Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale
@funaab.edu.ng
Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Multidisciplinary, Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Abdullahi O. Sanni, Annelize Jonker, Vincent Were, Olubunmi G. Fasanmi, Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale, Aminu Shittu, Abdurrahman H. Jibril, and Folorunso O. Fasina
Elsevier BV
O. O. Adebowale, A. B. Jimoh, O. O. Adebayo, A. A. Alamu, A. I. Adeleye, O. G. Fasanmi, M. Olasoju, P. O. Olagunju, and F. O. Fasina
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractThis study investigated various qualitative and quantitative indices of antimicrobial use (AMU) in companion animals (CAs) at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH-A) and its annex (VTH- B) from 2019 to 2021. For 694 documented animals, antimicrobial administrations (AADs) were 5, 278 times, of which 98.8% (5217) and 1.2% (61) were in dogs and cats respectively. At the VTH- A, oxytetracycline (1185 times, 22.5%) was mostly administered in dogs and metronidazole (26 times, 0.5%) in cats. Similarly, at VTH- B, oxytetracycline was administered 895 times (17.0%) in dogs while amoxicillin was given 7 times (0.1%) in cats. The prescription diversity (PD) was estimated at 0.73 and 0.82 in VTH-A and VTH-B respectively. The quantity of antimicrobials (AMs) used was 10.1 kg (A, 6.2 kg and B, 3.9 kg). Oxytetracycline administrations and quantity of metronidazole (P < 0.0001) were higher than other Active Ingredients (AIs). Furthermore, 16.5% of AIs were classified as Critically Important Antibiotics (CIA) with the highest priority, while enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin fell under the World Health Organisation (WHO) Watch group. The In-Depth Interview (IDI) indicated that the high frequency of oxytetracycline administrations was linked with being the first choice for blood parasite treatment by the clinicians at the hospital. The quantity of metronidazole used was perceived to be higher due to the clinicians' preference for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis, its wider dose range, and the frequency of administration (bi-daily). The study provides baseline data on AMU indices in CAs, for the development of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and communication training, and policy modifications to enhance antimicrobial therapy optimization in tertiary veterinary hospital care in Nigeria.
Dauda G. Bwala, Olutosin A. Otekunrin, Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale, Modupe M. Fasina, Ismail A. Odetokun, and Folorunso O. Fasina
MDPI AG
The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.
Olalekan Chris Akinsulie, Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Adetolase Bakre, Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, Richard Adeleke, Seto Charles Ogunleye, and Ifeoluwa Peace Oladapo
Frontiers Media SA
Usutu virus (USUV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the flaviviridae family (genus Flavivirus) which belong to the Japanese encephalitis virus complex. Culex mosquitoes have been implicated in the transmission of this pathogen. The major susceptible hosts of USUV are migratory birds, thereby potentiating its ability to spread from one region to another globally. Nigeria has the largest economy in Africa with a significant percentage of the gross domestic product relying on the agricultural and animal production industry. This review explores the zoonotic potentials of the virus in Africa, especially Nigeria, with special focus on the devastating sequelae this might lead to in the future if necessary precautionary policies are not enacted and adopted to bolster the surveillance system for mosquito-borne viruses.
Olubukola Adenubi, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Oluwatodimu Adekoya, FOLUKE AKANDE, Adenike Adeleye, Folashade Makinde, Olufunke Ola-Davies, and Johnny Olukunle
Egypts Presidential Specialized Council for Education and Scientific Research
HELMINTHOSIS still a neglected disease, especially in developing countries, in spite of its economic and public health importance. A ten-year retrospective study on confirmed canine helminthosis cases presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria was conducted. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize animal signalment, infection severity, anthelminthic usage pattern and outcome. Relationships between dog/owner’s profiles with the presence/absence of helminthic infection were determined using Pearson’s and Wald Chi square and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Total number of case records was ninety-five; forty-five males and fifty females, ages ranged between 1 month to 9 years, with complete data and confirmed laboratory diagnosis were reviewed. At the univariate level, the odds of having helminths increased twice (COR = 2.172, 95% CI; 0.850 – 5.504, p=0.098) in exotic breeds than indigenous ones. Likewise, the odds of infection in dogs owned by clients with high economic status increased almost three times (COR = 2.696, 95% CI; 0.966 – 7.524, p=0.053) than those with low economic status. At multivariate level, the odds of helminthosis being present in dogs significantly reduced in dogs above 5 months of age (AOR = 0.219, 95% CI; 0. 071 – 0.681, p=0.009). This study highlights associated clinical signs, variations in anthelminthic therapy, outcome, and the predisposing factors to resistance. Standardized approaches for collection, assessment, and risk management of helminthosis is needed.
Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Olufemi Amoo, Kayode Afolabi, and Abimbola Oloye
ScopeMed
Objective: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most important causative agents of swine diseases that pose a global economic threat. Presently, there is little or no information on the perception and awareness of PCV2 and its associated effects among pig farmers in Nigeria. Therefore, this research was carried out to describe pig farmers’ views, awareness, and likely impact of PCV2 and its associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) on pig production in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of pig farmers in Oyo and Ogun states, Southwest Nigeria, was carried out with the help of a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 111 farms out of the 385 required took part in the study, resulting in a total response rate of 28.8%. 89 (79.2%, 95% CI = 70.8–85.8) pig farmers who participated were unaware of PCV2, while 46 (41.4%, 95% CI = 32.7–50.7) had heard about PMWS. The level of awareness was generally poor, with an average score of 1.43 (SD ± 1.25; 23.9%). Only 23% (25/111) of the participants had a high level of awareness. To promote awareness about PCV2/PMWS, participants’ most preferred sources of information were seminars, extension services (especially by veterinary and agricultural extension officers), social media (WhatsApp and YouTube), and mobile telephone (through calls or text messages). Conclusions: The present study showed a gap in the level of farmers’ awareness about PCV2/ PMWS, and to bridge the gap, more scientific-based evidence is needed to promote targeted educational programs and policy formulations. Also, with the dearth of information about PCV2, it is necessary to determine its prevalence and the characteristics of the virus possibly circulating within the swine herds in Nigeria.
Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Motunrayo Makanjuola, Noah Bankole, Mary Olasoju, Aderonke Alamu, Eniola Kperegbeyi, Oladotun Oladejo, Olubunmi Fasanmi, Olanike Adeyemo, and Folorunso O. Fasina
MDPI AG
Live bird markets (LBM) remain a critical link from farm to fork in the poultry value chain, which oftentimes promotes indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed biosecurity practices, AMU, and associated these with multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli in LBMs in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A cross-sectional survey among live bird sellers (LBS) in eight LBMs was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also, cloacal samples (n = 200) were randomly collected and pooled for bacteriological detection of MDR E. coli in live chickens of consenting LBS. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials belonging to 6 different classes was determined using the disk diffusion method. Biosecurity level and AMU were generally low. LBS less than 46 years were 6.8- fold more likely to fall within the poor biosecurity level (Crudes odds ratio = 6.8; 95% CI; 1.20–38.56; p = 0.03) than others. An informal or primary school education increased the odds of having a poor practice of AMU by 15.1 folds (Crudes odds ratio = 15.1; 95% CI; 2.73–84.18; p = 0.002) than those with secondary or tertiary. The prevalence of E. coli and MDR E. coli at the LBM level were 80% and 56.3%, respectively. Extremely high resistance rates were observed for ceftazidime (96.9%) and imipenem (90.6%). The odds of MDR E. coli increased eight-fold in poultry kept by LBS who use AMs as prophylaxis. This current data could be useful for the development of targeted behavioral risk communication and mitigation strategies for AMR to impede the potential horizontal transfer of AMR genes to humans through animal-sourced food.
Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan, Charity Ashe'osla Agada, Joseph Akwoba Ogugua, Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Peter Ibukunoluwa Alabi, and Ibikunle Mark Akanbi
Pan African Medical Journal
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, Olugbemiga Ekundayo, Mary Olasoju, Oladotun Oladipo Oladejo, and Ayomikun Abayomi Awoseyi
CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Developpement)
Slaughterhouses are certified premises where animals are slaughtered and inspected to ensure meats are wholesome and safe for public consumption. To determine the common zoonoses encountered in a municipal slaughterhouse of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, a three-year retrospective study was conducted (2014–2016). During the review of slaughterhouse records, the overall throughput of cattle slaughtered was 146,794 (4077.6 ± 413.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3923.3–4206.7). Female animal slaughtering outweighed male ones at 5:1 ratio (p < 0.0001). The highest number of cattle were slaughtered in December 2014, December 2015, and August 2016. Of all the total cattle slaughtered, the overall observed prevalences for bovine tuberculosis (BTB), hydatidosis and fasciolosis were estimated as 9514 (6.5%, 264.3 ± 81.7; 95% CI 236.6–291.9), 1851 (1.3%, 55.8 ± 17.3; 95% CI 49.9–61.6) and 845 (0.6%, median = 19.0; 95% CI 18.7–28.3), respectively. On average the highest number of BTB cases was reported in February-March, it declined slightly in October and increased again in November. Similarly, the highest numbers of hydatidosis and fasciolosis were observed in March and February, respectively. A significant (p = 0.02) mean variation of cases of BTB was found across the period and it was higher (p = 0.03) during the wet/rainy season in 2015. Our results emphasized the need to promote coordinated active surveillance for zoonoses detection and mitigation to ensure food safety at farm and slaughterhouse levels. Adequate record keeping for specific organ/meat/carcass condemnation is crucial at postmortem, as this represents a significant loss of animal proteins and revenues. Such data can be used for informed policy to intensify reduction in economic loss associated with animal diseases.
Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi, Oluwatoyin Agbalu, Olajumoke Ramot Oladipupo, Oluwawemimo Oluwaseun Adebowale, Olugbenga Olusegun Kehinde, Femi Oyebade Awoyomi, and Opeyemi Oluwaseun Tope-Ajayi
CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Developpement)
This study was carried out on the spatial distribution, characterization and biosecurity assessment of pig farms in some local government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire. Spatial autocorrelation was used to show relations between pig farms’ locations and biosecurity measures. A scoring system ranging from 0 to 1 was developed from the biosecurity measures retained. A biosecurity measure was scored 1 if present, 0 if absent. The measures were divided into two categories: bioexclusion and biomanagement/biocontainment. The total score of each measure was obtained by summing all scores from each farm. One hundred pig farms were surveyed. The average number of years since farm establishment was 7.32 ± 5.19 years, farms were confined, mostly small scaled (81.0%), with an average herd size of 58.9 ± 99.40, and 1.8 ± 1.52 farm workers. The distribution of pig farms with different biosecurity levels was significant (p = 0.002) and leaned toward a clustered scenario with a Moran’s index of 0.27, z score of 3.18. Out of a maximum obtainable score of 100 for each measure, ‘prophylactic herd treatment’ and ‘cleaning done daily’ had scores higher than 80. On the other hand, ‘absence of rodents, wild birds and stray animals on the farm’, ‘workers mandated use of clean and disinfected protective clothing before entering the farm’ and ‘vehicle disinfected at the entrance of the farm’ had scores lower than 5. The mean scores for bioexclusion and biomanagement/biocontainment were 21.42 ± 18.07 and 49.83 ± 25.07, respectively. The overall biosecurity score of 35.63 ± 25.84 was significantly associated with herd size, number of years since farm establishment, and owners’ education levels. In order to ensure sustainable productivity and prevent disease outbreak, pig farmers must give the utmost importance to biosecurity.
Terese G. Orum, Olayinka O. Ishola, and Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale
AOSIS
Background: Salmonella species are among the major foodborne pathogens causing diseases of economic and public health implications in poultry and humans globally.Objective: This study aimed to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from chickens in poultry farms in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria.Methods: Cloacal swab samples (n = 360) were obtained from chickens randomly selected from 10 poultry farms in five local government areas of Ibadan, Oyo State, from 04 April 2018 to 20 November 2018. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using established protocols. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-squared test at P ≤ 0.05 significance level.Results: The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 21.4%. There were statistically significant associations between Salmonella prevalence and the farm location (p = 0.003), age of chickens (p 0.001), and health status of chickens (p 0.001). All Salmonella isolates (n = 77; 100.0%) were resistant to cefuroxime. The isolates were also highly resistant to cotrimoxazole (n = 74; 96.1%), chloramphenicol (n = 73; 94.8%), meropenem (n = 72; 93.5%), gentamicin (n = 69; 89.6%), and tetracycline (n = 64; 83.1%).Conclusion: The presence of drug-resistant Salmonella in commercial layer chickens in Ibadan is a potential threat to consumer health as it increases the risk of carcass contamination and pathogen propagation, and limits the options to control and treat infections in humans and animals. Well-integrated national surveillance systems for monitoring Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in poultry are critical.
