Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Drug Discovery
4
Scopus Publications
10
Scholar Citations
2
Scholar h-index
Scopus Publications
A Review of Pre-clinical Data on the Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella sativa) against Influenza Virus Infection Rajkapoor balasubramanian, Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, Arun Shanmugam, Harikrishnan Narayanaswamy Current Traditional Medicine, 2026 Background and Objective: Influenza is a respiratory virus, and certain patients with some chronic conditions and other risk factors are vulnerable to severe infection requiring hospitalizations and further fatal complications. Few antiviral drugs are approved for the management of patients with influenza infection. Since N. sativa supplementation significantly reduces all-cause mortality, improves viral clearance, and diminishes viral loads in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and other viruses, including hepatitis C virus, our review focuses on the antiviral efficacy of black seeds (N. sativa) against influenza viruses. Methods: The databases, including Medline/PMC/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists, were searched to identify relevant publications using keywords, such as Nigella sativa, black seeds, black cumin seeds, kalonji, and influenza virus. This review included only English publications, while duplicates were excluded. Results: Supplementation with N. sativa improved clinical symptoms, enhanced cytokine gene expression, suppressed H9N2 virus pathogenesis, increased antibody titers against the H9N2 influenza virus, significantly reduced mortality, decreased virus shedding, promoted weight gain, boosted both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and facilitated early viral clearance in several preclinical studies involving H9N2-infected turkeys. Furthermore, a number of preclinical and clinical investigations showed that N. sativa has antiviral properties against other viruses. Furthermore, N. sativa has several pharmacotherapeutic potentials, including antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities that may be helpful in the treatment of influenza virus infection, according to multiple meta-analyses. Additionally, N. sativa's pharmacological properties, including its antihistaminic, bronchodilatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer properties, may help to alleviate the signs, symptoms, and complications associated with influenza virus infection. Conclusion: To prevent further complications, patients at higher risk of developing complications from influenza virus infection could be managed with specific antivirals and black seeds (N. sativa) as adjunctive therapy in the early stages of infection. Future clinical studies would establish the effectiveness of black seeds (N. sativa) against influenza infection.
Review of the current clinical and preclinical evidence pertaining to the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds (Nigella sativa) Rajkapoor Balasubramanian, Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, Arun Shanmugam Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, 2025 Humans and other vertebrates are safeguarded from invading pathogenic microbes by the immune system. Black seed, scientifically known as Nigella sativa, has garnered attention for its potential immunomodulatory effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate and analyze the existing body of evidence surrounding the immunological impact of black seeds. In this review, we analyze the immunomodulatory potentials of black seeds (N. sativa). For the purpose of finding pertinent publications, the literatures was searched in web-based databases, including Web of Science, Medline/PMC/PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists. Several clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies have demonstrated that supplementation with black seeds (N. sativa) has potential immunomodulatory activity. Black seeds (N. sativa) may influence immune responses through a variety of mechanisms. By synthesizing and critically assessing the current state of knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic uses and future research directions for harnessing the immunological benefits of this natural remedy.
A Review of Potentials of Carica Papaya Leaves in Dengue Viral Infection - Insights of Clinical and Preclinical Studies Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian, Arun Shanmugam, Mirunalini Gobinath, Mohamed Harshath Jahir Hussain Drug Research, 2025 One of the most widespread arboviral diseases in the world, dengue virus disease (DVD) is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting 129 countries. The main way that the dengue virus (DENV) spreads is through the bite of a female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptomatic therapy and supportive care are the primary methods of managing patients with DENV infection as there is currently no approved antiviral medication for this condition. Since the guidelines from the AYUSH Ministry, Government of India, recommend 10 ml of carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) twice daily for seven days, to treat dengue fever clinically, we plan to review the potential of carica papaya in managing DENV infection.Using terms like dengue, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome, and carica papaya, the literature was searched in databases like Medline/PubMed Central/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, Directory of open access journals (DOAJ), and reference lists to find articles relevant to the clinical, in-vivo, in-vitro, and in-silico studies evaluating the efficacy of carica papaya in the management of dengue viral infection. This review included English-language publications that supported the use of carica papaya in the treatment of dengue fever, but it excluded publications that were duplicates.Numerous preclinical and clinical investigations, such as in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico studies, have identified carica papaya's anti-dengue potential. The pleiotropic effects of carica papaya, including its anti-thrombocytopenic activity, immunomodulatory effects, and larvicidal property against the Aedes aegypti mosquito species, have also been confirmed by numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies. These effects can help patients with dengue fever by elevating their platelet count and alleviating other symptoms.To hasten recovery and reduce hospital stays, patients with DENV infection may take carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in addition to supportive care and symptomatic treatment. Additional randomized controlled clinical trials would be necessary to confirm the safety and effectiveness of CPLE in patients with DENV infection.
A Narrative Review on the Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) in the Management of West Nile Virus Infection Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian, Arun Shanmugam Current Nutrition and Food Science, 2024 West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne illness that is endemic to Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and Europe. WNV-infected individuals can only be managed with symptomatic therapy and supportive care at this point of time. Thus, we have analyzed the possible beneficial effects of black seeds (N. sativa) in this literature review. To find relevant articles, various online databases, such as the Web of Science, Medline, PMC, PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists were searched. The antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of black seeds (N. sativa) have been established by numerous clinical, animal, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. It has been found that black seeds (N. sativa) have the potential to be included as adjuvant therapy in addition to symptomatic treatment and supportive care in the early stages of WNV infection once randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) affirm the safety and efficacy of black seeds (N. sativa) in WNV infection management as they have been considered the gold standard of treatment in clinical studies.
