International Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Patients With Hereditary Angioedema Henriette Farkas, Inmaculada Martinez‐Saguer, Konrad Bork, Anastasios E. Germenis, Anete S. Grumach, et al. Allergy European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2026 Hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency is a rare disease characterized by unpredictable episodes of tissue swelling (angioedema), which, in most cases, occur first under the age of 18 years, and entail a significant burden of disease not only for the patients but also for their families. Clinical symptoms of HAE are not specific, which may cause difficulties in differential diagnosis. Additionally, if not appropriately treated, HAE attacks can be life‐threatening. The international HAE guidelines published so far have focused mainly on adults. A guideline that refers to the age‐specific characteristics of pediatric patients, both in terms of diagnosis and management, was therefore needed. The International Steering Committee and Taskforce developed recommendations and provided evidence‐based grading based on expert opinion and strength of evidence. Recommendations were presented to, discussed, and electronically voted by healthcare professionals during the 14th C1 Inhibitor Deficiency and Angioedema Workshop in Budapest, Hungary, 2025. This international guideline will ensure early diagnosis, standardized and up‐to‐date treatment, and promote the availability of effective therapies for all pediatric patients affected with this rare disease. It also draws attention to the importance of establishing HAE centers and registries, which solicit specialist care and research of the disease.
Bronchiectasis, Low IgG Levels and Lack of Vaccination are Risk Factors for Covid-19 Hospitalization in X-linked Agammaglobulinemia – A Retrospective Multicenter Study Caroline Stenlander, Hannes Lindahl, Emelie Wahren-Borgström, Christoph B. Geier, Anna Sediva, et al. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2025 X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is caused by loss-of-function variants in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, leading to absence of circulating B lymphocytes and inability to produce antibodies. Despite the fear that patients with XLA would be at high risk for severe infection when the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the society with low pre-existing immunity, most patients with XLA did not suffer from severe disease. However, some patients were critically affected. Factors associated with hospitalization in patients with XLA remain poorly described. Thus, we designed a study to determine risk factors associated with hospitalization due to Covid-19 in patients with XLA. Data was collected from 17 sites in Europe and the US, comprising n = 81 patients, with hospitalization due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in 14 patients. Nearly 17% of patients with XLA required hospitalization due to Covid-19, but only 3 patients had ventilatory support. After correcting for the effect of the date of infection during the early pandemic, univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that preexisting bronchiectasis and lower IgG serum trough levels (< 8 g/L) before infection were associated with an increased risk for hospitalization, with a high rate of superinfection. The lack of vaccination seemed to contribute to this risk, and ambulatory patients had higher amounts of CD4 + T cells before infection compared to hospitalized patients. Thus, our data suggests a need for IgG trough levels above 8 g/L, especially in patients with bronchiectasis, to protect patients with XLA during viral infections such as Covid-19 and reduce morbidity due to superinfections.
Self-reported Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Agammaglobulinemia: the Importance of an Early Diagnosis Maartje Blom, Annelotte J. Duintjer, Mahnaz Jamee, Melanie de Gier, Markéta Bloomfield, et al. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2025 Purpose Patients with (X-linked) agammaglobulinemia (XLA) suffer from severe, recurrent infections potentially leading to life-threatening complications such as sepsis, meningoencephalitis and chronic lung disease. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can prevent infections and secondary complications, emphasizing a role for early detection of XLA via newborn screening (NBS). Our international multicenter survey study aimed to evaluate self-reported outcomes and parental perspectives in XLA patients to determine whether an early diagnosis is associated with better quality of life (QoL). Methods QoL-questionnaires included the PedsQL for children and SF-36, CVID_QOL, PADQOL-16 for adults. A new questionnaire was specifically developed for parents about an early diagnosis of XLA. Results In total, 88 adult and 65 pediatric XLA patients, and 69 parents from 14 countries completed the survey. Patients with an early diagnosis reported less severe, recurrent infections and less hospitalization (p < 0.05). QoL was significantly lower in multiple health domains for pediatric and adult patients with a late diagnosis compared to the general population. Patients with an early diagnosis reported similar QoL outcomes compared to the general population. Parents showed immense support for NBS for XLA stating that an early diagnosis prevents emotional insecurity, health damage, unnecessary diagnostics and allows early access to medical care and informed family planning. Conclusion Our study has shown supportive evidence to pursue an early diagnosis of XLA from both a self-reported clinical, health related QoL and parental perspective. The main plea from patients and parents is to achieve an early diagnosis for XLA and severe B-lymphocyte deficiencies with NBS.
