Biocontrol activity of Bacillus velezensis against Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 biovar 3 in tomato: insights from defence induction, and functional analysis Sheneka Rajendran, Ricardo Oliva, Shajith Basha Jaffer, Thiribhuvanamala Gurudevan, Karthikeyan Subburamu, Kumar K. Krishnasamy, Ramasamy Srinivasan, Shanthi Mookiah, Angappan Kathithachalam, Karthikeyan Muthusamy Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2026 Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum , is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato, with biovar 3 race 1 isolates predominant in India. The present study investigated rhizosphere bacterial isolates (ToRB-1 to ToRB-45) for their antagonistic potential against a virulent R. solanacearum isolate Rs-TN-02. Among these, the cell-free supernatants of isolates ToRB-7, ToRB-23, and ToRB-26 exhibited greater inhibition in agar diffusion assays. Molecular characterization using 16S rRNA and DNA gyrase genes identified these isolates as Bacillus velezensis . Chemical profiling using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, and selected compounds were subjected to in silico docking analysis with virulence-related proteins of R. solanacearum . Scanning electron microscopy of co-cultured broth indicated the predominance of B. velezensis cells and observable morphological alterations in Rs-TN-02. Under in vitro conditions, the isolates demonstrated multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including IAA, ammonia, HCN, and siderophore production, as well as phosphorus and zinc solubilization. In a glasshouse experiment, their combined application enhanced seed germination (97.33%), shoot length (37.9 cm) and root length (15.6 cm), and reduced bacterial wilt incidence by 88.13% compared with the untreated control. Treated plants showed enhanced defence enzyme activities and total phenol content. RT-qPCR analysis of selected defence-related genes indicated a positive transcriptional response with a 3.6-fold increase in NPR-1 expression. Overall, the study highlights the antagonistic, plant growth-promoting, and disease-suppressive attributes of B. velezensis isolates under controlled experimental conditions, supporting their potential inclusion in integrated and sustainable management strategies for tomato bacterial wilt, pending further field-level validation. • Bacillus velezensis isolates suppressed Ralstonia solanacearum Rs-TN-02 under in vitro conditions. • Co-culturing resulted in growth suppression and cellular alterations of Rs-TN-02 as observed by scanning electron microscopy. • B. velezensis exhibited hydrolytic enzyme activities and plant growth-promoting traits in vitro. • Combined application of B. velezensis isolates improved tomato growth and reduced wilt incidence under controlled conditions. • Defence enzyme activities and defence-related gene expression were enhanced following B. velezensis treatment.
Entomovectoring: a green technology for crop protection Venkatesan Deva Dharshini, Madapuji Rajagopalan Srinivasan, Vangili Ramasamy Saminathan, Marimuthu Murugan, Kathithachalam Angappan, Eswaran Kokiladevi, Kuppusamy Rameash, Rajkumar Promoth Kumar, Mohammad Ikram, Sankar Raman, Ramasamy Premika Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 2026
Exploring the bioactive potential of rhizospheric Streptomyces clavuligerus against Macrophomina phaseolina, an incitant of groundnut dry root rot disease Parameshwari PalaniArul, Angappan Kathithachalam, Karthikeyan Muthusamy, Harish Sankarasubramanian, Anandham Rangasamy, Manikanda Boopathi Narayanan, Jayakanthan Mannu, Murugan Marimuthu Microbial Pathogenesis, 2026 Dry root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is the most destructive soil-borne fungal disease that severely hampers groundnut production. This study investigated the multifaceted biocontrol and plant growth-promoting potential of rhizospheric Streptomyces spp., focusing on the strain Streptomyces clavuligerus GRS-8. In vitro dual culture assays revealed that GRS-8 exhibited the highest antifungal activity, inhibiting 76.50 % of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. The strain also produced key metabolites, including indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and hydrolytic enzymes, contributing to plant growth promotion and defense priming. In silico molecular docking identified quininone oxime as a potent bioactive compound with high binding affinity to five virulence-associated proteins of M. phaseolina. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the structural stability of the lipase-quininone oxime complex, supporting its potential as a fungal inhibitor. Under protected cultivation, the combined application of GRS-8 liquid formulation via seed treatment, basal application, and soil drenching significantly reduced dry root rot incidence by 73.10 % and enhanced the activity of host defense enzymes. These findings highlight the dualistic mechanism of S. clavuligerus GRS-8 involving direct antifungal action and host defense induction, underscoring its potential as a promising biocontrol agent for sustainable groundnut cultivation.
