Formation of Titanium Dioxide by Hydrolysis Catalyst: Effect of Calcination Temperature on Microstructure Characteristics of Polymeric Nanocomposites Rasheed Lateef Jawad, Raghad Subhi Abbas Petroleum Chemistry, 2025 Abstract In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared hydrolysis and condensation process. To obtain the anatase and rutile phases, the prepared product was subjected to a calcination process at a temperature of 400 and 700°C. Nanocomposites were adjusted from polymer blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix with specific percentages (PVA 60, PEG 10, and PVP 5 wt %), and different concentrations (0 and 25 wt %) of TiO2 NPs in the anatase and rutile phases. Several description techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are utilized to investigate the impact of temperature on the crystalline size, crystalline phase, and shape of produced TiO2 nanoparticles. XRD patterns show the presence of sharp peaks which proved that it had high degree of crystallization. The anatase phase formation occurs at 400°C, while the transition to rutile phase occurred at 700°C as a result of calcination process. The crystallite size was determined using the Scherer and Williamson‒Hall (W‒H) equations, micro-strain, degree of crystallinity, volume of the unit cell, and dislocation. An increase in calcination temperature leads to increase in both crystalline size and degree of crystallinity. FE-SEM micrographs reveal that increasing the temperature led to rise the size of TiO2 nanoparticles. In the anatase phase, the particles exhibit a spherical shape, while in the rutile phase they often have a prismatic shape. The calcination at 700°C is considered more desirable and applicable, because of the incorporation of rutile with anatase—the heterophase—into the crystal structure. It leads to synergistic effects between the two crystal structures due to increased thermodynamic stability, which makes it effective in photodegradation of various pollutants in the environment.
Calculated the Quadrupole Electrical Transmission |M(E2)|2 W.u ? For Even-Even Nuclides of Strontium (78-100Sr and 66-76Ge) Israa Mudher Hassan, Sameera Ahmed Ebrahiem, Raghad Subhi Abbas Al-Khafaji Aip Conference Proceedings, 2022 By using the half life time for strontium ( 78-100Sr) and (Germanium 66-76Ge) isotopes for even-even from Ferston we calculated the electric quadruple transition and find the relation between number of neutron and |M(E2)|2 W.u ↓ for gamma ray from 2+ to 0+. When calculating the theoretical value of the energy state (first and ground) and the current work of the transition probability (T) and the mean life time (τ (s)) of an isotope of strontium, The theoretical value of the energy state (first and ground) and the current action of the transmission force |M(E2)|2 W.u ↓ by calculating the theoretical value of the total width for gamma decay and calculating the Weisskopf Γ(E2)w.u energy (the Weisskopf single -particle widths ), which is included in the equation where depend on Eγ calculated in keV and A is the mass number. The results were tabulated, discussed and drawn, as it was found that the value of |M(E2)|2 W.u ↓ is the lowest possible at the magic number of neutrons is equal 50, and the values increase as we move away from the magic numbers, that is, when the nuclei are saturated, regardless of the number of protons, which play an important role for the same subject and for even-even nuclei.
Synthesis of Blend Polymer (PVA / PANI)/Copper (1) Oxide Nanocomposite: Thermal Analysis and UV-Vis Spectra Specifications Raghad Subhi Abbas Al-Khafaji Iraqi Journal of Science, 2021 Copper (1) oxide nanoparticles together with matrix polymers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyaniline (PANI) composite films were synthesized, as these materials are of importance in optoelectronic applications. Nanoparticles of Cu2O were produced by chemical precipitation. Polymerization of aniline was carried out through polymerization in an acidic medium. Structural, thermal, and optical properties of PVA+PANI/Cu2O nanocomposite were inspected by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy). X-ray diffraction peaks at 29.53°, 36.34°, and 42.22° indicated the presence of cuprous oxide nanoparticles, having high dispersions and limited size distributions. The estimated average size of Cu2O nanoparticles was ~ 17.1525 nm. A characteristic peak at around 2θ = 18.5° was attributed to periodical parallel and perpendicular polymer chains, which denoted the formation of PANI. SEM results indicated the symmetrical dispersion of Cu2O nanoparticles inside the hybrid polymer of PVA and PANI matrix, being potentially useful for encapsulation and acting as a good capping agent. FTIR results established the formation of PANI and Cu2O with nanocrystalline nature. DSC results revealed the appearance of one single peak of Tg which decreased with Cu2O content of 4% wt, followed by an increase of that value by increasing Cu2O content up to 16%wt. Thermogram analysis of the PANI and PVA embedded with Cu2O form showed an exothermic peak at (240-292)℃ affiliated to the cross-linking reaction, while the Tm value of prepared nanocomposites is just about close to that of PVA polymer. The results indicated that there is an increase in thermal stability due to the presence of Cu2O NPS within the matrix of polymers. The distinguishing peaks at 330, 347, and 457 nm which refer to PANI are assigned to π−π* electron transitions among the benzenoid rings. The high absorption intensity of the peak at 470 nm for the blended PVA+PANI having 12% wt of Cu2O NPS is assigned due to the inter-band transitions for electrons of the core copper as well as copper oxide. This points out that the increasing quantity of Cu2O NPs leads to increases in the amounts of highly oxidized structures in PANI and decreases in the doping electrons and length of conjugation throughout the incorporation of Cu2O NPs into PANI matrix. Depending on the practical results, it can be said that these polymeric nanocomposites can be efficiently used in photovoltaic technology applications.
