I received my Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Engineering from Kyoto University. My research focuses on building environmental engineering, particularly the growth and prevention of airborne algae—a type of bioaerosol—that cause façade soiling. I have quantified the relationships between physical environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, and the growth dynamics of airborne algae, in order to develop effective mitigation strategies. More recently, my work has expanded to the indoor environment, where I investigate the interactions between microbial communities and indoor physical conditions, aiming at quantitative assessment and control. In addition, I actively address moisture-related problems such as summer condensation in humid subtropical regions, and have organized symposia and professional training workshops in Okinawa to disseminate these findings.
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Architecture, Building and Construction, Civil and Structural Engineering
Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan Makoto Kokubo, Daisuke Ogura, Makiko Nakajima, Fumito Maruyama, So Fujiyoshi, et al. E3s Web of Conferences, 2023 Microorganisms in our living environment may affect human health. Microbial suppression by air cleaners and disinfecting agents may provide protection from pathogenic materials. However, excessive microbial suppression can negatively affect human health; thus, an appropriate level of microbiome control is beneficial. It is not well understood how physical environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, and human lifestyles and behaviors affect indoor microorganisms. To understand the relationship between physical environmental conditions and microbial communities in the human living environment, we measured temperature and relative humidity and collected microbial samples in modern and traditional Japanese houses. In this study, bacteria and fungi were the target microorganisms. In both houses, the DNA concentration of microorganisms on floor surfaces was high when the average relative humidity of the room was high. The same tendency was observed for the beam and pillar surfaces in the traditional house. Although more careful consideration is needed for some indoor surfaces, such as storage ceilings and air conditioner outlets, seasonal changes in relative humidity and DNA concentrations of microorganisms on indoor surfaces exhibit some correlation.
Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional japanese house with a thatched roof in kyoto, japan Makoto Kokubo, So Fujiyoshi, Daisuke Ogura, Makiko Nakajima, Ayako Fujieda, et al. Diversity, 2021 In our living environment, there are various microorganisms that are thought to affect human health. It is expected that excessive microbial suppression can have a negative effect on human health and that the appropriate control of the microbiome is beneficial to health. To understand how the physical environment, such as temperature and relative humidity, or housing itself affects the microbiome in a rural house, we measured temperature and humidity and collected microbial samples in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof. The relative humidity of outdoor air was over 60% most of the day throughout the year. Indoor and outdoor air temperature and humidity were closer to each other in summer than in winter. The DNA concentration of indoor surfaces correlated with the relative humidity, especially with the lowest annual relative humidity. In the thatched roof, outside surface relative humidity often reached 100%, and the occurrence of condensation can affect the DNA concentrations. A high percentage of archaea were detected in the house, which is not a common characteristic in houses. In addition, the microbial community was similar outdoors and indoors or in each room. These characteristics reflect the occupants’ behaviour, including opening the windows and partitions in summer. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct continuous surveys in various houses, including traditional and modern houses, in Japan.
Moisture Damage in Hot-Humid Buildings: Drying Deficit, Envelope Moisture Response, Mold Risk Assessment, and Building Adaptation M Nakajima Preprints , 2026 2026
Microbial Communities in Japanese residences: part 2 similarity of indoor air microbial communities and their environmental influences M Nakajima, T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, F Maruyama, J Noda Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 900-910 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Microbial communities in japanese residences: part 1 effects of housing type, indoor climate, and lifestyle on microbial community Y Yamamoto, D Ogura, T Akiyama, J Hou, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, ... Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 885-899 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 3 Relationship Between Eukaryotic and Bacterial Diversity in Indoor Air and Environmental Factors Y Yananose, J Hou, M Nakajima, T Akiyama, D Ogura, F Maruyama, ... Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 911-925 , 2025 2025
Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments J Hou, M Nakajima, Y Nishiuchi, D Ogura, A Teramoto, C Kuratomi, ... Environmental microbiome 20 (1), 114 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Proliferation on Water Uptake and Moisture Transfer Along the Longitudinal Direction M Nakajima, D Ogura, T Mori Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics: Proceedings of the 9th … , 2024 2024
Fungal Community and Diversity in a Frequently Ventilated Traditional and Modern Japanese House T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, ... International Association of Building Physics, 147-153 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Impact of Microstructure and Mycelium Proliferation on Water Uptake and Moisture Transfer Along the Longitudinal Direction of Wood H Saito, M Nakajima, D Ogura, T Mori, S Horisawa International Association of Building Physics, 297-302 , 2024 2024
Impact of Indoor Environmental Factors on Similarity of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities in Japanese Residences MN Eng, T Akiyama, DO Eng ASHRAE Transactions 130, 370-378 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Perspectives on sampling and new generation sequencing methods for low-biomass bioaerosols in atmospheric environments J Hou, S Fujiyoshi, IU Perera, Y Nishiuchi, M Nakajima, D Ogura, ... Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 103 (3), 687-697 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan M Kokubo, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, J Noda, ... E3S Web of Conferences 396, 01054 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof in Kyoto, Japan M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ... Diversity 13 (10), 475 , 2021 2021 Citations: 21
Airborne Algal growth on roofs of membrane-structured residences in cold area of Japan M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, T Matsushita Journal of Building Physics 45 (2), 113-147 , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
Relationship between the Microbiome and Indoor Temperature/Humidity in a Traditional Japanese House with a Thatched Roof in Kyoto, Japan. Diversity 2021, 13, 475 M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ... s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published … , 2021 2021
Measurement of airborne algal mortality rates due to heat shock treatment M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, C Miyake, S Wada, S Takada Building and Environment 183, 107123 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof in Kyoto, Japan M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ... Diversity 13 (10), 475 , 2021 2021 Citations: 21
Field survey of the relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on exterior walls M Nakajima, S Hokoi, D Ogura, C Iba Building and Environment 169, 106575 , 2020 2020 Citations: 18
Airborne Algal growth on roofs of membrane-structured residences in cold area of Japan M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, T Matsushita Journal of Building Physics 45 (2), 113-147 , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
Relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on the exterior walls of the Ninna-ji temple, Kyoto M Nakajima, S Hokoi, D Ogura, C Iba Energy Procedia 78, 1329-1334 , 2015 2015 Citations: 10
Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments J Hou, M Nakajima, Y Nishiuchi, D Ogura, A Teramoto, C Kuratomi, ... Environmental microbiome 20 (1), 114 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Perspectives on sampling and new generation sequencing methods for low-biomass bioaerosols in atmospheric environments J Hou, S Fujiyoshi, IU Perera, Y Nishiuchi, M Nakajima, D Ogura, ... Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 103 (3), 687-697 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Measurement of airborne algal mortality rates due to heat shock treatment M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, C Miyake, S Wada, S Takada Building and Environment 183, 107123 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
Microbial communities in japanese residences: part 1 effects of housing type, indoor climate, and lifestyle on microbial community Y Yamamoto, D Ogura, T Akiyama, J Hou, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, ... Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 885-899 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Fungal Community and Diversity in a Frequently Ventilated Traditional and Modern Japanese House T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, ... International Association of Building Physics, 147-153 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan M Kokubo, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, J Noda, ... E3S Web of Conferences 396, 01054 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Microbial Communities in Japanese residences: part 2 similarity of indoor air microbial communities and their environmental influences M Nakajima, T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, F Maruyama, J Noda Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 900-910 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Impact of Indoor Environmental Factors on Similarity of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities in Japanese Residences MN Eng, T Akiyama, DO Eng ASHRAE Transactions 130, 370-378 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1