Omics-driven perspectives elucidate the biocontrol mechanisms of actinobacteria against phytopathogens Parameshwari PalaniArul, Angappan Kathithachalam, Karthikeyan Muthusamy, Harish Sankarasubramanian, Navarasu Sivaprakasam, Anandham Rangasamy, Manikanda Boopathi Narayanan, Jayakanthan Mannu Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2025 Actinobacteria are a source of prolific antimicrobial compounds with broad-spectrum biocontrol potential against phytopathogens. This review elucidates the antagonistic mechanisms of actinobacteria and highlights their antimicrobial activities through an integrated omics approach that encompasses genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Genomic mining has revealed diverse biosynthesis-related gene clusters responsible for the production of secondary metabolites such as polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, siderophores, and volatile organic compounds. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated the ability of actinobacteria especially Streptomycetes spp. to modulate host defense gene expression and suppress pathogen virulence factors. Metabolomic technology has identified novel bioactive compounds using Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry/ Mass-Spectrometry, whereas proteomics has enabled functional profiling of defense-related proteins, including polyketide synthases, chitinases, polyene macrolides, phenazine and regulatory proteins that disrupt the fungal membranes. Integration of omics strategies increases our knowledge of actinobacterial biocontrol mechanisms and facilitates the identification of effective strains to combat destructive phytopathogens. Unveiling microbial interactions and metabolite pathways through a multi-omics approach hastens the development of eco-friendly bioformulation(s). This review also highlights recent insights into actinobacteria-mediated plant disease management, and identification of antagonistic mechanisms of actinobacteria at the molecular level, and emphasizes the value of omics-driven discovery to develop eco-friendly formulations to combat the phytopathogens. • Comprehensive overview of actinobacteria as plant growth-promoting and biocontrol agents in sustainable agriculture. • Integrated multi-omics approaches connect genetic potential to metabolite production, elucidating molecular mechanisms of pathogen inhibition. • Case studies demonstrate successful omics-guided discovery of potent Streptomyces strains and metabolites.
Survival of Indian Honey Bee Apis Cerana indica Fabricius exposed to Microbial Control Agents: Insights into Its Pathogenicity and Toxicity under Varied Exposure Methods Venkatesan Deva Dharshini, Madapuji Rajagopalan Srinivasan, Vangili Ramasamy Saminathan, Marimuthu Murugan, Kathithachalam Angappan, Eswaran Kokiladevi, Kuppusamy Rameash, RajKumar Promoth Kumar, Mohammad Ikram Sociobiology, 2025 This study investigates the effects of commercially available entomopathogenic fungal formulations on the Indian honey bee Apis cerana indica Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae). A 10-day bioassay conducted under laboratory conditions used four methods (topical, spray, leaf dip, feeding) to evaluate the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Metarhizium sp. (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), and Lecanicillium sp. (Zimmermann) Zare & Gams (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on A. cerana indica at 5 × 108 conidia/ml. After exposure to fungal formulations via different methods, we recorded conidial acquisition by bees (4.36 × 104 – 21.08 × 104 conidia/bee). The mortality rates were significantly lower in the topical (6.58%), leaf dip (10.17%), spray (9.92%), and feeding (9.17%) exposure methods, indicating their nontoxicity (< 25% mortality) according to IOBC classification. Among the fungal formulations tested, Lecanicillium (93.25%) recorded significantly higher survival rates. Mycosis percentage (3.66 – 15%) was observed in the 10-day-old moribund bees. The lethal time (LT) estimates, viz., LT10 and LT25, were comparatively lower in the topical exposure method (LT10: 13.4 – 16.08 days, LT25: 17.08 – 19.68 days). However, the effects of entomopathogenic fungal formulations must be further confirmed under field conditions.
Plant microbiome for soil borne pathogen – current status and future challenges Samyuktha Dharshini Chandrasekaran, Angappan Kathithachalam, Johnson Iruthayasamy, Karthikeyan Muthusamy, Kalaiyarasi Ramachandran, Poorniammal Rajendran Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2025 The rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of plants are a collection of microorganisms simply called as the plant microbiome, essential to the health and protection of plants. Responses of plants to soil-borne diseases, which cause large-scale agricultural losses worldwide, are significantly impacted by this microbiome. According to recent study, there is a chance to confront these infections by using plant-associated microbiomes as an environmentally beneficial substitute for current chemical control methods. Examining the state of plant microbiome research in relation to managing soil-borne pathogens, this review highlights important discoveries and developments. It investigates the processes such as resource competition, antimicrobial synthesis, and stimulation of plant defense responses by which advantageous microorganisms give plants resistance. Notwithstanding encouraging outcomes, a number of obstacles stand in the way of using microbiome-based treatments in practical applications. These include the complicated nature of the relationships between microbes, the variation in the structure of the microbiome in various soils and environments, and the requirement for scalable and reliable application techniques. In order to overcome these obstacles, future studies must improve our knowledge of the dynamics of microbial communities, make use of cutting-edge genomic and metagenomic technologies, and combine sustainable farming methods with microbiome management techniques. This all encompassing strategy could transform disease control and improve food security worldwide.
