Comparative Analysis of Ground-Based and Elevated Pushup Exercises for Pectoralis Major Muscle Activation Ardo Okilanda, Mikkey Anggara Suganda, Ahmad Chaeroni, Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi, Mardepi Saputra, Susilo Nugroho, Jatin Bhosle, Radhika Mishra, Joseph Singh, Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot, Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Masilamani Elayaraja, Hemantajit Gogoi Retos, 2024 This study aimed to measure muscle activation by comparing electromyography (EMG) of two types of pushups i.e., ground-based and elevated. 20 male active sportspersons (age 20.12±3.57years, weight 65.38±9.32kg, height 175.5±10.5cm) were recruited in the study. The upper body muscle pectoralis major (PM) was chosen as target muscle for the study. Root mean square (RMS) of EMG activities were analysed for the PM muscle to determine maximum muscle involvement. In the elevated pushups, the samples performed the pushups on an elevated pushup bar of 18-centimeter height, in which they gripped the bar as per their shoulder width. Also, their feet were ground-based on a similar height platform. The paired t-test was used as the statistical tool to compare the EMG activation of PM between both variations of pushups. Further, mean and standard deviation values were considered for descriptive statistics. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The result of the study showed that there was no statistically significant difference in EMG activities of PM muscle between the two pushup variations with a t-value of -0.89. However, the descriptive statistics showed that the mean value of elevated pushups (RMS, 350.63) was higher than the grounded pushups (RMS, 311.44). These findings suggest elevated pushups may induce greater PM muscle activation, potentially due to increased instability due to the influence of elveated exercise variations on muscle engagement. Key words: pushups, muscle activation, electromyography, pectoralis major, exercise variations, root mean square
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED PHYSICAL AND ANGULAR KINEMATICAL VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF TOE-TOUCH SKILL IN KABADDI Jasvir Ram, Joseph Singh, Baljinder Singh, Hemantajit Gogoi, Naseer Mushtaq Rather Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 2022 The purpose of this study to find out the relationship of selected physical and angular kinematical variables with the performance of toe-touch skill among male kabaddi players (raiders).
 Materials and methods. One hundred male raiders were selected for this study. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 25 years. The selected physical variable, i.e. lower extremity explosive strength was measured by the standing broad jump test. Selected angular kinematical variables were measured by the software ‘Kinovea version-0.9.3’. The toe-touch skill performed by raiders was measured by three experts’ rating. The inter-rater reliability of the scores awarded by the experts to the participants was tested by Cohen’s Kappa test and the Kappa coefficient was found significant.
 Results. Spearman’s rank correlation revealed that there was significant correlation in case of lower extremity explosive strength (rs = .259, p = .009), angle at leading leg ankle joint (rs = .327, p = .001) variables and there was no significant correlation in case of angle at trailing leg ankle joint (rs = .016, p = .871), angle at leading leg knee joint (rs = .23, p= .823), angle at trailing leg knee joint (rs = -.171, p = .089) and angle at hip joint (rs = -.195, p = .052) variables with the performance of toe-touch skill in kabaddi.
 Conclusions. The study concludes that lower extremity explosive strength and the angle at the leading leg ankle joint positively contribute to toe-touch skill performance in male kabaddi players.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT JAB TECHNIQUES ON PEAK ACTIVATION OF UPPER-BODY MUSCLES IN YOUTH BOXERS Sandeep Kumar, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Joseph Singh, Sanjeev Kumar, Hemantajit Gogoi Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 2022 The study purpose was to analyse the peak EMG at five upper-body muscles during four different jab techniques in youth boxers.
 Materials and methods. Male youth national-level boxers (n=7) were assessed for peak electromyography (EMG) of anterior deltoid (AD), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), and upper trapezius (UT) while performing four jab techniques: long-range targeting head (LRH), long-range targeting body (LRB), medium-range targeting head (MRH), and medium-range targeting body (MRB).
