmi, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul, Mohd. Akhtar Ali, Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine Volume 2 Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Aspects, 2025 Lac, a resinous secretion produced by various species of the Kerria lacca insect, possesses potent therapeutic properties and exhibits multifaceted effects. Its widespread utilization across numerous industries stems from its efficacy in treating various traditional medical conditions, such as obesity (Saman-e-Mufrat), dyslipidemia (Fart-e-Tadassum-Fid-Dum), liver disease (Amraz-e-Jigar), and helminthic infections (Deedan-e-Meda wa Ama), which have been acknowledged since antiquity. Extensive research on the effectiveness and safety of this treatment has indicated its broad potential for commercial applications. In the case of natural raw materials like oleo gum resins, adherence to international quality standards is imperative for assessing product grading and standardization. Manufacturers who employ non-wood forestry products as raw materials are confronted with challenges regarding supply reliability and quality consistency, encompassing chemical and toxicological aspects. The prevalence of deliberate adulteration, lack of knowledge and skills, and adverse environmental conditions significantly contribute to substandard quality. Furthermore, the collection site itself may impact the quality of raw materials from a particular species. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to compile the existing information on both classical and contemporary scientific data pertaining to this particular drug.
Effect of Convolvulus Pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) and Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi) on Aging-Related Diseases and Memory Deficits Shamim Irshad, Mohd Akhtar Ali, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul, Shariq Shamsi Medicinal Plants for the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2024 Ageing is generally defined as a time-dependent gradual and progressive decline in cellular and organ functions, leading to increased vulnerability to chronic diseases and death. The most common ageing-associated diseases are atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, cancer, joint-related disorder, cataracts, diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer’s disease, etc. Memory deficit is a degenerative condition mostly affecting the elderly which affects the patient’s quality of life. It is caused by multiple sclerosis, which is a chronic, demyelinative, and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The incidence of all of these diseases increases exponentially with age. In the Unani system of medicine, a large number of single and compound drugs are used for the management of various ageing and memory-related deficits like shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.). Several pharmacological studies on these herbs have shown that neuroprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective, etc., activities. Several trials have substantiated its nootropic utility in humans and evidence for the potential attenuation of dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and epilepsy. These herbs have been reported to contain many bioactive phytoconstituents. The aim of writing this chapter is a comprehensive review of available data on these two herbs and their use in ageing and memory deficit disorders.
History of Ilmul Saidala (Unani Pharmacy) Through Ages: A Critical Appraisal and Current Scenario Mohd Akhtar Ali, Mohd Khalid, - Hamiduddin, - Zaigham, Mohammad Aslam Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 2022 Ilmul Saidala (Unani pharmacy) is an important pharmaceutical branch of Unani System of Medicine, also known as Greco-Arabic medicine. Its historical evolution is intricately related with that of human’s disease and sufferings. The earlier records about the Ilmul Saidala reveal that the Greco-Roman civilization is credited with its origin and development. Then, the Arabs preserved their medical legacy, and enriched it with their pharmaceutical experiments, innovations, and newer formulations. Most of the physicians rendered voluminous compendium known as “Al-Qarābādhīn” (pharmacopoeia) on the pharmacy including pharmaceutical as well as cosmeceutical preparations. After the fifth century, the development in Unani Pharmacy has been greatly contributed by Arab physicians and the world acclaimed piece of knowledge from this period is Avicenna’s ‘Canon of Medicine’. The medical influences of the Arabs helped in further development, regulation, and advancement of pharmaceutical sciences in the European soil and evolved it as a distinctive institution of respect and public welfare. The vastness of knowledge of Greco-Arabic period can be judged from the fact that the contemporary innovations and developments in the pharmaceutical industry is primarily owed to the original contributions of Greek, Egyptian, and Arab philosophers and physicians, such as Hippocrates, Pedanios Dioscorides, Galen of Pergamon, Avicenna, Rhazes, Geber etc. In India, Mughals, especially emperor Akbar was very instrumental in the propagation of Unani medicine and had appointed Unani