Harnessing Purpureocillium lilacinum and its Metabolites for Sustainable Management of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii in Guava D Selvam, A Natarajan, S Narayanan, D Kandasamy, K Angappan, ... Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 103184 , 2026 2026
Entomovectoring: a green technology for crop protection V Deva Dharshini, MR Srinivasan, VR Saminathan, M Murugan, ... Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 133 (1), 12 , 2026 2026
Mushroom-derived antimicrobials–a source of eco-friendly antimicrobial compounds against phytopathogens S Dharani, G Thiribhuvanamala, K Angappan, N Swarnakumari, ... Journal of Plant Pathology 108 (1), 325-339 , 2026 2026 Citations: 3
Survival of Indian Honey Bee Apis Cerana indica Fabricius exposed to Microbial Control Agents: Insights into Its Pathogenicity and Toxicity under Varied Exposure Methods VD Dharshini, MR Srinivasan, VR Saminathan, M Murugan, K Angappan, ... Sociobiology 72 (4), e11698-e11698 , 2025 2025
Recombination, phylogenetic insights and co-existence dynamics of begomoviruses and satellite DNAs: implications for tomato viral disease management M Naveen, PS Shanmugam, R Srinivasan, M Shanthi, M Murugan, ... Molecular Biology Reports 52 (1), 390 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Developing Integrated Pest and Disease Management approaches for sustainable management of key insect pests and diseases of Lablab bean in Tamil Nadu, India. PS Shanmugam, M Murugan, M Shanthi, T Elaiyabharathi, K Angappan, ... Crop Protection, 107495 , 2025 2025
First report of tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus ( Begomovirus solanumgujaratense ) causing leaf curl disease on Xanthium strumarium in India M Naveen, PS Shanmugam, R Srinivasan, M Shanthi, M Murugan, ... Journal of Plant Pathology 107 (3), 1555-1556 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Identification and genomic characterization of a novel tomato leaf curl virus infecting Alternanthera ficoidea in Tamil Nadu, India M Naveen, PS Shanmugam, R Srinivasan, M Shanthi, M Murugan, ... Horizon E-Publishing Group , 2025 2025
Unraveling the pathogenic variations and untargeted metabolomic profiling of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii and Meloidogyne incognita infected … D Selvam, D Kandasamy, S Narayanan, K Angappan, S Karthikeyan, ... European Journal of Plant Pathology 172 (3), 475-491 , 2025 2025
Unveiling the ethnomedicinal mystery of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont.: a multi-dimensional exploration of morphological, molecular profiling and optimization of cultural and … KG Saravanan, G Thiribhuvanamala, T Praveen, K Angappan, N Revathy, ... Journal of Plant Pathology, 1-11 , 2025 2025
Integrated disease management strategies for sustainable tomato cultivation in bacterial wilt-endemic region of Tamil Nadu R Sheneka, K Angappan, M Karthikeyan, G Thiribhuvanamala, ... Horizon E-Publishing Group , 2025 2025
Nature’s protection: Harnessing essential oils for sustainable plant pathogen control P Lokesh, S Vanitha, K Angappan, S Jeyarani, G Ashokkumar 2025
Harnessing the multifaceted benefits of probiotics: A sustainable strategy to combat the post-harvest diseases inciting perishable products R Sheneka, K Angappan, G Thiribhuvanamala, M Karthikeyan, ... 2025
Harnessing the nutraceutical and antioxidant potential of the sporocarp of medicinal mushrooms, Schizophyllum commune Fr. M Roja, G Thiribhuvanamala, T Praveen, K Angappan, D Amirtham, ... PLANT SCIENCE , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Harnessing integrated disease management strategies to combat major tomato diseases and seasonal dynamics in Tamil Nadu P Parameshwari, M Karthikeyan, K Angappan, I Johnson 2025
Exploring genetic diversity in banana germplasm utilizing multivariate analysis for morphological and yield attributes P Jegan, S Saraswathy, I Muthuvel, J Rajangam, K Angappan, ... 2025
Wastewater Remediation via Actinomycetes: Current Trends and Future Prospects C Poornachandhra, TG Kannan, M Saratha, JE John, K Angappan Nature-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems, 285-302 , 2024 2024
Nanobiosensors for early detection of plant pathogens JN Vandana, PT Sharavanan, I Johnson, R Anandham, R Kalimuthu, ... Plant Science Today 27 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Advancements and challenges in onion phytopathogens management: A comprehensive review P Yazhini, K Angappan, M Karthikeyan, R Anandham, B Anita, M Nivedha Plant Science Today 11, 5064 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