Babafela B. Awosile, Michael Agbaje, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Olugbenga Kehinde, and Ezekiel Omoshaba
AOSIS
Background: Beta-lactamase genes are one of the most important groups of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of this group of resistance genes is needed for a better understanding of the local epidemiology within a country and global dissemination.Aim: This review was carried out to identify different beta-lactamase resistance genes reported in published literature from Nigeria.Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on eligible Nigerian articles retrieved from electronic literature searches of PubMed®, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar published between January 1990 and December 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adopted to facilitate clarity and transparency in reporting review findings.Results: Fifty-seven articles were included. All beta-lactamases reported were detected from Gram-negative bacteria, particularly from Enterobacteriaceae. Thirty-six different beta-lactamase genes were reported in Nigeria. These genes belong to the narrow-spectrum, AmpC, extended-spectrum and carbapenemase beta-lactamase resistance genes. The pooled proportion estimate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Nigeria was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26% – 36%, p 0.0001), while the estimate of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Nigeria was 46% (95% CI: 36% – 57%, p 0.0001). The proportion estimate of AmpC genes was 32% (95% CI: 11% – 52%, p 0.001), while the estimate for carbapenemases was 8% (95% CI: 5% – 12%, p 0.001).Conclusion: This study provides information on beta-lactamase distribution in Nigeria. This is necessary for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Nigeria.
Mary Idowu Olasoju, Taiwo Israel Olasoju, Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, and Victoria Olusola Adetunji
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Objectives Antibiotics are important for improving animal health and production. However, the deposition of its residues in food of animal origin intended for human consumption at non-permissible levels has generated global health concern and the need to tackle this using the “One Health Approach”. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of 286 cattle handlers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods A web-based cross sectional online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted from November to December, 2019. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed at 95% confidence interval to determine predictors of good knowledge and practices towards Antibiotic Residues in Meat and Milk among cattle handlers. Results This study revealed that majority (52.7% n = 165/286) of the cattle handlers were not aware of antibiotic residues. Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic residues were generally poor among the study population; 36.7% and 35.5% had satisfactory knowledge and practice respectively. The age (p = 0.026), gender (p = 0.006) and business duration (p = 0.001) of participants were significantly associated with their knowledge of antimicrobial residues. The effect of education on knowledge was modified by age. The odds of having poor knowledge on antibiotic residues increased 4 times among participants who were ≤40 years old than those above 40 years (Stratum Specific OR = 3.65; CI = 1.2, 11.1; p = 0.026). Knowledge levels of participants were statistically associated with their practice levels p<0.05 (OR = 2.43; CI = 1.45. 4.06; p = 0.0006). Conclusion This implies that poor knowledge is a risk factor to having poor practice among cattle handlers. Deliberate efforts towards educating cattle farmers on best farm practices in antibiotic use would prevent antibiotic residues in meat and milk. Also, an effective surveillance system for monitoring the use of veterinary drugs in Kwara State, Nigeria is crucial.
Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Motunrayo Makanjuola, Noah Bankole, Adeyemo Olanike, Ayomikun Awoseyi, and Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Abstract The development of an antimicrobial stewardship plan (AMSP) for live bird sellers (LBS) requires an understanding of the current biosecurity status, antimicrobial use (AMU) and the practices involved in live bird selling (e.g., drivers, sellers, etc.) which is a direct source of poultry meat for human consumption. Seven Live Bird Markets (LBMs) within Abeokuta, Ogun State were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on LBMs characteristics, LBS demographics, biosecurity, and AMU practices, awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), as well as preferred channels of information on antimicrobial stewardship were gathered. A total of 40 consenting LBS with 82.5% female and 17.5% male participants were included in the study. The participants’ mean age was 45.3 years (SD±11.9, range: 23-70 years). Laying hens, broilers, and cockerels were the main poultry types sold by LBS. Antimicrobials (AMs) were used for growth promotion (57.5%), therapeutic (40.0%), and prophylactic (2.5%) purposes. Tetracycline, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently used AMs. The majority of the participants (90.0%) have treated birds based on their empirical experience, with little or no inputs from veterinarians. Biosecurity and AMU practices were generally low (54.0% and 34.0%, respectively). The contact with veterinarians was associated with satisfactory biosecurity practices (p=0.049). No significant factors were found to be linked with AMU. This study has provided recent evidence-based data on practices in poultry management among LBS in Abeokuta, Ogun state. The findings would be useful for policy decisions and the development of AMSP on prudent AMU among LBS.