physicians in different cities of his territory. Later on, Khandan Shareefi (Shareefi family) and Khandan Azizi (Azizi family) played important roles in the promotion of Unani Pharmacy. In post-independence India , Hạkīm ‘Abd al-Hạmeed established Unani pharmacies on the lines of the modern pharmaceutical industry for the mass production of Unani formulations in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. At present, Unani System of Medicine and its pharmacies enjoys the patronage of Government in India and other South-East Asian countries, such as Pakistan and Bangladesh along with post graduate education in Unani pharmacy. The present work is a sincere attempt of authors to critically appraise the Unani Pharmaceutical potentials from the past, the current waves of developments and issues, and their possible ways forward. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 24-36
Unani formulations for management of diabetes: An overview Dr. Hamiduddin Dr. Hamiduddin International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2018 Diabetes is a leading cause of death. In India, total number of diabetic patients is expected to be 79.4 million in 2030. It is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications. Traditional medicines are being looked up once again for its treatment; the WHO also recommended its further investigation. In this review, these drug its pharmacological activity and its formulation in Greco-Arab or Unani Medicine in India is explored. Single-drug used in formulation with reported anti-diabetic and related beneficial property are Gymnema sylvestre, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Momordica charantia, Acacia arabica, Eugenia jambolana, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum, etc. Phytomedicine used in Unani medicine presents an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus with a holistic approach, which includes various photochemical groups such as alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Beside hypoglycemic activity, these drugs also have antioxidants, bitter and other activity related to disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism. They are used in the form of decoctions, infusions, tablets, pills, and powder such as Qurse Dhayabitus, Qurse Tabasheer, Safoof Gilo, Qurse Marwareed, Qurse Gulnar, Dawaul Misk Talkh, Sharbate Afsanteen, Roghane Qusht, and Ma-Us-shaeer and common marketed formulation is Dolabi tablets, Qurs Kushta baiza murgh, Qurs Kushta Zamarrud, Qurs Ziabetus, Safoof Ziabtes, Diab-eaze, etc. There is the tremendous scope of Unani single and compound formulations in the comprehensive management of diabetes particularly Type-2 diabetes; it can also be utilized as an adjuvant with the conventional drug due to its diverse and related beneficial pharmacological activity in diabetes.
Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Kushtae Shangarf prepared with Jozbua (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Phitkari (alum) Hamiduddin, MohdAkhtar Ali, Mohammad Zaigham, Mohammad Ikram, Rajeev Ranjan Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2018 Introduction: Kushta of Shangarf (KS) is in therapeutic use since long time in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine. It requires extensive assessment with respect to its safety and processing because of the presence of mercury. KS prepared with Shangarf (HgS), Phitkari (alum), and Jozbua (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) was selected for the study. It is indicated as tonic, increases blood production, and improves complexion of face. Preparation of KS by classical and contemporary method and its comparative physicochemical analysis was attempted in this work. Materials and Methods: Kushta was prepared by incinerating the drugs kept inside Buta in Bhatti with 24kg of Uple (cow-dung cakes) and also in muffle furnace. Samples obtained were evaluated by Unani specifications (test), powder characterizations, loss on drying, pH, ash value, solubility, particle size, and qualitative estimation of organic and inorganic constituents, X-ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative estimation by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and so on. Results: Physicochemical standards set in were comparable in KS prepared by classical method (KSCM) and in KS prepared by muffle furnace method (KSMFM), except water-soluble ash and solubility in water were found slightly more in KSMFM. XRD study revealed the presence of aluminum oxide phase and absence of mercury in both the samples. Quantitative estimation of elements in both the samples in decreasing order are as follows: sulfur > aluminum > calcium > iron > arsenic. Arsenic was found more than iron in KSCM at parts per million level. Conclusion: Preliminary understanding suggests that muffle furnace method could be a better option with respect to safety and ease of preparation. Shangarf incinerated above 900°C with Phitkari and Jaiphal did not show presence of mercury in both the samples, indicating KS prepared by incinerating at higher temperature can be safer than unroasted preparation. Studied formulation can be recommended or used for its indications without the concern of mercury toxicity.
