Evaluation of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 L-Band SAR Polarimetric Parameters for Water-Level Estimation in Irrigated Rice Paddy Fields Dandy Aditya Novresiandi, Khalifah Insan Nur Rahmi, Hilda Ayu Pratikasiwi, Rendi Handika, Masnita Indriani Oktavia, et al. Remote Sensing, 2026 Water-level monitoring in rice paddies supports sustainable farming, responsible water management, and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. SAR-based remote sensing is an effective alternative for estimating water levels, especially in regions where optical observations are limited. This study evaluates ten ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 L-band SAR-derived polarimetric parameters for their contribution and effectiveness in water-level estimation across rice-growing phases using random forest regression in the Subang District, which is one of the largest rice-yield areas in West Java, Indonesia. Overall, L-band polarimetric information is clearly related to water-level dynamics throughout the rice-growing cycle, confirming its strong potential for quantitative water-level retrieval. The highest estimation accuracy was achieved by integrating all polarimetric parameter groups (MAE = 1.37 cm, RMSE = 1.79 cm, R2 = 0.52, r = 0.73), indicating that no single group can adequately represent the complex scattering mechanisms governing water-level variability across an entire cropping season. Variable importance analysis shows a relatively uniform contribution (7.63–12.90%), suggesting synergies across parameters in water-level estimation. Phase-specific evaluation further reveals that Phase 2, corresponding to the vegetative-to-generative transition, is the optimal temporal window for L-band SAR-based water-level retrieval due to enhanced double-bounce scattering and reduced signal saturation. While Phase 2 data maximizes physical sensitivity and correlation, whole-phase modeling provides greater robustness and lower absolute errors, making it more suitable for L-band SAR-based operational water-level monitoring applications.
Consideration of cultural ecosystem service indicators in determining spatial zoning in urban spatial plans Iwan Aminto Ardi, Sri Rum Giyarsih, M. Rokhis Khomarudin E3s Web of Conferences, 2026 Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refer to the intangible advantages that individuals derive from ecosystems, which play a crucial role in enhancing both human well-being and the sustainability of urban areas. Although these services are vital, they are frequently difficult to measure and incorporate into conventional zoning practices within urban planning. This research explores a framework designed to systematically embed CES indicators—such as access to recreational opportunities, scores for aesthetic value, and density of cultural heritage—into the urban zoning decision-making process. Through a case study method, we present a technique for mapping and assessing the supply and demand of important CES categories, converting this information into spatial constraints and opportunities relevant to zoning regulations. The findings reveal that the integration of CES indicators leads to more multifunctional and equitable spatial plans, particularly concerning the distribution of green infrastructure and protected cultural areas. This research provides practical guidance for urban planners to move beyond traditional land-use criteria and embrace a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to spatial zoning.
Technical and Policy Analysis: Time Series of Land Subsidence for the Evaluation of the Jakarta Groundwater-Free Zone Joko Widodo, Edy Trihatmoko, Nugraheni Setyaningrum, Yuta Izumi, Rendi Handika, et al. Urban Science, 2025 Jakarta faces a critical challenge of extensive land subsidence, ranking prominently globally. This research employs a combined technical and policy evaluation approach to analyze the issue, incorporating sustainability considerations to assess the efficacy of Governor Regulation of Jakarta Number 93 of 2021, focusing on how the groundwater-free zone relates to land subsidence in the city. We processed 81 ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) with HH polarization from 2017 to 2022 and ground truthing with 255 global positioning system (GPS) real-time kinematic (RTK) validation points. Our findings reveal a significant misalignment in the designated groundwater-free zone in the central part of Jakarta. At the same time, severe land subsidence primarily affects northern and northwestern Jakarta, with an average land subsidence rate of 5–6 cm/year. We strongly advocate for a thorough evaluation to rectify and redefine the boundaries of groundwater-free zones, improve regulatory frameworks, and effectively address land subsidence mitigation in the study area. The impact of domestic water needs on land subsidence highlights the urgency of action. Based on a combination of land subsidence velocity rates and domestic water demand, we have classified the cities in Jakarta into three levels of recommendations for groundwater-free zones. The cities are ranked in order of priority from highest to lowest: (1) West Jakarta, (2) North Jakarta, (3) South Jakarta, (4) East Jakarta, and (5) Central Jakarta, which holds the lowest priority.
The impact of changes in the coastline and the rate of land subsidence on the expansion of the tidal flood area in Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia A E Endarsih, A Kurniasih, M R Khomarudin, Najib Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 The coast of Pekalongan City experience coastline declines and significant land subsidence, resulting in expansion of tidal floods throughout the period 2016-2022. This study aimed to determine the impact of coastline shifting and rate of land subsidence on the expansion of the tidal flood area in Pekalongan City. Coastline changes were analyzed using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method. In contrast, the land subsidence rate was analyzed using the Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR). The analysis of the tidal flood-inundated area was carried out using Sentinel-1A images from 2016, 2017, 2022, and 2023. From the results, it is known that the area affected by flooding in 2017 reached 269 hectares and in 2022 it expanded to 390 hectares. The area most affected by tidal flooding in both periods was Pekalongan Utara. The land subsidence rate analysis showed that Pekalongan Utara experienced the greatest decline throughout 2016-2022, an average of -5.34 cm/year. The value coastline shifting in this area shows that Bandengan Village experienced the furthest coastline decline, around -3.95 m/year. Due to erosion, areas previously protected by the coastline become more vulnerable to waves and tides, allowing tidal water to enter further inland.