 Results. The LRH induced the highest EMG for AD (2092.9±411.9) and BB (1392.0±687.3). The MRB induced the highest EMG for the FCR (1337.16±538.28), TB (1589.3±600.3), and UT (1221.2±507.5). However, between jab techniques, only the AD showed a significant (p<0.001) different EMG. Specifically, the LRH induced greater AD EMG compared to LRB (157.5 [p<0.001]), MRH (411.0 [p=0.003]), and MRB (398.3 [p=0.010]). Further, the LRB induced greater AD EMG compared to MRH (253.5 [p=0.024]) and MRB (240.8 [p=0.049]). The MRH and MRB (-12.7 [p=0.911]) induced similar AD EMG.
 Conclusions. Peak EMG at five upper-body muscles varies between jab techniques. However, the differences seem relatively small, except for the AD muscle, with a descending pattern of peak EMG for the LRH > LRB > MRH and MRB jab techniques.
A statistical model for prediction of lower limb injury of active sportsperson Hemantajit Gogoi, Poli Borah, Lakshyajit Gogoi, Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot, Tadang Minu, Joseph Singh, Mantu Baro International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2021 For an active sportsperson, running is the most common physical activity, but it carries a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Half of the running injuries are identified as overuse injuries, with the most affected areas being the lower limbs. Previous studies had revealed several factors responsible for the development of running-related lower-limb injuries of sportspersons. However, there have been few studies aiming at predicting them. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a predictive model to predict lower limb injury of active sportsperson. The BTS G-WALK system synchronised with two GoPro Hero 6 cameras were used to conduct the study on seventy-five (N=75) healthy male subjects without any lower limb injury history. The BTS G-WALK system provided spatio-temporal parameters while Kinovea software was used to extract kinematic data from raw videos of treadmill running movement of the subjects. A prospective cohort study design was used to investigate how the difference in running gait kinematic affects the outcome of lower limb injury occurrences of active sportspersons. Further, a prediction model was developed using binary logistic regression, for which IBM® SPSS® version 25 was used. All statistical analyses were tested at 0.05 (p = 0.05) level of significance. The model indicated that Range of Pelvic Obliquity (RPO) and Maximum Toe Out (MTO) were positively and Symmetry Index (SI) was negatively associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting lower limb injury. The model explained 85.7% variance and correctly classified 93.3% cases of lower limb injury of an active sportsperson. The risk factors for lower limb injuries of a sportsperson can be identified and prediction of lower limb injury of a sportsperson is theoretically possible. To generalize the model for practical implications, the researcher suggested further research with larger sample size.
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC AND LINEAR KINEMATICAL VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF TOE-TOUCH SKILL IN KABADDI Jasvir Ram, Joseph Singh Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 2021 The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship of selected anthropometric and linear kinematical variables with the performance of toe-touch skill among male kabaddi players (raiders). Materials and Methods. One hundred male raiders were selected for this study. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 to 25 years. Selected anthropometric variables: foot length, upper leg length, lower leg length, thigh girth and calf girth were measured by standardized equipment. Selected linear kinematical variables were measured by digital software ‘Kinovea version-0.9.3’. The toe-touch skill performed by raiders was assessed by three experts rating. The inter-rater reliability of the scores awarded by the experts to the subjects was tested by Cohen’s Kappa test and Kappa coefficient was found significant. Results. Spearman’s rank correlation revealed that there was significant correlation in case of thigh girth (rs = 0.230, p = 0.022), distance (rs = 0.245, p = 0.014) and center of gravity (rs = -0.270, p = 0.007) variables, and there was not significant correlation in case of upper leg length (rs = 0.048, p = 0.634), lower leg length (rs = -0.90, p = 0.373), calf girth (rs = 0.093, p = 0.355), foot length (rs = -0.17, p = 0.863) and time (rs = -0.006, p = 0.952) variables with the performance of toe-touch skill in kabaddi. Conclusion. The study concludes that thigh girth and distance positively and center of gravity negatively contributes to the performance of toe-touch skill in male kabaddi players.
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