Phyto-pharmacological potential of Jaiphal (Myristica fragrans Houtt): A spice of medicinal importance and its utilization in Unani Medicine International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2018
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Aromatic Medicinal Plants Used in Unani Medicare System SI Azmi, SAA Makbul, S Rahman, MA Ali, MS Akhtar Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine, 3-66 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Phytopharmacology and Methods of Production of Lac (Kerria lacca Kerr.) Used in Unani System of Medicine VD Lohot, AR Chowdhury, N Thombare, A Pramanik, MF Ansari, A Kar, ... Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine, 357-378 , 2025 2025
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Plant Galls and Excrescence Used in Unani System of Medicine S Rahman, SAA Makbul, SI Azmi, MS Akhtar, MA Ali Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine, 67-89 , 2025 2025
Medicinal Use of Mercury and Mercury-Based Compounds in Unani Medicine MA Ali, SI Azmi, SAA Makbul Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine, 355-391 , 2025 2025
Detoxification and Processing of Crude Drugs in the Unani System of Medicine SZ Ali, H Nafees, MA Ali Crude Drugs of Unani Medicine, 123-145 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Khawas al-Ashya MIA Mohd Akhtar Ali, Shamim Irshad Azmi, Shaikh Ajij Ahmed Makbul Zeya Enterprises, Ranchi- https://www.researchgate.net/publication … , 2025 2025
Modification and Physicochemical Evaluation of Naque Nazla a Unani Infusion Preparation for Cold and Flu into Soluble Granules. M Zaigham, MA Ali, MA Waheed Pharmacognosy Research 16 (4) , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
A‘mār al-‘Aqāqīr al-Mufrada wa al-Adwiya al-Murakkaba (Shelf life of crude drugs and compound formulations) MAASAAM Shamim Irshad Azmi 2024
Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) and Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi) on aging-related diseases and memory deficits S Irshad, MA Ali, SAA Makbul, S Shamsi Medicinal Plants for the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 85-98 , 2024 2024 Citations: 7
Microwave-assisted extraction and purification of aleuritic acid from seedlac: A fast, eco-friendly and cost-effective single process for enhanced yield and purity M Ali, DK Hazra, H Naiya, KK Sharma, A Mohanasundaram Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification 197, 109716 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Exploration of Lac agro-industry biowaste as antioxidant and food preservative for their sustainable waste management M Ali, DK Hazra, G Mondal, YB Kumar, R Karmakar, S Saha Chemical Papers 77 (9), 4995-5005 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Phytochemical analysis and assessment of In vitro antioxidant potential of polyherbal formulation N Rana, V Singh, M Ali Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 16 (6), 2895-2899 , 2023 2023
What function of nanoparticles is the primary factor for their hyper-toxicity? M Ali Advances in colloid and interface science 314, 102881 , 2023 2023 Citations: 91
Review of Therapeutic Clays Used in Reference to Unani System of Medicine. MS Alam, G Sofi, MA Ali Journal of Young Pharmacists 15 (2) , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.(Narkachoor): Phytopharmacological profile and its utilization in traditional Unani medicine M Ikram, MA Ali, U Ahmed Journal of Research in Unani Medicine 12 (1), 37-51 , 2023 2023
Improved extraction and recrystallization of high-quality aleuritic acid from natural resins using a modified technique M Ali, DK Hazra, YB Kumar, R Karmakar Separation Science and Technology 57 (18), 2916-2922 , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Plant drug extraction and its concept in the Unani system of medicine Hamiduddin, MA Ali, M Saad, A Tauheed Journal of Research in Unani Medicine 11 (2), 178-192 , 2022 2022
Standardization of Habb-e-Rewand: A Unani formulation for Liver disorder MAA Mohammad Zaigham, Hamiduddin, Mohammad Ikram, Ghazi Jahangeerm Journal of Research in Unani Medicine , 2022 2022
History of Ilmul Saidala (Unani pharmacy) through ages: A critical appraisal and current scenario MA Ali, M Khalid, M Aslam Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 21 (1), 24-36 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
