Workflow for the Isolation and Characterisation of Human Milk Extracellular Vesicles (HMEVs) and Their Inflammatory Biomarker Profile Jose Luis Moreno‐Casillas, Laura Ripoll‐Seguer, Isabel Ten‐Doménech, Marta Gómez‐Ferrer, Pilar Sepúlveda, et al. Journal of Extracellular Biology, 2026 Human milk extracellular vesicles (HMEVs), secreted by mammary epithelial cells, are enriched in bioactive molecules that support intestinal epithelial integrity. Among these, oxylipins, that is, lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are gaining interest for their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions in breastfed infants. However, current workflows for oxylipin profiling in HMEVs often lack sensitivity or breadth, limiting mechanistic insights. This study presents an optimised workflow for comprehensive oxylipin profiling in HMEVs. HMEVs were isolated via size‐exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation, followed by characterisation using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Western blotting, Exoview immunocapture, tunable resistive pulse sensing and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of different pre‐analytical protocols on HMEV recovery was assessed. Cryolysis with liquid nitrogen was employed for vesicle lysis before targeted oxylipin quantification using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis of 10 human milk samples revealed 9,10‐DiHOME, 12,13‐DiHOME and 11,12‐EET as the most abundant oxylipins, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.7, 0.8 to 4.5 and 0.1 to 0.3 nM, respectively. This refined pipeline enables in‐depth oxylipin profiling in HMEVs and serves as a robust platform for future in vitro and in vivo investigations into EV‐mediated lipid signalling.
Extracellular vesicles from dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells modulate macrophage phenotype during acute and chronic cardiac inflammation in athymic nude rats with myocardial infarction Elena Amaro-Prellezo, Marta Gómez-Ferrer, Lusine Hakobyan, Imelda Ontoria-Oviedo, Esteban Peiró-Molina, et al. Inflammation and Regeneration, 2024 Background/aims Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSCs) are a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study is to determine whether MSC-EVs could promote a pro-resolving environment in the heart by modulating macrophage populations. Methods EVs derived from three independent biopsies of DP-MSCs (MSC-EVs) were isolated by tangential flow-filtration and size exclusion chromatography and were characterized by omics analyses. Biological processes associated with these molecules were analyzed using String and GeneCodis platforms. The immunomodulatory capacity of MSC-EVs to polarize macrophages towards a pro-resolving or M2-like phenotype was assessed by evaluating surface markers, cytokine production, and efferocytosis. The therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs was evaluated in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model in nude rats. Infarct size and the distribution of macrophage populations in the infarct area were evaluated 7 and 21 days after intramyocardial injection of MSC-EVs. Results Lipidomic, proteomic, and miRNA-seq analysis of MSC-EVs revealed their association with biological processes involved in tissue regeneration and regulation of the immune system, among others. MSC-EVs promoted the differentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophages towards a pro-resolving phenotype, as evidenced by increased expression of M2 markers and decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Administration of MSC-EVs in rats with AMI limited the extent of the infarcted area at 7 and 21 days post-infarction. MSC-EV treatment also reduced the number of pro-inflammatory macrophages within the infarct area, promoting the resolution of inflammation. Conclusion EVs derived from DP-MSCs exhibited similar characteristics at the omics level irrespective of the biopsy from which they were derived. All MSC-EVs exerted effective pro-resolving responses in a rat model of AMI, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammation associated with AMI.
