Point-of-Care Electroencephalography in Acute Neurological Care: A Narrative Review Roberto Fratangelo, Francesco Lolli, Maenia Scarpino, Antonello Grippo Neurology International, 2025 Point-of-care electroencephalography (POC-EEG) systems are rapid-access, reduced-montage devices designed to address the limitations of conventional EEG (conv-EEG), enabling faster neurophysiological assessment in acute settings. This review evaluates their clinical impact, diagnostic performance, and feasibility in non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and delirium. A comprehensive search of Medline, Scopus, and Embase identified 69 studies assessing 15 devices. In suspected NCSE, POC-EEG facilitates rapid seizure detection and prompt diagnosis, making it particularly effective in time-sensitive and resource-limited settings. Its after-hours availability and telemedicine integration ensure continuous coverage. AI-assisted tools enhance interpretability and accessibility, enabling use by non-experts. Despite variability in accuracy, it supports triaging, improving management, treatment decisions and outcomes while reducing hospital stays, transfers, and costs. In TBI, POC-EEG-derived quantitative EEG (qEEG) indices reliably detect structural lesions, support triage, and minimize unnecessary CT scans. They also help assess concussion severity and predict recovery. For strokes, POC-EEG aids triage by detecting large vessel occlusions (LVOs) with high feasibility in hospital and prehospital settings. In delirium, spectral analysis and AI-assisted models enhance diagnostic accuracy, broadening its clinical applications. Although POC-EEG is a promising screening tool, challenges remain in diagnostic variability, technical limitations, and AI optimization, requiring further research.
Contribution of the EEG in the Diagnostic Workup of Patients with Transient Neurological Deficit and Acute Confusional State at the Emergency Department: The EMINENCE Study Maenia Scarpino, Antonello Grippo, Maria Teresa Verna, Francesco Lolli, Benedetta Piccardi, Peiman Nazerian, Patrizia Nencini, Carmela Ielapi, Andrea Nencioni Diagnostics, 2025 Background/Objectives: To investigate the usefulness of an emergency electroencephalogram (emEEG) in the differential diagnosis of transient neurological deficits (TND) and acute confusional state (ACS). Methods: An analysis was performed on a subset of patients included in EMINENCE, a retrospective study of subjects admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of our tertiary hospital over a 1-year period. The analysis was limited to patients with neurological symptoms/signs compatible with cerebral hemispheric origin or with an ACS of <24 h duration. We evaluated the usefulness of the emEEG in the diagnostic workup of TND and ACS. Results: Speech disorder (75.3%), hyposthenia (68.1%), and ACS (62.9%) were the signs/symptoms with the highest percentage of abnormal emEEGs, especially concerning epileptic discharges. Seizures (85.7%) and encephalopathy (74.3%) were the final diagnoses with the highest percentage of abnormal emEEGs, particularly epileptic discharges and focal slow waves in patients discharged with a diagnosis of seizures, and bilateral slow waves and generalized periodic discharges with triphasic morphology (GPDTM) in patients discharged with a diagnosis of encephalopathy. The presence/absence of epileptic discharges associated with focal slow waves could discriminate between seizures and vascular disease, especially in hyposthenia (100% of seizures when epileptic discharges were present, vs. 50% when absent). Migraine with aura (66%) and an unknown diagnosis (56%) were the final diagnoses with the most normal emEEG. The rapid timing of the emEEG recording compared to the patient’s admission allowed us to perform the test in 29.5% of patients who were still symptomatic, of whom 79% had an abnormal emEEG. Conclusions: The emEEG mainly contributed to the diagnosis when speech disorder, hyposthenia, and ACS were the admission signs/symptoms, especially for the final diagnosis of seizures and encephalopathy.
