Network pharmacology and in vitro studies demonstrate modulation of fibrotic pathways by Swertia chirayita in pulmonary fibrosis Bharath H. B., Farmiza Begum, Gautam Kumar, Jyothi Giridhar, Usha Y. Nayak, Fayaz S. M., Pawan Ganesh Nayak, Yogendra Nayak Scientific Reports, 2026 Various biological processes contribute to pulmonary fibrosis, which results in fibrotic foci that impede the exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries. This study investigates the therapeutic mechanism in fibrotic foci reconfiguring via the TNF signaling pathway by potential Swertia chirayita (SC) components to treat pulmonary fibrosis by network pharmacology, in silico, and in vitro studies. The targets of LC-MS/MS analyzed SC components were used to build a protein-protein interaction network in Cytoscape and predicted key targets and signalings. The molecular docking, dynamics (MD) simulation, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to predict the potential interactions between components and their targets. In vitro studies, such as cell migration, E-cadherin immune fluorescence assay, and western blot analysis were performed in NIH3T3 and A549 cells with or without TGFβ1 stimulation. The network pharmacology of SC revealed nine key targets, and the pathway analysis found that these targets are implicated in TNF-α signaling. The main components of SC have substantial binding affinities, as shown by molecular docking. Furthermore, MD simulation and PCA predict that bellidifolin, gentiopicroside, and mangiferin will substantiate the anti-fibrotic effect. SC inhibited fibroblast migration and differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and TNF-α downstream markers like NF-κB/p-NF-κB. In vitro studies confirmed the network pharmacology and docking predictions that SC can modulate fibrotic foci by acting through the TNF-α signaling pathway.
Preclinical evidence for digoxin's anti-tumor activity through HIF-1α pathways: Systematic review and meta-analysis Dhanya Bolar, Gollapalle Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha, Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao, Shylaja Hanumanthappa, Krishnadas Nandakumar, Pawan Ganesh Nayak Pharmacological Research Natural Products, 2026 This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to synthesize existing preclinical evidence on digoxin's anti-tumor effects via HIF-1α inhibition. This study was conducted as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 13 studies were selected. The meta-analysis performed on the included studies revealed that the digoxin treatment decreased the tumor volume (IV:-1.40(-1.89 to -0.91) at 95% CI, p<0.00001, I 2 =42%), H I F-1α (IV:-2.43(-4.07 to -0.78) at 95% CI, p=0.004, I 2 = 62%), VEGF (IV:-1.14(-1.91 to -0.36) at 95% CI, p=0.004, I 2 = 0%), and GLUT-1 (IV: 1.57(-2.57 to -0.57) at 95% CI, p=0.002 I 2 = 0%), but had no statistically significant reduction in the tumor weight (IV:-0.31(-0.69 to 0.07), 95% CI, p=0.11, I 2 =98%), and CD31 marker (IV:-1.15(-3.10 to 0.79) at 95% CI, p=0.25, I 2 =71%) and has no effect on the animal survival rate (IV:6.46(-0.93 to 13.86) at 95% CI, p=0.09, I 2 =86%) compared to the control. Conclusions: In summary, the available moderate weight of evidence suggests that digoxin possesses potential anti-tumor effects via HIF-1α pathways. However, considering the pitfalls associated with the existing studies, there is a scope for conducting more robust pre-clinical studies. Further, randomized controlled trials in humans are essential to evaluate and validate the antitumor effect of digoxin. • Meta-analysis shows digoxin reduces tumor growth in preclinical models • Digoxin targets hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) driving tumor growth pathways • Associated with reduced tumor size and key signals linked to growth • No consistent effect on survival or tumor weight across studies • Further preclinical studies and human trials are needed for validation
Drug discovery and development with special reference to molecular modeling: A bibliometric approach (2005–2024) Pawan Nayak, Virendra S. Ligade Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2026 There is growing evidence demonstrating the use of computer modeling in biomedicine as new technologies emerge in every discipline. Computational, translational, experimental, and clinical methods are all combined in current drug development to find possible novel potential medications. However, limited attention has been given to summarizing global publication trends in this field. The aim of the current study is to describe and assess global trends in applying the bibliometric approach to drug development and discovery regarding the importance of molecular modeling. A literature search was conducted to extract all relevant papers on molecular modeling in drug discovery and development using the Scopus database. The data were gathered for the year 2005–2024. Insights are classified based on authors, title of publication sources, countries, type of documents, research domains, and so on. A total of 3,489 papers were retrieved, demonstrating a surge of interest in molecular modeling within drug discovery and development, with a significant rise in recent years. The top countries contributing were the United States, India, and China. Journal articles constituted the highest percentage of papers, and the most productive source was the Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. The study highlights the tools and software used in modern drug development and discovery-related analysis that were developed using machine learning techniques. There has been an upsurge of interest in molecular modeling in drug discovery and development, as shown by a growing trend in research publications in recent years. This study is the first extensive bibliometric evaluation between 2005 and 2024 with specific emphasis on molecular modeling in drug development and discovery. The results serve as a useful guide for academicians, researchers, and policy-makers to identify global trends and future research directions in this new field.