Reliable assessment of carbon black nanomaterial of a variety of cell culture media for in vitro toxicity assays by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation Aaron Boughbina-Portolés, Lorenzo Sanjuan-Navarro, Lusine Hakobyan, Marta Gómez-Ferrer, Yolanda Moliner-Martínez, et al. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2023 Carbon black nanomaterial (CB-NM), as an industrial product with a large number of applications, poses a high risk of exposure, and its impact on health needs to be assessed. The most common testing platform for engineered (E)NMs is in vitro toxicity assessment, which requires prior ENM dispersion, stabilization, and characterization in cell culture media. Here, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to UV–Vis and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors in series was used for the study of CB dispersions in cell culture media, optimizing instrumental variables and working conditions. It was possible to disperse CB in a non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution due to the steric effect provided by surfactant molecules attached on the CB surface which prevented agglomeration. The protection provided by the surfactant or by culture media alone was insufficient to ensure good dispersion stability needed for carrying out in vitro toxicity studies. On the other hand, cell culture media in combination with the surfactant improved dispersion stability considerably, enabling the generation of shorter particles and a more favourable zeta potential magnitude, leading to greater stability due to electrostatic repulsion. It was demonstrated that the presence of amino acids in the culture media improved the monodisperse nature and stability of the CB dispersions, and resulted in a turn towards more negative zeta potential values when the pH was above the amino acid isoelectric point (IEP). Culture media used in real cell culture scenarios were also tested, and in vitro toxicity assays were developed optimizing the compatible amount of surfactant. Graphical abstract
Identification of omega-3 oxylipins in human milk-derived extracellular vesicles with pro-resolutive actions in gastrointestinal inflammation Marta Gómez-Ferrer, Elena Amaro-Prellezo, Abel Albiach-Delgado, Isabel Ten-Domenech, Julia Kuligowski, et al. Frontiers in Immunology, 2023 IntroductionPremature infants (PIs) are at risk of suffering necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and infants consuming human milk (HM) show a lower incidence than infants receiving formula. The composition of HM has been studied in depth, but the lipid content of HM-derived small extracellular vesicles (HM sEVs) remains unexplored. Identifying these molecules and their biological effects has potential for the treatment of intestinal disorders in PIs and could contribute to the development of HM-based fortified formulas.MethodsWe isolated HM sEVs from HM samples and analyzed their oxylipin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which revealed the presence of anti-inflammatory oxylipins. We then examined the efficacy of a mixture of these oxylipins in combating inflammation and fibrosis, in vitro and in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).ResultsHM-related sEVs contained higher concentrations of oxylipins derived from docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. Three anti-inflammatory oxylipins, 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and 19,20-DiHDPA (ω3 OXLP), demonstrated similar efficacy to HM sEVs in preventing cell injury, inducing re-epithelialization, mitigating fibrosis, and modulating immune responses. Both ω3 OXLP and HM sEVs effectively reduced inflammation in IBD-model mice, preventing colon shortening, infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue fibrosis.DiscussionIncorporating this unique cocktail of oxylipins into fortified milk formulas might reduce the risk of NEC in PIs and also provide immunological and neurodevelopmental support.
Hif-overexpression and pro-inflammatory priming in human mesenchymal stromal cells improves the healing properties of extracellular vesicles in experimental crohn’s disease Marta Gómez-Ferrer, Elena Amaro-Prellezo, Akaitz Dorronsoro, Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez, Ángeles Vicente, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021 Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several immune disorders, including ulcerative colitis, owing to their regenerative and immunosuppressive properties. We recently showed that MSCs engineered to overexpress hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and telomerase (MSC-T-HIF) and conditioned with pro-inflammatory stimuli release EVs (EVMSC-T-HIFC) with potent immunomodulatory activity. We tested the efficacy of EVMSC-T-HIFC to repolarize M1 macrophages (Mφ1) to M2-like macrophages (Mφ2-like) by analyzing surface markers and cytokines and performing functional assays in co-culture, including efferocytosis and T-cell proliferation. We also studied the capacity of EVMSC-T-HIFC to dampen the inflammatory response of activated endothelium and modulate fibrosis. Finally, we tested the therapeutic capacity of EVMSC-T-HIFC in an acute colitis model. EVMSC-T-HIFc induced the repolarization of monocytes from Mφ1 to an Mφ2-like phenotype, which was accompanied by reduced inflammatory cytokine release. EVMSC-T-HIFc-treated Mφ1 had similar effects of immunosuppression on activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as Mφ2, and reduced the adhesion of PBMCs to activated endothelium. EVMSC-T-HIFc also prevented myofibroblast differentiation of TGF-β-treated fibroblasts. Finally, administration of EVMSC-T-HIFc promoted healing in a TNBS-induced mouse colitis model in terms of preserving colon length and intestinal mucosa architecture and altering the ratio of Mφ1/ Mφ2 infiltration. In conclusion, EVMSC-T-HIFC have effective anti-inflammatory properties, making them potential therapeutic agents in cell free-based therapies for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and likely other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.