The role of EEG in the emergency department: Its contribution to the patient's diagnostic–therapeutic pathway. The EMINENCE study Maenia Scarpino, Maria Teresa Verna, Antonello Grippo, Francesco Lolli, Benedetta Piccardi, Peiman Nazerian, Patrizia Nencini, Cristina Boccardi, Andrea Nencioni Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, 2025 Objectives: To investigate the utility of the emergency electroencephalogram(emEEG) in the diagnostic work-up of patients admitted to the Emergency Department(ED). Methods: Data from consecutive patients admitted to the ED during a 1-year period. We evaluated the usefulness of emEEGs based on the subsequent patient clinical management. Results: 1125 emEEGs from 1018 patients were analyzed. The overall usefulness of an emEEG was 86.7%, mainly influenced by its contribution to diagnosis(75.0%), often excluding initial working diagnosis(50.0%), and to patient management(78.0%). EmEEGs showed their best overall usefulness in Status Epilepticus(SE) and altered level of consciousness both in contributing to the final diagnosis and in patient management and therapeutic pathway. In speech and cognitive/behavioural disorders, emEEGs contributed to the diagnosis(80.6% and 79.8%, respectively), often excluding the initial suspicion of seizures/SE. Normal emEEGs contributed to diagnosis(79.0%), patient management(87.0%) and discharge to home(82.0%). Conclusions: In ED, attending physicians have to make quick decisions about the diagnostic-therapeutic management of patients, and also the ruling out of the initial diagnosis and safely discharging the patient to home are also important goals. Significance: This study provides valuable guidance to ED clinicians in selecting patients for an emEEG and evaluates its contribution to their diagnostic-therapeutic management.
Aqueductal CSF stroke volume is associated with the burden of perivascular space enlargement in chronic adult hydrocephalus Pasquale Gallina, Berardino Porfirio, Saverio Caini, Francesco Lolli, Antonio Scollato Scientific Reports, 2024 The inflow of CSF into perivascular spaces (PVS) in the brain is crucial for clearing waste molecules. Inefficiency in PVS flow leads to neurodegeneration. Failure of PVS flushing is associated with CSF flow impairment in the intracranial hydrodynamic condition of CSF hypo-pulsatility. However, enlarged PVS (ePVS), a finding indicative of PVS flow dysfunction, is also present in patients with derangement of CSF dynamics characterized by CSF hyper-pulsatility, which increases CSF flow. Intriguingly, two opposite intracranial hydrodynamic conditions would lead to the same result of impairing the PVS flushing. To investigate this issue, we assessed the subsistence of a dysfunctional interplay between CSF and PVS flows and, if the case, the mechanisms preventing a hyper-pulsatile brain from providing an effective PVS flushing. We analyzed the association between phase contrast MRI aqueductal CSF stroke volume (aqSV), a proxy of CSF pulsatility, and the burden of ePVS in chronic adult hydrocephalus, a disease involving a broad spectrum of intracranial hydrodynamics disturbances. In the 147 (85 males, 62 females) patients, the age at diagnosis ranged between 28 and 88 years (median 73 years). Ninety-seven patients had tri-ventriculomegaly and 50 tetra-ventriculomegaly. According to the extent of ePVS, 113 patients had a high ePVS burden, while 34 had a low ePVS burden. aqSV, which ranged between 0 and 562 μL (median 86 μL), was increased with respect to healthy subjects. Patients presenting with less ePVS burden had higher aqSV (p < 0.002, corrected for the multiple comparisons) than those with higher ePVS burden. The present study confirmed the association between CSF dynamics and PVS flow disturbances and demonstrated this association in intracranial hyper-pulsatility. Further studies should investigate the association between PVS flow failure and CSF hypo- and hyper-pulsatility as responsible/co-responsible for glymphatic failure in other neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in diseases in which CSF disturbances can be corrected, as in chronic adult hydrocephalus.