Gut microbiota shifts in spaceflight: a case study evidence and countermeasures for microbial homeostasis Raagul Seenivasan, Jey Kumar Pachiyappan, Anitha Marimuthu, Praveen Halagali, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Pawan Ganesh Nayak, Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala 3 Biotech, 2026 The gut microbiota is a crucial component in maintaining overall human health since it has been found to influence not only metabolism but also neurobehavioral function and immunity. The extreme conditions of space, for example, cosmic radiation, microgravity, and confinement, can severely disrupt the functioning and alter the composition of gut microbiota. In fact, this will predispose the immune system to be dysfunctional, lead to psychological and metabolic disorders that are accompanied by a decrease in the diversity of beneficial microbes and change in the pattern of metabolite production. The spaceflight analog and ground, based studies have produced important findings concerning the mechanisms and reasons for gut microbial dysbiosis in extreme conditions. Different research works have been carried out, such as dietary intervention and high fiber to support the growth of healthy microbes. Further, advanced microbial monitoring using wearable sensors to identify the microbial and proinflammatory biomarkers will mitigate dysbiosis and safeguard the crew’s health for longer-duration missions. This wearable sensor will not only help monitor astronauts’ microbial status continuously, but it will also provide a significant feature for designing personalized dietary plans and probiotic supplements. This article provides a comprehensive understanding of astronaut health, including disturbances to the gut microbiome during space travel, space-analogue studies conducted by many researchers to unravel mechanisms, countermeasures to stabilize the gut microbiome, and its prospects.
Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Estimation of Mangiferin in Nano Formulations: Development and Optimization by Analytical Quality-by-Design Akshatha P. Kamath, Lalit Kumar, Srinivas Mutalik, Pawan Ganesh Nayak, Krishnadas Nandakumar ACS Omega, 2026 A novel reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and optimized for the estimation of Mangiferin (MGF) by employing a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Preliminary method screening was done by the Taguchi OA, followed by using a Box-Behnken Design (BBD), enabling systematic evaluation of critical factors with a reduced number of experimental runs. The model efficiently established significant correlations between selected variables and analytical responses, thereby enhancing the method's robustness and reliability. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hyperclone C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 3.2) and acetonitrile (30%) + methanol (70%) in a 78:22% v/v ratio, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed using a photodiode array detector at 258 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2-(R2) guidelines. Validation parameters, including system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and solution stability, were found within acceptable limits. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of the stability study of MGF and to analyze the release kinetics of MGF SLNs, formulated via high-pressure homogenization and the sonication technique. The results confirm the applicability of the developed RP-HPLC method for routine quality control of combination nanocarrier systems.
Network pharmacology and in vitro studies demonstrate modulation of fibrotic pathways by Swertia chirayita in pulmonary fibrosis Bharath H. B., Farmiza Begum, Gautam Kumar, Jyothi Giridhar, Usha Y. Nayak, Fayaz S. M., Pawan Ganesh Nayak, Yogendra Nayak Scientific Reports, 2025 Various biological processes contribute to pulmonary fibrosis, which results in fibrotic foci that impede the exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries. This study investigates the therapeutic mechanism in fibrotic foci reconfiguring via the TNF signaling pathway by potential Swertia chirayita (SC) components to treat pulmonary fibrosis by network pharmacology, in silico, and in vitro studies. The targets of LC-MS/MS analyzed SC components were used to build a protein-protein interaction network in Cytoscape and predicted key targets and signalings. The molecular docking, dynamics (MD) simulation, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to predict the potential interactions between components and their targets. In vitro studies, such as cell migration, E-cadherin immune fluorescence assay, and western blot analysis were performed in NIH3T3 and A549 cells with or without TGFβ1 stimulation. The network pharmacology of SC revealed nine key targets, and the pathway analysis found that these targets are implicated in TNF-α signaling. The main components of SC have substantial binding affinities, as shown by molecular docking. Furthermore, MD simulation and PCA predict that bellidifolin, gentiopicroside, and mangiferin will substantiate the anti-fibrotic effect. SC inhibited fibroblast migration and differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and TNF-α downstream markers like NF-κB/p-NF-κB. In vitro studies confirmed the network pharmacology and docking predictions that SC can modulate fibrotic foci by acting through the TNF-α signaling pathway.