Evaluation of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 L-Band SAR Polarimetric Parameters for Water-Level Estimation in Irrigated Rice Paddy Fields ND Aditya, RKI Nur, HA Pratikasiwi, H Rendi, OM Indriani, R Anisa, ... Remote Sensing 18 (9), 1313 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Detecting plant stress by oil pollution using spectral reflectance and chlorophyll content: laboratory insights and field applications TM Susantoro, G Nugroho, S Suliantara, HL Setiawan, S Sulma, ... International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1-26 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Land surface change detection after major volcanic eruptions in Indonesia using Machine learning and Spatial-Temporal transferability A Orynbaikyzy, I Santoso, M Rösch, S Martinis, RD Ismanto, Y Vetrita, ... International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 145 … , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Empirical models for estimating total chlorophyll content in sugarcane using hyperspectral reflectance and Sentinel-2 imagery G Nugroho, TM Susantoro, MR Khomarudin, DS Candra, A Maryanto, ... Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 11 (6), 446 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Precision in Flood Detection Across Varying Land Types over Two Sides of the Wallace Line M Priyatna, MR Khomarudin, SK Wijaya, GA Chulafak, G Nugroho, ... Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 53 (12), 4357-4371 , 2025 2025
The impact of changes in the coastline and the rate of land subsidence on the expansion of the tidal flood area in Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia AE Endarsih, A Kurniasih, MR Khomarudin, Najib IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1556 (1), 012010 , 2025 2025
Design and Implementation of GeoMIMO: a Geoinformatic Data Platform for Multi Inputs and Multi Outputs A Sutanto, A Sihombing, AF Rozie, A Arisal, A Indradjad, DD Domiri, ... 2025 International Conference on Computer, Control, Informatics and its … , 2025 2025
Technical and Policy Analysis: Time Series of Land Subsidence for the Evaluation of the Jakarta Groundwater-Free Zone J Widodo, E Trihatmoko, N Setyaningrum, Y Izumi, R Handika, M Ardha, ... Urban Science 9 (3), 67 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Analisis Perubahan Garis Pantai Menggunakan Digital Shoreline Analysis System untuk Mendukung Mitigasi Pesisir Kota Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah AE Endarsih, A Kurniasih, MR Khomarudin Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 26 (1), 019-030 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Observation and Geoinformation A Orynbaikyzy, I Santoso, M Rösch, S Martinis, RD Ismanto, Y Vetrita, ... International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 145 … , 2025 2025
Object-Based Slum Area Mapping using Multispectral and Textural Information O Roswintiarti, MR Khomarudin, R Jusuf, S Pramana 2024 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and Remote … , 2024 2024
Dynamic geo-visualization of urban land subsidence and land cover data using ps-insar and google earth engine (gee) for spatial planning assessment J Widodo, E Trihatmoko, MR Khomarudin, M Ardha, UC Nugroho, ... Urban Science 8 (4), 234 , 2024 2024 Citations: 8
Adaptive decision tree algorithm using remote sensing data to monitor waste disposal along Citarum River in West Java Province, Indonesia G Nugroho, M Ardha, UC Nugroho, MR Khomarudin, O Roswintiarti, ... 2024 IEEE International Conference on Aerospace Electronics and Remote … , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Evaluating Digital Elevation Model generation from Sentinel-1 SAR data in challenging tropical environments Z Zylshal, AA Bayanuddin, S Sartika, JI Pratiwi, A Setyoko, R Arief, ... Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 1-24 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
Machine learning-based local knowledge approach to mapping urban slums in Bandung City, Indonesia GA Chulafak, MR Khomarudin, O Roswintiarti, H Mehmood, G Nugroho, ... Urban Science 8 (4), 189 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
New Approach to Mapping Regional Vulnerability in Controlling Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia MH Herawati, A Hermawan, D Dasuki, H Supratikta, A Asyary, ... Kesmas 19 (5), 105-108 , 2024 2024
Geospatial Data Integration for the Flood Vulnerable Area Classification in Jratunseluna Watershed H Assaidi, MR Khomarudin, K Badron, AF Ismail, H Ramza Journal of Computer Networks, Architecture and High Performance Computing 6 … , 2024 2024
New Approach to Mapping Regional Vulnerability in Controlling Tuberculosis in Indonesia. M Holly Herawati, A Hermawan, H Supratikta, A Asyary, MR Khomarudin, ... Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 19 , 2024 2024
Improving the accuracy of mangrove forest mapping using sentinel image and developed classification algorithm based on machine learning AD Purwanto, K Wikantika, A Deliar, S Darmawan, AB Harto, ... Journal of Spatial Science 69 (3), 1019-1045 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Assessing space-based smoldering peatland in the tropics with atmospheric products from multi-sensor satellites P Sofan, GA Chulafak, F Yulianto, S Suwarsono, P Tonoto, I Prasasti, ... Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 10 (1), 465-481 , 2024 2024