Failure of the glymphatic system as possible link between lumbar spinal stenosis and dementia Pasquale Gallina, Francesco Lolli, Berardino Porfirio Alzheimer S and Dementia, 2024 Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a disease of aging.1 It involves reduction of the spinal canal with compression of the nerve roots and vascular elements. This mainly degenerative condition results in posture-related low back and lower extremity pain. Symptoms are relieved by sitting or forward flexion. The cardinal sign of LSS is neurogenic claudication, that is, onset of weakness, tiredness/heaviness of the legs initiated by walking a short distance, which gradually intensifies and obliges patients to stop. Approximately 20% of people over 60 have imaging evidence of LSS. A total of 266 million individuals (3.63%) worldwide were found to have symptomatic LSS or other spinal degenerative conditions (disk degeneration, spondylolisthesis), which will culminate in LSS. These findings understate the true global burden of LSS since quantification in low-/middle-income countries is deficient. LSS prevalence is expected to increase with the aging of populations. LSS is an independent risk factor for dementia.2 Over one-third of patients with LSS had mild cognitive impairment in a Japanese population.3 Further studies are needed to assess the generalization of this association. These findings2, 3 represent an opportunity to discuss the pathogenesis of dementia in an unexplored model and to underpin the hypothesis that dementia is the final consequence of failure of the glymphatic system (GS) possibly resulting from extra-intracranial hydrodynamic derangements.4 The GS is a brain-wide fluid transport pathway.5 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) moves through arteriolar perivascular spaces driven by arterial pulsation, clears interstitial solutes, and leaves the brain, mainly via venular perivascular spaces. If perivascular space flow fails, GS function is deranged and neurodegeneration occurs. An imaging marker of GS flow dysfunction is dilatation of perivascular spaces due to CSF accumulation/stasis. Reduced glymphatic efflux has been described in normal-pressure hydrocephalus6 and hypothesized in conditions characterized by impairment of cranial CSF outflow by systemic venous hypertension.4, 7 Similarly, the failure of this veno–CSF–glymphatic fluid connection might explain dementia in LSS due to hypertension of another venous system, the cerebrospinal one. The latter is a valveless, large-capacity fluid reserve anatomo-functionally connecting the veins and venous plexuses of the brain and spine.8 The vertebral venous plexuses (VVPs) – the Batson plexuses – include the internal and external ones (both coursing longitudinally from the cranial vault to the sacrum). The internal VVPs lie within the spinal canal externally to the dura, while the external VVPs surround the vertebrae. A third type of VVP are the Basi vertebral veins, which run horizontally and lie within the vertebrae. VVPs are connected to the brain at the level of the cranial sinus. Importantly, VVPs have a bidirectional flow. They represent the major outflow track of cerebral venous drainage in the erect position; outflow through the internal jugular veins is absent/negligible in this position. These hydraulic characteristics of VVPs are key to our speculation about the pathogenetic link between LSS and dementia. Multilevel LSS can lead to venous congestion/stasis in the intervening segments.9 In this anatomical condition, the arterioles will continue to feed these segments at higher arterial pressure, but the impaired drainage reduces blood flow with an increase of venous pressure.9 These venous derangements are augmented by spinal extension and rotation, which further reduce the cross-sectional area of the central spinal canal and neural foramina, triggering LSS symptoms. Moreover, during walking, venous return is increased by action of the lower limbs and accompanied by