کتاب التصریف میں صیدلہ کے مباحث اٹھائیسویں مقالہ کے خصوصی حوالہ سے Kitab al-Tasrif me Saidla ke Mabahis 28th Maqala ke Khususi Hawala se SI Mohd Akhtar Ali Jahan-e-Tib 23 (1-4), 51-57 , 2021 2021
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Volatile constituents of Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle VS Mahalwal, M Ali Flavour and fragrance journal 18 (1), 73-76 , 2003 2003 Citations: 108
What function of nanoparticles is the primary factor for their hyper-toxicity? M Ali Advances in colloid and interface science 314, 102881 , 2023 2023 Citations: 91
Recent advances in pharmacological potential of Syzygium cumini: A review D Katiyar, V Singh, M Ali Advances in Applied Science Research 7 (3), 1-12 , 2016 2016 Citations: 54
Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Pterocarpus marsupium: A review D Katiyar, V Singh, M Ali Pharma Innov. J 5 (4), 31-39 , 2016 2016 Citations: 47
Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of novel imines and azetidinones derivatives of haloaryloxy moiety NK Fuloria, V Singh, M Shaharyar, M Ali Asian Journal of Chemistry 20 (6), 4891 , 2008 2008 Citations: 39
Applications of biopolymeric gels in agricultural sector S Mishra, N Thombare, M Ali, S Swami Polymer Gels: Perspectives and Applications, 185-228 , 2018 2018 Citations: 33
Recent trend in traditional medicine dosage form and present status of Unani and Ayurvedic medicine MA Ali International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research , 2019 2019 Citations: 28
SHIBB -E-YAMANI (ALUM) A UNIQUE DRUG AND ITS UTILIZATION IN UNANI MEDICINE: A PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW MA Ali International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP) http … , 2017 2017 Citations: 26
Volatile Constituents of the Fruits Peels of Citrus lemon (Linn) Burm. F VS Mahalwal, M Ali Journal of Essential Oil bearing Plants 6 (1), 31-35 , 2003 2003 Citations: 26
Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of novel imines and oxadiazoles NK Fuloria, V Singh, M Shaharyar, M Ali SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 16 (16), 11-22 , 2008 2008 Citations: 19
Unani formulations for management of diabetes: An overview M Hamiduddin, W Ali, G Jahangeer, A Al International Journal of Green Pharmacy 12 (4), S769-783 , 2018 2018 Citations: 17
Phytoconstituents and hair stimulant formulation from Nordostachys jatamansi M Ali, V Singh Proceedings of the International Congress on Traditional Asian Medicine … , 2002 2002 Citations: 14
Formulation and Characterization of Ginger oil loaded Polyherbal Emulgels having extracts of Nardostachys jatamansi, Andrographis paniculata and Celaestrus paniculatus N Rana, V Singh, M Ali Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 13 (9), 4077-4083 , 2020 2020 Citations: 11
Aslussoos (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn): A root with immense pharmaceutical potential and its utilization in Unani system of medicine M Zaigham International Journal of Herbal Medicine , 2019 2019 Citations: 11
Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Kushtae Shangarf prepared with Jozbua (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Phitkari (alum) MA Ali, M Zaigham, M Ikram, R Ranjan Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 10 (3), 144-158 , 2018 2018 Citations: 11
GC-MS analysis and anti-microbial activities of volatile oil of Nardostachys jatamansi DC rhizomes obtained from Haridwar region, Uttrakhand V Singh, N Rana, M Ali Pharmacognosy Journal 10 (2), 230-234 , 2018 2018 Citations: 11
Comparative physicochemical evaluation of Kharekhasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) before and after mudabbar process A Tauheed, S Khanam, MA Ali, M Zaigham Pharmacognosy Research 9 (4), 384 , 2017 2017 Citations: 11
Volatile Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. A Katara, CK Pradhan, P Singh, V Singh, M Ali Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 16 (2), 283-288 , 2013 2013 Citations: 11
New phytoconstituents from N. jatamansi rhizomes V Singh, M Ali J Saudi Chem Soc 7, 119-28 , 2003 2003 Citations: 10
Two new flavonoids from the seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. R Ramidi, M Ali 1999 Citations: 10