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
An Overview of Evidence-Based Guidelines for Antibiotic Treatment and Prevention in Odontogenic Infections-Current Clinical Perspectives NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, MN Sirajudeen, R Nabi, ... Infectious disorders drug targets , 2026 2026
A Review of Pre-clinical Data on the Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Black Seeds ( Nigella sativa ) against Influenza Virus Infection R Balasubramanian, NMP Maideen, A Shanmugam, N Harikrishnan Current Traditional Medicine 12 (1), E22150838352681 , 2026 2026
Review of the current clinical and preclinical evidence pertaining to the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds (Nigella sativa) R Balasubramanian, NMP Maideen, A Shanmugam Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine 5 (1), 46-56 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
A Review of Potentials of Carica Papaya Leaves in Dengue Viral Infection–Insights of Clinical and Preclinical Studies NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam, M Gobinath, ... Drug Research 75 (02), 49-59 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Pseudoephedrine-Induced Risks of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam, M Gobinath, ... Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 16 (04), 142-148 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
A Narrative Review on the Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) in the Management of West Nile Virus Infection NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam Current Nutrition & Food Science 20 (8), 908-913 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
The Prevalence of Psychiatric and Behavioral Comorbid Among Autistic adults A Shanmugam Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 21 (2), 501-507 , 2024 2024
NONINVASIVE URINE GLUCOSE DETECTION DEVICE DS Kumar, MSA Begum, SG Waghmare, A Shanmugam, MA Jain, ... IN Patent 416710-001 , 2024 2024
Exploring the Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Prunella Vulgaris Extract: A Comprehensive Biochemical and Mechanistic Investigation in Thioacetamide Liver Injury … V Venkatesan, VK Kumar, A Shanmugam, A Paria, I Singh, S Sarkhel, ... NATURALISTA CAMPANO 28 (1), 2354-2363 , 2024 2024
Histopathological studies and Cellular changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in tertiary care Hospital in India SK TalluriRameshwari KR, Nazia Khan, Vikas Malgotra, Ritik Kashwani, Arun ... African Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (5), 308-320 , 2024 2024
An Assessment Of Awareness And Attitude Of Pharmacy Students Toward Experiential Learning A Kannan, K Venkatesan, V Soundharrajan, V Venkatesan, ... 2024
Assessment of Awareness about Diabetes Related Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetes Patients-A Prospective Study A Shanmugam, KR Kumar, C Jose Latin American Journal of Pharmacy: A Life Science Journal 42 (6), 1-8 , 2023 2023
Journal of Population Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology K Ganesan, K Shanmugam, R Murugan, S Rajagopal, SS Palaniyappa, ... 2023
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Pseudoephedrine-Induced Risks of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam, M Gobinath, ... Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 16 (04), 142-148 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
A Review of Potentials of Carica Papaya Leaves in Dengue Viral Infection–Insights of Clinical and Preclinical Studies NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam, M Gobinath, ... Drug Research 75 (02), 49-59 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
A Narrative Review on the Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) in the Management of West Nile Virus Infection NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, A Shanmugam Current Nutrition & Food Science 20 (8), 908-913 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Review of the current clinical and preclinical evidence pertaining to the immunomodulatory effects of black seeds (Nigella sativa) R Balasubramanian, NMP Maideen, A Shanmugam Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine 5 (1), 46-56 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
An Overview of Evidence-Based Guidelines for Antibiotic Treatment and Prevention in Odontogenic Infections-Current Clinical Perspectives NMP Maideen, R Balasubramanian, MN Sirajudeen, R Nabi, ... Infectious disorders drug targets , 2026 2026
A Review of Pre-clinical Data on the Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Black Seeds ( Nigella sativa ) against Influenza Virus Infection R Balasubramanian, NMP Maideen, A Shanmugam, N Harikrishnan Current Traditional Medicine 12 (1), E22150838352681 , 2026 2026
The Prevalence of Psychiatric and Behavioral Comorbid Among Autistic adults A Shanmugam Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 21 (2), 501-507 , 2024 2024
NONINVASIVE URINE GLUCOSE DETECTION DEVICE DS Kumar, MSA Begum, SG Waghmare, A Shanmugam, MA Jain, ... IN Patent 416710-001 , 2024 2024
Exploring the Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Prunella Vulgaris Extract: A Comprehensive Biochemical and Mechanistic Investigation in Thioacetamide Liver Injury … V Venkatesan, VK Kumar, A Shanmugam, A Paria, I Singh, S Sarkhel, ... NATURALISTA CAMPANO 28 (1), 2354-2363 , 2024 2024
Histopathological studies and Cellular changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in tertiary care Hospital in India SK TalluriRameshwari KR, Nazia Khan, Vikas Malgotra, Ritik Kashwani, Arun ... African Journal of Biological Sciences 6 (5), 308-320 , 2024 2024
An Assessment Of Awareness And Attitude Of Pharmacy Students Toward Experiential Learning A Kannan, K Venkatesan, V Soundharrajan, V Venkatesan, ... 2024
Assessment of Awareness about Diabetes Related Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetes Patients-A Prospective Study A Shanmugam, KR Kumar, C Jose Latin American Journal of Pharmacy: A Life Science Journal 42 (6), 1-8 , 2023 2023
Journal of Population Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology K Ganesan, K Shanmugam, R Murugan, S Rajagopal, SS Palaniyappa, ... 2023