engorgement of the pelvic veins and VVP.9 Dilatation of internal VVPs results in a further narrowing of the spinal canal on a hemodynamic basis, possibly explaining the neurogenic claudication.9 This self-sustaining mechanism will intensify vertebral venous hypertension.1 Dementia in multilevel LSS might be related to reduced cranial venous and CSF outflows, determining venous perivascular space engorgement and GS malfunctioning. A possible step-by-step demonstration of our hypothesis relies on assessing the association of LSS and dementia in one-level versus multilevel stenosis. In subjects with LSS who do not present known5 or hypothesized4, 7 causes of GS flow failure, a higher prevalence of enlarged perivascular spaces, compared to healthy subjects, might support GS derangement as a cause of the dementia, tracing the path for autoptic examination in search of GS pathology.10 To support this argument, in obesity, whose relationship with dementia has been reported,11 an increase in body size is associated with greater burden of dilated perivascular spaces, compared to that observed in subjects experiencing body size decrease.12 Since the cerebrospinal venous system is in open communication with the intrathoracic and intra-abdominal veins, the failure of the GS, likely responsible for dementia in obese subjects, might rely on mechanisms similar to those advocated in LSS. If further studies demonstrate the connection between cognitive decline and LSS by the involvement of the cerebrospinal venous system, then walking, one of the most frequently encouraged activities for wellbeing, should be limited in patients with asymptomatic multilevel LSS, and dementia could ultimately be prevented through surgical decompression of the lumbar spine. Pasquale Gallina: study conception and drafting the article. Francesco Lolli: acquisition of data and revising paper critically for important intellectual content. Berardino Porfirio: drafting article and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors gave approval of the version to be submitted. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors have no competing interests to declare. Author disclosures are available in the supporting information. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Italian version of Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: Translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation in healthy subjects Benedetta Gori, Antonello Grippo, Martina Focardi, Francesco Lolli Laterality, 2024 Lateralization is a key aspect of brain architecture and handedness is its primary manifestation. The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and the laterality quotient (LQ) assess the direction and consistency of handedness and require translation and cross-cultural adaptation to guarantee construct validity. We developed a standardized Italian EHI version. The developed Italian version was tested on 202 Italian subjects, classified into three hand types based on their LQs: right, mixed, and left. The frequency of left-handedness in Italians and other populations was compared to previous data. LQs from the twenty- and the ten-item original inventories were also compared. We conducted a factorial analysis. Mcdonald's Omega tested internal consistency. The prevalence of left-handedness was 6.4%, consistent with prior findings in Italian samples and other EHI translations. Age was the only socio-demographic variable that significantly affected the LQ. The internal consistency of the Italian EHI was excellent. Handedness is a feature of several cognitive functions and some neuropsychological diseases; it is influenced by socio-demographic and cultural factors and the instrument used to assess it. To provide a consistent and comparable evaluation of the construct, we recommend using this validated Italian translation of the EHI.