Recommendations for Transitioning Young People with Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders and Autoinflammatory Diseases to Adult Care Muskan Israni, Eliska Alderson, Nizar Mahlaoui, Laura Obici, Linda Rossi-Semerano, et al. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2025 Purpose Significant improvements in the prognosis for young patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID) and Autoinflammatory Disorders (AID), which together make up the majority of Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI), have resulted in the need for optimisation of transition and transfer of care to adult services. Effective transition is crucial to improve health outcomes and treatment compliance among patients. Evaluations of existing transition programmes in European health centres identified the absence of disease-specific transition guidelines for PID and AID, as a challenge to the transition process. This research aimed to establish expert consensus statements for the transition of young patients with PID and AID to adult services. Methods This project used the Delphi method to establish mutual agreement for the proposed recommendations. A draft set of statements was developed following a literature review of existing transition programmes. Then the ERN RITA Transition Working Group convened to review the drafted recommendations and develop them into a survey. This survey was circulated among healthcare professionals to determine consensus using a five-point Likert scale, with the level of agreement set to 80% or greater. Statements that did not reach consensus were revised by the Working Group and recirculated among respondents. Results The initial survey received 93 responses from 68 centres across 23 countries, while the following survey outlining revised recommendations received 66 responses. The respondents agreed upon recommendations detailing the structure and administration of transition programmes, collaborative working with social systems, and contraindications to transfer of care. Conclusion This paper sets out a comprehensive set of recommendations to optimise transitional care for PID and AID.
Gastrointestinal disorders in patients with common variable immunodeficiency Pavlína Králíčková, Štěpán Šembera, Kateřina Kamarádová, Ilja Tachecí Gastroenterologie A Hepatologie, 2025 Summary: Common variable immunodefi ciency (CVID) is a group of inherited antibody immune disorders. Patients often suff er from recurrent bacterial infections, autoimmune or dysregulatory complications, and have an increased risk of developing cancer (e. g., lymphoma, gastric cancer). The most common gastrointestinal pathogens include Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni, and Giardia lamblia; in more severe cases, norovirus or cytomegalovirus (CMV) may cause signifi cant diarrhoea. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome is also common. CVID is associated with alterations in the microbio me, which contributes to complications in distant organs such as the lungs and liver. Non-infectious complications can aff ect the entire gastrointestinal tract. Notable examples include intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa with a risk of carcinoma, enteropathy mimicking celiac dis ease, infl ammatory bowel dis ease-like colitis, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and pre-portal hypertension. These complications typically develop slowly and subtly over time. Once malnutrition sets in, irreversible changes to the intestinal mucosa are often present. Managing CVID requires a multidisciplinary approach and regular screening. Endoscopic examinations, including repeated and multiple bio psies, are essential for accurate dia gnosis. Elastography is suitable for detecting hepatopathies. Serological blood tests are generally not helpful. Treatment is challenging and should be individualized. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy reduces the frequency of infections only. In cases of non-infectious complications, immunomodulatory therapy is required and, tailored to the patient’s genetic background, if possible. Key words: common variable immunodeficiency – endoscopy – intestinal dis eases – malabsorption syndrome – liver dis ease – microbio ta – immunomodulation
First report from the Czech national registry of inborn errors of immunity (2012–2025) Zita Chovancova, Eva Hlavackova, Roman Hakl, Tomas Milota, Pavlina Kralickova, et al. Frontiers in Immunology, 2025 IntroductionCongenital immune system defects represent an ever-growing group of diseases characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and association with autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic and malignant complications. Here, we provide the first comprehensive report on inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) in Czechia based on the analysis of patient data from the Czech national registry (CzNR) of IEIs.Material and methodsThe online platform of CzNR of IEIs was established in 2012, compiling data about epidemiology, type of diagnosis, clinical and laboratory parameters, as well as the treatment of patients diagnosed with IEIs since 1981.ResultsThe total of 1,443 registered patients includes 697 males (48.3%) and 746 females (51.7%). The median age at diagnosis was 21.0 (0–86) years. The most represented group of patients was those with antibody deficiencies (788 patients; 54.6%). This was followed by complement deficiencies (242; 16.8%), combined immunodeficiencies with syndromic features (250; 17.3%), combined immunodeficiencies (55; 3.8%), congenital defects of phagocyte number, function, or both (31; 2.1%), autoinflammatory disorders (28; 1.9%), immune dysregulation diseases (24; 1.7%), intrinsic and innate immunity defects (21; 1.5%), primary immunodeficiency phenocopies (3; 0.2%), and bone marrow failure disorders (1; 0.1%). Common variable immunodeficiency (504; 34.9%), hereditary angioedema (222; 15.4%), and DiGeorge syndrome (182; 12.6%) were the most frequent diagnoses.ConclusionIn this article, we report the epidemiology of IEIs in the Czech Republic for the first time based on the CzNR of IEIs data. The prevalence of IEIs is approximately 13.2 patients per 100000 inhabitants of the Czech Republic.
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Therapeutic options for CTLA-4 insufficiency David Egg, Ina Caroline Rump, Noriko Mitsuiki, Jessica Rojas-Restrepo, Maria-Elena Maccari, et al. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2022
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