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, Olubukola Tolulope Adenubi, Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan, Abimbola Adetokunbo Oloye, Noah Olumide Bankole, Oladotun Ebenezer Fadipe, Patience Oluwatoyin Ayo-Ajayi, and Adebayo Koyuum Akinloye
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic with an increasing public health concern. Due to the non-availability of a vaccine against the disease, non-pharmaceutical interventions constitute major preventive and control measures. However, inadequate knowledge about the disease and poor perception might limit compliance. This study examined COVID-19-related knowledge, practices, perceptions and associated factors amongst undergraduate veterinary medical students in Nigeria. A cross-sectional web survey was employed to collect data from 437 consenting respondents using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire (August 2020). Demographic factors associated with the knowledge and adoption of recommended preventive practices towards COVID-19 were explored using multivariate logistic regression at P ≤ 0.05. The respondents’ mean knowledge and practice scores were 22.7 (SD ± 3.0) and 24.1 (SD ± 2.9), respectively with overall 63.4% and 88.8% displaying good knowledge and satisfactory practice levels. However, relatively lower proportions showed adherence to avoid touching face or nose (19.5%), face mask-wearing (58.1%), and social distancing (57.4%). Being in the 6th year of study (OR = 3.18, 95%CI: 1.62–6.26, P = 0.001) and female (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.11–4.41, P = 0.024) were significant positive predictors of good knowledge and satisfactory practices, respectively. While only 30% of the respondents perceived the pandemic as a scam or a disease of the elites (24.0%), the respondents were worried about their academics being affected negatively (55.6%). Veterinary Medical Students in Nigeria had good knowledge and satisfactory preventive practices towards COVID-19; albeit with essential gaps in the key non-pharmaceutical preventive measures recommended by the WHO. Therefore, there is a need to step up enlightenment and targeted campaigns about COVID-19 pandemic.
Olanike K. Adeyemo, Selim A. Alarape, Veronica E. Adetunji, Akeem B. Saka, Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale, Oniovosa O. Ubiogoro, and Samuel A. Agbede
Springer International Publishing
Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Adebankemo Oduguwa, Saheed Dipeolu, Michael Agbaje, Olubumni Fasanmi, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
Mary Ann Liebert Inc
Introduction: Because of the nature of work conducted in veterinary laboratories and potential exposures to pathogenic microorganisms, good laboratory practices, risk assessments, biosafety, and biosecurity capacity is becoming vital. In this study, the Food and Agriculture Organization Laboratory Mapping Tool-Safety Module was applied to demonstrate its practical implementation in the assessment of biosafety and biosecurity statuses of veterinary laboratories in Nigeria. Methods: The Laboratory Mapping Tool-Safety Module, a standardized questionnaire, systematically and semiquantitatively gathered data on 98 subcategories covering 4 areas of biosafety and biosecurity capabilities: administrative, operational, engineering, and personal protective equipment. Results: Overall, the various areas and categories covered by the Laboratory Mapping Tool-Safety Module were weak across the board, with a mean performance of 19.5% (95% confidence interval, 14.0%-25.1%; range, 0.8%-29.6%). The weakest functionality was in emergency preparedness (0.8%; ie, emergency responses and exercises such as fire drills, spill cleanup, and biological spill kit availability). Also, many laboratories were deficient in metrology procedures, biosafety cabinets, chemical hazard containment, regular maintenance and external calibration procedures for laboratory equipment, and personnel health and safety. However, a few functionalities within individual laboratories scored above average (50%), for example, a university microbiology laboratory animal facility (100%). Interlaboratory comparison indicated that biosafety and biosecurity performance was similar across laboratories (P = .07) and did not vary by location (P = .37). Conclusions: Significant biosafety and biosecurity improvements are needed to guarantee the health and safety of workers and the global community, efficient responses to infectious disease containment, and compliance with the Global Health Security Agenda.
Folorunso O. Fasina, Lerica LeRoux-Pullen, Peter Smith, Legesse K. Debusho, Aminu Shittu, Saleh M. Jajere, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Ismail Odetokun, Michael Agbaje, Modupe M. Fasina,et al.