First report of Curvularia lunata causing leaf blight on muskmelon (Cucumis melo) S Vanitha, M Kavitha, S Ragul, S Mohanapriya, K Angappan, BK Savitha, ... New Disease Reports 50 (2) , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Inheritance of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in inter and intra specific crosses of mungbean (Vigna radiata) M Sudha, A Karthikeyan, P Anusuya, NM Ganesh, M Pandiyan, N Senthil, ... American Journal of Plant Sciences 4 (10), 1924 , 2013 2013 Citations: 84
Screening of mungbean ( Vigna radiata ) germplasm for resistance to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus using agroinoculation M Sudha, A Karthikeyan, P Nagarajan, M Raveendran, N Senthil, ... Canadian journal of plant pathology 35 (3), 424-430 , 2013 2013 Citations: 67
Molecular studies on mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and ricebean ( Vigna umbellata (Thunb.)) interspecific hybridisation for Mungbean yellow mosaic virus … M Sudha, P Anusuya, NG Mahadev, A Karthikeyan, P Nagarajan, ... Archives of phytopathology and plant protection 46 (5), 503-517 , 2013 2013 Citations: 53
Molecular characterization of distinct YMV ( Yellow mosaic virus ) isolates affecting pulses in India with the aid of coat protein gene as a marker for identification R Maheshwari, G Panigrahi, K Angappan Molecular biology reports 41 (4), 2635-2644 , 2014 2014 Citations: 44
Search for Vigna species conferring resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus in mungbean M Sudha, A Karthikeyan, VG Shobhana, P Nagarajan, M Raveendran, ... Plant Genetic Resources 13 (2), 162-167 , 2015 2015 Citations: 36
Molecular studies on transmission of mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) by Bemisia tabaci Genn. in mungbean K Govindan, P Nagarajan, K Angappan Afr J Agril Res 9 (38), 2874-2879 , 2014 2014 Citations: 26
Evaluation of new banana hybrids against black leaf streak disease V Krishnamoorthy, N Kumar, K Angappan, K Soorianathasundaram InfoMusa 13 (1), 25-27 , 2004 2004 Citations: 22
Interactions of nematodes with the fungal Panama wilt disease of banana and its management K Poornima, K Angappan, R Kannan, N Kumar, M Kavino, TN Balamohan Nematologia Mediterranea , 2007 2007 Citations: 21
Evaluation of integrated pest and disease management combinations against major insect pests and diseases of tomato in Tamil Nadu, India SP Shanmugam, M Murugan, M Shanthi, T Elaiyabharathi, K Angappan, ... Horticulturae 10 (7), 766 , 2024 2024 Citations: 20
Growth response of different eco races of ERI silkworm reared on various castor genotypes G Swathiga, G Umapathy, KT Parthiban, K Angappan Entomol. Zool. J 7, 1406-1410 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Mass production technology for fungal antagonists and field evaluation R Jeyarajan, K Angappan Biological Control of Plant Diseases, Phytoparasitic Nematodes and Weeds (Ed … , 1998 1998 Citations: 17
Diseases of forest trees and their management S Parthasarathy, G Thiribhuvanamala, P Muthulakshmi, K Angappan CRC Press , 2021 2021 Citations: 14
In silico identification and validation of microRNAs from the genome of Solanum lycopersicum targeting Groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus M Nivedha, S Harish, K Angappan, G Karthikeyan, KK Kumar, M Murugan, ... Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 127, 102086 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Prevalence of mulberry root rot disease in Tamil Nadu P Rajeswari, K Angappan Int J Chem Stud 6 (3), 1573-1575 , 2018 2018 Citations: 11
Using SSR marker to identify the MYMV resistance gene in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] A Karthikeyan, M Sudha, P Nagrajan, M Pandiyan, M Raveendran, ... Rom. J. Biol.—Plant Biol 57, 105-113 , 2012 2012 Citations: 11
Screening of Banana bunchy top virus through multiplex PCR approach A Chandrasekar, K Kalaiponmani, S Elayabalan, KK Kumar, K Angappan, ... Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44 (19), 1920-1925 , 2011 2011 Citations: 11
Biological Control of Chickpea Dry Root Rot Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina (Tassi.) Gold K Angappan Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore , 1992 1992 Citations: 10
Nanobiosensors for early detection of plant pathogens JN Vandana, PT Sharavanan, I Johnson, R Anandham, R Kalimuthu, ... Plant Science Today 27 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus : a broad spectrum bio-agent against mulberry root rot pathogens M Saratha, K Angappan, S Karthikeyan, S Marimuthu, K Chozhan Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 32 (1), 33 , 2022 2022 Citations: 9
Exploration of antifungal metabolites of Aspergillus terreus (ENF12), an endophytic fungus isolated from mulberry (Morus Indica L.) leaf AM Joncy, K Angappan, S Nakkeeran, M Tilak, G Umapathy Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 38 (2), 1-15 , 2019 2019 Citations: 6