Acidification as a produced water treatment for WSO removal – A review Juliana Dumard Carracena Candido, Vinícius de Jesus Towesend, Christian Luiz da Silveira, Maria de Fatima Rodrigues da Cunha, Byron Rosemberg dos Santos Costa, et al. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2026
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Fipronil Detection in Environmental Samples Mariane Ribas Lourenço, Guilherme Sales da Rocha, Daniel Ananias Reis de Campos, Helen Conceição Ferraz, João Victor Nicolini Electroanalysis, 2025 Fipronil (FIP) is a pesticide widely used for controlling soil pests and preventing parasitic infestations in dogs. However, its widespread and often indiscriminate application has led to contamination of aquatic environments in several countries, including Brazil, highlighting the need for new methodologies to detect its residues in food and the environment. This study aimed to develop a nanostructured carbon paste sensor using multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to detect FIP. Deposition of nanomaterials, such as MWCNTs, into electrochemical sensors can significantly enhance their performance. Their unique attributes, including a high surface‐to‐volume ratio and excellent electrical conductivity, are key to this improvement. The carbon paste electrode was modified with 20% w/w MWCNT, demonstrating the best electrochemical response as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. Square wave voltammetry enabled the detection of FIP with a limit of detection of 0.377 µmol L−1 and a limit of quantification of 1.26 µmol L−1. Interference studies were conducted using potential interferents, including Atrazine, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, FeCl3, and ZnCl2, yielding a relative standard deviation of around 6%. Additionally, the sensor stability was evaluated over 22 days, showing only a 2.6% reduction in the peak current. This sensor was successfully used to detect FIP in tap water samples with good recoveries of 101.8–104%. Thus, the use of MWCNTs proved highly promising for developing electrochemical sensors for FIP detection due to their hydrophobic nature, which facilitates the adsorption of FIP molecules onto the electrode surface.
3D-Printed Electrodes Based on Polylactic Acid and Carbonaceous Materials for Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fabrication and Surface Activation via Chemical, Electrochemical, and Laser/Plasma Methods Leonan dos Santos Rodrigues, Guilherme Sales da Rocha, Franccesca Fornasier, Raquel Ferreira Matos, João Victor Nicolini, et al. Electroanalysis, 2025 Surface preparation of 3D‐printed electrodes fabricated from conductive filaments is essential for enhancing their electroanalytical performance, as the inherent presence of insulating polymer matrices limits electrical conductivity. To overcome this limitation, a variety of post‐treatment strategies have been investigated, including chemical and electrochemical approaches, which have demonstrated promising results. In contrast, biological methods, such as enzymatic treatments, are often time‐consuming, and reagent‐free techniques may suffer from reproducibility issues, when not automated, due to operator‐dependent variability. Among the reagentless methods, laser and plasma treatments have emerged as reliable strategies to expose the conductive material, offering an environmentally friendly route for surface activation. This review explores 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the diverse activation protocols reported for electrodes based on polylactic acid and carbon‐based materials, including chemical, electrochemical, laser/plasma methods and their combinations. A critical analysis of these activation techniques and others found in the literature is also presented, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and applicability. Despite significant progress, no consensus has been reached regarding optimal treatment conditions, and the lack of standardized protocols remains a challenge. Furthermore, many studies select activation strategies based solely on electrochemical performance metrics, often without statistical validation, which may lead to the adoption of unnecessarily resource‐intensive procedures. Surface treatment methods should be chosen carefully, considering reagent availability, health and environmental risks, and economic feasibility. Optimizing surface activation protocols is essential to ensure improved electrode performance and reliability. Continued research is needed to refine these methods and establish standardized methodologies, ultimately advancing the development and application of 3D‐printed electrodes in electrochemical sensing and biosensing.
Electrochemical Biosensors in Diagnostic Medicine: Detecting Lung Cancer Biomarkers – A Comprehensive Review Guilherme Sales da Rocha, João Victor Nicolini, Helen Conceição Ferraz Electroanalysis, 2025 Electrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point‐of‐care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Enzyme-Based Amperometric Screen-Printed Biosensors Using Horseradish Peroxidase as a Model Sabrina Garcia Secchi, Eduardo da da Rosa Silva, Guilherme da Sales da Rocha, João Victor Nicolini, Tito Lívio Moitinho Alves, et al. Electroanalysis, 2025 In this study, a mathematical model was formulated to characterize the functioning of third‐generation enzyme‐based amperometric biosensors. This study utilized a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐based, screen‐printed biosensor. The model parameters were determined using the Environment for Modeling Simulation and Optimization (EMSO), validated with experimental data, and exhibited high determination coefficients, indicating the accuracy of the models in capturing biosensor behavior. Simulations based on this model emphasize diffusion as a limiting factor. Further sensitivity analysis was conducted using simulated response surfaces and biosensor performance optimization, which confirmed that higher concentrations of HRP in the thinnest polymeric film resulted in enhanced biosensor sensitivity.
Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Gherkin (Cucumis anguria) Peroxidase Immobilized on Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Phenolic Compounds Detection Daniel Ananias Reis, Natália Bruzamarello Caon, Valentini Giuliana, Parize Alexandre Luis, Castro Rosane Nora, et al. Electroanalysis, 2025 This work presents the development of a sustainable and biocompatible electrochemical biosensor for the detection of phenolic compounds, leveraging peroxidase from Cucumis anguria (gherkin) homogenate and chitosan‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles (γ‐Fe2O3@CTS). A simple and cost‐effective method was used to prepare the enzymatic extract, with peroxidase activity confirmed spectrometrically. The γ‐Fe2O3@CTS were synthesized with hydrodynamic radius of 146.8 ± 8.4 nm. Square wave voltammetry was employed to optimize experimental parameters for phenolic detection. Analytical curves were constructed for quercetin, morin, ferulic acid, and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHBA), showing excellent linearity and low detection limits of 0.0556, 24.2, 0.0102 and 1.72 μmol L−1, respectively. These results highlight the potential of this biosensor for future applications in phenolic compound detection for environmental monitoring, food safety, and pharmaceutical industries, where phenolic compounds are significant markers. The biosensor's cost‐effectiveness, simplicity, and biocompatibility make it an attractive tool for on‐site and real‐time analysis of phenolic pollutants, improving sustainability in detection technologies.