Frontiers Media SA
In African countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue remains pertinent. Despite this, little efforts have been made to assess the future veterinary prescribers on their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to antimicrobial usage. This multi-country survey attempts to explore the KAP of future veterinarians on stewardship of antimicrobial and identify knowledge gaps. Eight veterinary schools participated from Nigeria, Sudan and South Africa. Data regarding perceptions and knowledge were analyzed using Chi-square χ2 test, Spearman's (Rho) Rank order correlation and factor analysis using principal component factoring extraction method. Fifty-two percent of the study participants were final year veterinary students, respectively, and majority (77.2%) had no previous knowledge of biomedical sciences. Majority age were 22–27 years (24.7 ± 2.8) 79% and multiple career fields post-graduation were preferred. Overall, poor perceptions and knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship were observed with variations among countries and only 36.3% (n = 123) of the students were confident in their ability to choose the ideal antimicrobial agents for a specific patient/group of animals. The majority of the final year students were confident of their knowledge regarding AMR (68%), making of Gram staining (69.2%) and in choosing the most ideal route for administering a specific antimicrobial (74.7%). The final year students had significantly (p < 0.05) higher confidence level for knowledge compared with the pre-final year students. Tetracyclines, penicillins, and sulphonamides represent the three most abused veterinary antimicrobials with similar ranking across countries. South African (69.7 ± 20.5) and Sudanese (68.1 ± 15.4) had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher mean scores compared to the Nigerian students (44.3 ± 6.8) in the student's ability to correctly match some specific antimicrobials against their classes but Nigerian students performed better in ranking antimicrobials. This survey revealed poor to average knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship among veterinary students with significant knowledge gaps across the countries. It is recommended that the relevant regulatory and standardization authorities should make concerted efforts and interventions to regularly review curricula to ensure the delivery of targeted formative and normative training, and improved lectures on antimicrobial usage and stewardship in order to improve the awareness and behaviors of future prescribers. The identified knowledge gaps of veterinary medical students on antimicrobial stewardship must be bridge to safeguard the future.
Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale, Shan Goh, and Liam Good
Elsevier BV
Olusola Lawrence Ajayi, Richard Edem Antia, Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi, Temitope Morenikeji Oladipo, and Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT The impact of leptospirosis on food animals and humans has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira organism in renal tissues of slaughtered cattle from two major abattoirs in southwestern Nigeria. One hundred and seventy (170) kidney samples of different breeds, ages, and sexes were collected and examined using cultural isolation, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Warthin silver (WSs) impregnation and immunohistochemistry (IH). Chi-square test was used with a confidence level set at 0.05 to ascertain associations between positive cases and sex, age, and breed. One hundred and thirty (76.5%) of the kidney samples were culturally positive while 83.3% (25/31), 41.6% (37/89), and 35% (7/20) were MAT, WSss, and immunohistochemically positive, respectively. Interstitial nephritis (87%, 94/108) and tubular nephrosis (77.8%, 84/108) were the most prominent and consistent microscopic lesions observed. Serovars Hardjoprajitno (29%) and Bratislava (22.6%) were the most prevalent serovars. To the best of our knowledge, studies on determination of pathogenic Leptospira serovars using cultural isolation, MAT, WSSs, and IH from kidneys of naturally infected cattle in Nigeria are rare. This study is the most comprehensive work in the detection of pathogenic Leptospira species from cattle in Nigeria.
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale, Folashade Adefunke Adeyemo, Noah Bankole, Mary Olasoju, Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan, Olubunmi Fasanmi, Olanike Adeyemo, Olajoju Awoyomi, Olugbenga Kehinde, and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
MDPI AG
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has been linked to non-judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals. To develop antimicrobial stewardship plans (AMSPs) for pig farmers, there is the need to understand the current status of AMU and the driving factors in the industry. Data on AMU, farmers’ perceptions of associated drivers, and biosecurity were collected through a mixed-method study design with focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire-based interviews. Antimicrobials (AMs) were mainly used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Common AMs used were tetracycline (78.8%), gentamycin (53.8%), and tylosin (52.5%). Perceived drivers of AMU were linked to economic benefits, farmers’ previous experiences, sick animals, expensive veterinary services, easy accessibility to over-the-counter drugs, poor farm practices, and poor disease prevention strategies. AMU was poor (average 40.2%), while knowledge on AMs and implications for animal and human health was considered averagely satisfactory (56.4%). The biosecurity level was also satisfactory (53.0%) and significantly associated with having a written farm health plan (p = 0.035). Good AMU was found to be strongly associated with farmers’ use of veterinary services (p = 0.001). Diverse factors drive antimicrobial use among pig farmers in Ogun State, and these could be addressed by providing continuing education on antimicrobial stewardship and best farm practices.