Do changes in SSEP amplitude over time predict the outcome of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest? Maenia Scarpino, Francesco Lolli, Giovanni Lanzo, Riccardo Carrai, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Maria Lombardi, Daniela Audenino, Sara Contardi, Maria Grazia Celani, Alfonso Marrelli, Oriano Mecarelli, Chiara Minardi, Fabio Minicucci, Lucia Politini, Eugenio Vitelli, Adriano Peris, Aldo Amantini, Antonello Grippo, Claudio Sandroni Resuscitation, 2022
Electrodiagnostic findings in patients with non-COVID-19- and COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome Maenia Scarpino, Manuela Bonizzoli, Chiara Lazzeri, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Marco Ciapetti, Bahia Hakiki, Antonello Grippo, Adriano Peris, Andrea Ammannati, Fabrizio Baldanzi, Maria Bastianelli, Annamaria Bighellini, Cristina Boccardi, Riccardo Carrai, Annalisa Cassardo, Cesarina Cossu, Simonetta Gabbanini, Carmela Ielapi, Cristiana Martinelli, Giulia Masi, Cristina Mei, Simone Troiano, and Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2021
SSEP amplitude accurately predicts both good and poor neurological outcome early after cardiac arrest; a post-hoc analysis of the ProNeCA multicentre study Maenia Scarpino, Francesco Lolli, Giovanni Lanzo, Riccardo Carrai, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Maria Lombardi, Daniela Audenino, Sara Contardi, Maria Grazia Celani, Alfonso Marrelli, Oriano Mecarelli, Chiara Minardi, Fabio Minicucci, Lucia Politini, Eugenio Vitelli, Adriano Peris, Aldo Amantini, Antonello Grippo, Claudio Sandroni, Aldo Amantini, Daniela Audenino, Chiara Bandinelli, Pasquale Bernardo, Teresa Anna Cantisani, Riccardo Carrai, Maria Grazia Celani, Roberta Ciuffini, Sara Contardi, Antonello Grippo, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Maria Lombardi, Alfonso Marrelli, Andrea Marudi, Cesarina Cossu, Giuseppe Olivo, Adriano Peris, Klaudio Rikani, Rossella Sabadini, Claudio Sandroni, Maenia Scarpino, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania Resuscitation, 2021
Is there inter-observer variation in the interpretation of SSEPs in comatose cardiac arrest survivors? Further considerations following the Italian multicenter ProNeCa study Maria Grazia Celani, Riccardo Carrai, Teresa Anna Cantisani, Maenia Scarpino, Maria Vittoria Ercolani, Francesco Lolli, Giovanni Lanzo, Paolo Costa, Paola Lanteri, Angelo Antonio Bignamini, Aldo Amantini, Antonello Grippo, Aldo Amantini, Daniela Audenino, Chiara Bandinelli, Pasquale Bernardo, Teresa Anna Cantisani, Riccardo Carrai, Maria Grazia Celani, Roberta Ciuffini, Sara Contardi, Leonardo Davì, Antonello Grippo, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Maria Lombardi, Alfonso Marrelli, Andrea Marudi, Oriano Mecarelli, Chiara Minardi, Fabio Minicucci, Marco Moretti, Giuseppe Olivo, Adriano Peris, Lucia Politini, Klaudio Rikani, Rossella Sabadini, Claudio Sandroni, Maenia Scarpino, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Eugenio Vitelli, Angelo Zilioli Resuscitation, 2020
Neurophysiology for predicting good and poor neurological outcome at 12 and 72 h after cardiac arrest: The ProNeCA multicentre prospective study Maenia Scarpino, Riccardo Carrai, Francesco Lolli, Giovanni Lanzo, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Maria Lombardi, Daniela Audenino, Sara Contardi, Maria Grazia Celani, Alfonso Marrelli, Oriano Mecarelli, Chiara Minardi, Fabio Minicucci, Lucia Politini, Eugenio Vitelli, Adriano Peris, Aldo Amantini, Claudio Sandroni, Antonello Grippo, Angelo Zilioli, Aldo Amantini, Daniela Audenino, Chiara Bandinelli, Pasquale Bernardo, Teresa Anna Cantisani, Riccardo Carrai, Maria Grazia Celani, Roberta Ciuffini, Sara Contardi, Leonardo Davì, Antonello Grippo, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Maria Lombardi, Alfonso Marrelli, Andrea Marudi, Oriano Mecarelli, Chiara Minardi, Fabio Minicucci, Marco Moretti, Giuseppe Olivo, Adriano Peris, Lucia Politini, Klaudio Rikani, Rossella Sabadini, Claudio Sandroni, Maenia Scarpino, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Eugenio Vitelli, Angelo Zilioli Resuscitation, 2020