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse TR Walter, M Haghshenas Haghighi, FM Schneider, D Coppola, ... Nature communications 10 (1), 4339 , 2019 2019 Citations: 206
Tsunami risk assessment in Indonesia G Strunz, J Post, K Zosseder, S Wegscheider, M Mück, T Riedlinger, ... Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11 (1), 67-82 , 2011 2011 Citations: 198
Analysis of the dynamics of land use change and its prediction based on the integration of remotely sensed data and CA-Markov model, in the upstream Citarum Watershed, West … F Yulianto, T Maulana, MR Khomarudin International Journal of Digital Earth , 2019 2019 Citations: 92
Long-wave infrared identification of smoldering peat fires in Indonesia with nighttime Landsat data CD Elvidge, M Zhizhin, FC Hsu, K Baugh, MR Khomarudin, Y Vetrita, ... Environmental Research Letters 10 (6), 065002 , 2015 2015 Citations: 74
Detecting areas affected by flood using multi-temporal ALOS PALSAR remotely sensed data in Karawang, West Java, Indonesia F Yulianto, P Sofan, A Zubaidah, KAD Sukowati, JM Pasaribu, ... Natural Hazards 77 (2), 959-985 , 2015 2015 Citations: 59
Evaluating accuracy of four MODIS-derived burned area products for tropical peatland and non-peatland fires Y Vetrita, MA Cochrane, Suwarsono, M Priyatna, KAD Sukowati, ... Environmental Research Letters 16 (3), 035015 , 2021 2021 Citations: 58
Extracting the damaging effects of the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia F Yulianto, P Sofan, MR Khomarudin, M Haidar Natural hazards 66 (2), 229-247 , 2013 2013 Citations: 35
Characteristics of tsunami fragility functions developed using different sources of damage data from the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami E Mas, R Paulik, K Pakoksung, B Adriano, L Moya, A Suppasri, A Muhari, ... Pure and Applied Geophysics 177 (6), 2437-2455 , 2020 2020 Citations: 34
Hazard analysis and estimation of people exposure as contribution to tsunami risk assessment in the west coast of Sumatra, the south coast of Java and Bali MR Khomarudin, G Strunz, R Ludwig, K Zoßeder, J Post, W Kongko, ... Zeitscrift fuer Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 54 (3), 337-356 , 2010 2010 Citations: 34
Analysis of the dynamics of coastal landform change based on the integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques: Implications for tidal flooding impact in Pekalongan, Central … F Yulianto, T Maulana, MR Khomarudin Quaestiones Geographicae 38 (3), 17-29 , 2019 2019 Citations: 27
Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse, Nat. Commun., 10, 4339 TR Walter, M Haghshenas Haghighi, FM Schneider, D Coppola, ... 2019 Citations: 27
Spatial-temporal dynamics land use/land cover change and flood hazard mapping in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia F Yulianto, UC Nugroho, NP Nugroho, W Sunarmodo, MR Khomarudin Quaestiones Geographicae 39 (1), 125-146 , 2020 2020 Citations: 26
Multi-temporal remote sensing data and spectral indices analysis for detection tropical rainforest degradation: case study in Kapuas Hulu and Sintang districts, West Kalimantan … P Sofan, Y Vetrita, F Yulianto, MR Khomarudin Natural Hazards 80 (2), 1279-1301 , 2016 2016 Citations: 23
The dynamics of shoreline change analysis based on the integration of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in Pekalongan coastal area, Central Java … F Yulianto, S Suwarsono, T Maulana, MR Khomarudin Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 6 (3), 1789 , 2019 2019 Citations: 22
Validasi hotspot MODIS di wilayah sumatera dan kalimantan berdasarkan data penginderaan jauh SPOT-4 tahun 2012 A Zubeidah, Y Vetrita, MR Khomarudin Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Dan Pengolahan Data Citra Digital 11 (1), 1-14 , 2014 2014 Citations: 20
Joint use of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 data for rapid mapping of volcanic eruption deposits in Southeast Asia A Orynbaikyzy, S Plank, Y Vetrita, S Martinis, I Santoso, RD Ismanto, ... International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 116 … , 2023 2023 Citations: 19
Spatial and temporal distribution of estimated surface runoff caused by land use/land cover changes in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. F Yulianto, MR Khomarudin, E Hermawan, N Pujinugroho, GA Chulafak, ... 2022 Citations: 19
Informasi Sebaran Titik Panas Berbasis WebGIS untuk Pemantauan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia T Hidayat, M Priyatna, A Sutanto, A Alkhudri, R Khomarudin Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 20 (1), 105-112 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Observing the inundated area using Landsat-8 multitemporal images and determination of flood-prone area in Bandung basin F Yulianto, S Sulma, MR Khomarudin International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences 15 (2), 131-140 , 2018 2018 Citations: 19