O. O. Adebowale, O. Ekundayo, and A. A. Awoseyi
Informa UK Limited
Abstract In developing countries, indiscriminate slaughtering of pregnant ruminants and consequent foetal wastage (FW) are persistent practices, which have impacted the agricultural and economic advancement of such countries. Retrospective data from 2008 to 2016 of a municipal slaughterhouse in Ogun state, Nigeria was assessed for the current patterns of female cattle (FC) slaughter and FW. A total of 353,503 (mean/year: 29,457 ± 1651) FC were slaughtered, and 44,713 (12.65%; mean/year: 3,726 ± 584) FW estimated over a period of 9 years. There were significant yearly variations in throughput of FC and FW (p < 0.0001), and a strong and positive correlation between FC and FW (r = 0.74, p = 0.006). We report a significant increase in FC slaughter and FW. Action plans such as awareness programs among livestock stakeholders, review on slaughter reforms, enforcement of policies that encourage realistic and positive attitude geared towards sustainable livestock practices, animal welfare, food security, and prohibition of pregnant animal slaughtering are required.
Oluwawemimo Adebowale and Liam Good
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Abstract Salmonella is one of the most important infectious bacteria causing severe gastroenteritis and deaths in humans and animals, and the prompt diagnosis is crucial for effective control and treatment. The detection of Salmonella still depends principally on culture-based methods, which is time-consuming and laborious. Recently, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) was discovered to have cellular delivery properties and its combination with the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was exploited for oligomer delivery and the rapid detection of Salmonella spps in this study. Cell-associated fluorescence was quantified using Volocity® 3-D image analysis software (Volocity 6.3, PerkinElmer, Inc.). PHMB complexed with fluorophore—labelled species-specific oligomers permeabilized freshly grown viable strains of Salmonella cells and mediated strong cell-associated fluorescence signals. This strategy further enabled a fixation-free protocol and hybridization in a single reaction. Using the modified FISH method, monoculture Salmonella strains were validated as well as detected in artificially contaminated water and milk within a turnaround period of 5 h. The method was observed to be comparable with the standard FISH technique (sFISH; P &gt; 0.05). The findings suggest that fixation-free delivery and hybridization of oligomers using PHMB can provide a simplified and prompt strategy for Salmonella detection at the species level, and promote early management responses to the disease and appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale, Monsurat O. Afolabi, Hezekiah K. Adesokan, Olubunmi G. Fasanmi, Olanike K. Adeyemo, Olajoju J. Awoyomi, and Folorunso O. Fasina
Hindawi Limited
Veterinary practices or activities expose professionals, including students, to hazards associated with animal contact. To describe workplace health and safety status and risk factors associated with hazards among veterinary clinical students in South West Nigeria, a cross-sectional survey was conducted using a semistructured questionnaire. Data on demographics, health and safety (HS) status, work-related hazards, healthcare facilities, and immunisation history were obtained. Of 167 students recruited, 100 (60.2%) were males, and >77.1% fell within the age group of 21–25 years. Many participants (77.0%) reported the lack of active HS committee. Exposures to various physical hazards (PHs) such as needlestick injuries (NSIs, 41.5%), animal scratches (42.0%), animal kicks (33.0%), falls/slips (25.0%), and, less frequently, animal bites (13.8%) were reported. Allergies (35.9%) and acute gastrointestinal infection (25.6%) mainly after contact with dogs presented with parvoviral enteritis were reported. For chemical hazards, 27.8% and 29.0% of participants indicated having had eye burn and choke on exposure to formalin. No adequate immunisation against either tetanus, rabies, or both was provided (<18%). An association between accommodation type and students’ level of health and safety training was observed (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.241–0.897, p=0.02), and frequencies of student contact with various animal types were strongly associated with exposures to different physical and biological risks (p<0.05). This study revealed poor health and safety training, practices, and increased exposure of students to a wide range of hazards. Therefore, the development of mitigation programmes in veterinary schools becomes critical to safeguard students’ wellbeing.