Neurophysiology and neuroimaging accurately predict poor neurological outcome within 24 hours after cardiac arrest: The ProNeCA prospective multicentre prognostication study Maenia Scarpino, Francesco Lolli, Giovanni Lanzo, Riccardo Carrai, Maddalena Spalletti, Franco Valzania, Maria Lombardi, Daniela Audenino, Maria Grazia Celani, Alfonso Marrelli, Sara Contardi, Adriano Peris, Aldo Amantini, Claudio Sandroni, Antonello Grippo, Aldo Amantini, Riccardo Carrai, Antonello Grippo, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Giulia Masi, Marco Moretti, Adriano Peris, Maenia Scarpino, Maddalena Spalletti, Chiara Bandinelli, Maria Lombardi, Sara Contardi, Andrea Marudi, Daniela Audenino, Klaudio Rikani, E.O. Ospedale Galliera, Alfonso Marrelli, Teresa Anna Cantisani, Maria Grazia Celani, Andrea Fiacca, Rossella Sabadini, Franco Valzania Resuscitation, 2019
Authors’ comments on two published resuscitation editorials Maenia Scarpino, Giovanni Lanzo, Francesco Lolli, Riccardo Carrai, Marco Moretti, Maddalena Spalletti, Morena Cozzolino, Adriano Peris, Aldo Amantini, Antonello Grippo Resuscitation, 2018
Diagnostics of dysimmune peripheral neuropathies Diego Franciotta, Matteo Gastaldi, Luana Benedetti, Giampaola Pesce, Tiziana Biagioli, Francesco Lolli, Gianna Costa, Cristina Melis, Francesca Andreetta, Ornella Simoncini, Claudia Giannotta, Elena Bazzigaluppi, Raffaella Fazio, Roberta Bedin, Diana Ferraro, Sara Mariotto, Sergio Ferrari, Elisabetta Galloni, Valentina De Riva, Elisabetta Zardini, Andrea Cortese, Eduardo Nobile-Orazio Neurological Sciences, 2017
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and the determination of oligoclonal bands Matteo Gastaldi, Elisabetta Zardini, Rosaria Leante, Maddalena Ruggieri, Gianna Costa, Eleonora Cocco, Giovanna De Luca, Ivana Cataldo, Tiziana Biagioli, Clara Ballerini, Massimiliano Castellazzi, Enrico Fainardi, Paola Pettini, Mauro Zaffaroni, Debora Giunti, Elisabetta Capello, Gaetano Bernardi, Emilio Ciusani, Claudia Giannotta, Eduardo Nobile-Orazio, Elena Bazzigaluppi, Gabriella Passerini, Roberta Bedin, Patrizia Sola, Rinaldo Brivio, Guido Cavaletti, Arianna Sala, Antonio Bertolotto, Gaetano Desina, Maurizio A. Leone, Sara Mariotto, Sergio Ferrari, Andreina Paternoster, Davide Giavarina, Francesco Lolli, Diego Franciotta Neurological Sciences, 2017
Evaluation of new immunological targets in neuromyelitis optica Jean‐Baptiste Chanson, Ilaria Paolini, Nicolas Collongues, Maria C. Alcaro, Frédéric Blanc, Francesca Barbetti, Marie Fleury, Elisa Peroni, Paolo Rovero, Gabrielle Rudolf, Francesco Lolli, Élisabeth Trifilieff, Anna‐Maria Papini, Jérôme de Seze Journal of Peptide Science, 2013
Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution Elisa Bizzoco, Francesco Lolli, Anna Maria Repice, Bahia Hakiki, Mario Falcini, Alessandro Barilaro, Rosanna Taiuti, Gianfranco Siracusa, Maria Pia Amato, Tiziana Biagioli, Silvia Lori, Marco Moretti, Annalisa Vinattieri, Patrizia Nencini, Luca Massacesi, Sabrina Matà Journal of Neurology, 2009
The glycopeptide CSF114(Glc) detects serum antibodies in multiple sclerosis Francesco Lolli, Benedetta Mazzanti, Marta Pazzagli, Elisa Peroni, Maria Claudia Alcaro, Giuseppina Sabatino, Roberta Lanzillo, Vincenzo Brescia Morra, Lucio Santoro, Claudio Gasperini, Stefania Galgani, Mario Milco D'Elios, Valentina Zipoli, Stefano Sotgiu, Maura Pugliatti, Paolo Rovero, Mario Chelli, Anna Maria Papini Journal of Neuroimmunology, 2005
An N-glucosylated peptide detecting disease-specific autoantibodies, biomarkers of multiple sclerosis Francesco Lolli, Barbara Mulinacci, Alfonso Carotenuto, Bruno Bonetti, Giuseppina Sabatino, Benedetta Mazzanti, Anna Maria D'Ursi, Ettore Novellino, Marta Pazzagli, Laura Lovato, Maria C. Alcaro, Elisa Peroni, Maria C. Pozo-Carrero, Francesca Nuti, Luca Battistini, Giovanna Borsellino, Mario Chelli, Paolo Rovero, Anna Maria Papini Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005
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