Formulation, Characterization, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Quercetin-Loaded Phytosomes for Enhanced Bioavailability. Rajeev Garg, Aditi Raval, Mohit Kumar, Brijesh Shivhare, Julliyan Dilleban A, et al. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2025 Quercetin is a potent dietary flavonoid with multifaceted therapeutic potential which is severely restricted by the fact it is poorly aqueously soluble, extensively first-pass metabolised and therefore has negligible oral bioavailability (<2%). In order to address these pharmacokinetic barriers, this investigation sought to design, optimize, and assess quercetin-loaded phytosomes as a novel type of delivery system, which will improve bioavailability. The solvent evaporation method was used to prepare phytosomes through the complexation of quercetin and soy phosphatidylcholine ( Phospholipon(r) 90G). A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to solve the critical variables of formulation: drug to phospholipid molar ratio, reaction temperature, and solvent volume wavelength and entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), and in vitro drug release were one of the responses. The optimized phytosomes had good physicochemical characteristics, namely: nanoscaled particle size of 194 +- 8 nm, a high negative zeta potential of -32.5 +- 1.8 mV and EE of an amazing 86.2 +- 1.1%. Characterization of solid-state (XRD, DSC, FTIR) was used to verify the conversion of crystalline quercetin to an amorphous form in the phospholipid complex by hydrogen bonding. Following the Higuchi diffusion laws, in vitro release experiments showed that phytosomes released phytosomes contained 87.8 +- 1.5% of the phytosomes into solution after 8 hours, compared to less than 25% of the phytosomes released by the pure quercetin suspension. Lyophilized formulation demonstrated a high degree of physical stability at accelerated conditions. More importantly, these in vitro antioxidant studies (DPPH and FRAP) demonstrated that the process of complexation did not only maintain the antioxidant activity of quercetin but also in the FRAP assay, the antioxidant activity was significantly improved as a consequence of a better solubilization. In summation, quercetin-encased phytosomes are a very promising, stable, and effective nanocarrier system, which has already overcome the fundamental solubility and dissolution shortcomings of quercetin, which sets the basis of the expected improvement in the bioavailability and therapeutic performance of this compound in vivo.
Development And Evaluation of a Controlled-Release Combination Tablet of Glimepiride and Metformin for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Akash Verma, Payal N. Vaja, Umesh Kumar, Jalpa R. Patel, Pawan G. Nayak, et al. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2025 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that requires sustained glycemic control to prevent long-term complications. Combination therapy with metformin hydrochloride and glimepiride is widely used due to their complementary mechanisms of action; however, conventional immediate-release formulations often require multiple daily dosing, leading to poor patient compliance and fluctuating plasma drug levels. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a controlled-release bilayer tablet containing metformin hydrochloride as a sustained-release layer and glimepiride as an immediate-release layer for effective management of T2DM. Bilayer tablets were prepared by direct compression. The sustained-release layer of metformin hydrochloride was formulated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M) and Carbopol 940, while croscarmellose sodium was employed as a super-disintegrant in the immediate-release layer of glimepiride. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre- and post-compression parameters, drug content uniformity, in-vitro dissolution, release kinetics, and stability under accelerated conditions in accordance with ICH guidelines. The optimized formulation exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, including acceptable hardness, low friability, uniform weight variation, and high drug content. In-vitro dissolution studies demonstrated rapid release of glimepiride within 30 minutes and sustained release of metformin hydrochloride for up to 12 hours. Release kinetic analysis indicated a good fit with the Korsmeyer– Peppas model, suggesting an anomalous diffusion mechanism. Stability studies showed no significant changes in physical properties, drug content, or dissolution profile. The developed bilayer tablet successfully achieved a dual-release profile and represents a promising approach for improving patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy in the management of T2DM.
Formulation and Characterization of Floating Microspheres for Sustained Gastric Delivery of Anti-Diabetic Drugs Pawan G. Nayak, Dhara N. Patel, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, D Anand, Dilnawaz Pathan, et al. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2025 The present study focuses on the formulation and characterization of floating microspheres for sustained gastric delivery of anti-diabetic drugs. Oral administration of anti-diabetic agents is often associated with variable bioavailability, short half-life, and frequent dosing, leading to reduced patient compliance. Floating microspheres, a gastroretentive drug delivery system, were developed to overcome these limitations by prolonging gastric residence time and achieving sustained drug release. Microspheres were prepared using the solvent evaporation method employing polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and Eudragit RS100 in varying ratios. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for particle size, percentage yield, buoyancy, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, and surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Results demonstrated good buoyancy (>12 hours), satisfactory drug entrapment efficiency, and a sustained release pattern over 12 hours following non-Fickian diffusion kinetics. This approach offers a promising platform for improving the therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance of anti-diabetic drug therapy
UNIVERSAL AND ADAPTIVE THRESHOLDING METHODS FOR MULTILEVEL DENOISING OF ECG SIGNALS USING ORTHOGONAL WAVELETS Global and Stochastic Analysis, 2025
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ORTHOGONAL AND BIORTHOGONAL DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED DENOISING OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS − A STUDY BASED ON ECG Global and Stochastic Analysis, 2024