Dependence the microstructure specifications of earth metal lanthanum La substituted Bi2Ba2CaCu2–XLaXO8+δon cation vacancies Raghad Subhi Abbas Al-Khafaji,, Kareem Ali Jasim Aims Materials Science, 2021 <abstract> The paper delivers an analyzing and discussion of the experimental results for the effect of lanthanum substitution on the structural behavior for compounds (Bi<sub>2</sub>Ba<sub>2</sub>CaCu<sub>2-X</sub>La<sub>X</sub>O<sub>8+δ</sub>) with variation concentrations from 0 up to 0.2 with a fraction of 0.05. Specimens prepared by solid-state reaction. We investigate the structural properties, studying the lanthanum substitution instead of lead using the resulting properties of XRD. The sintering process was done below the melting point of any one of the component materials. The optimum sintering temperature was equal to 850 ℃ for 72 h to produce an active powder with higher densities and reduced the distance between the grains. (FWHM) results were calculated using X-ray information. The crystallite size D was estimated by Scherer and Williamson-Hall equations, where the results showed that the crystallite size (57.029-63.281 nm) and (56.395-65.948 nm) respectively, besides, the degree of crystallinity (41.64-63.79%) correlation with concentrations of lanthanum substitution. Through the outcome values, the results of the three methods are observed close to each other and this indicates that these methods are compatible with the compound and that the partial replacement occurs a noticeable change in the size of the crystallite as well as in the degree of crystallinity. </abstract>
Effect of catalysts on BN NanoParticles production Raghad S. Al-Khafaji, Faras Q. Mohammed Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020 BNNP of (Boron Nitride) nanoparticlese thick films were grownup on the substrates of silicon and glass through a catalytic hybrid vapor deposited technique (PVD and CVD) in a horizontal electric tube furnace. Which that performed by a growth vapor catching access as guided by the nucleation theory. B-N film was deposited within an 0.5 h at the temperature (950 °C) under the mixture of nitrogen N2 and ammonia NH3 flow gases. The effect of growth temperature and catalysis surface (TiO2, Ni, multilayer of TiO2-Ni and graphene) on the structure and morphology for the powdered films of separate BNNPs were in a systematic investigated. XRD patterns evident the crystal formation phases C-BN as well as phases related to interaction of coating materials with substrates, catalyst of TiO2 was reflected growth and have highly intensity peaks diffracted for phase C-BN. Scherer and W–H calculations are employing to estimate particle size which that be in range of nanoscale, in addition to compressive and expansion micro strain which that to be (0.00132–0.00027) and (0.0011) respectively. SEM refereed BNNP films grown comprised of dispersed homogeneously with distinct nanoparticles in directions randomly. The BN thick film growth was conducted by the root growth pathway. These nanoparticles existed in a crowded web-like an configuration for the glass substrate, where the substrates whole surfaces were topped of this thick layer nanoparticles, indicating a big output quantity, characteristic of h-BN and C-BN peaks were evidences in the infrared spectra of both Si/TiO2 and Si/TiO2-Ni films for the existence of crystalline B-N film.
The Effect of Oxygen Flow on the Transition Temperature of Hg0.75Pb0.25Sr2-yBayCa2Cu3O8+ δ Superconductors Kareem A Jasim, Raghad S Al-Khafaji Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2018 In this paper, there are three different high temperature superconductors which are Hg0.75Pb0.25Sr2-y BayCa2Cu3O8+δ with deferent weight fractions y = 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25 that have been prepared successfully by solid state reaction and the samples have been equipped with/without O2 flow. The optimum calcinations is 1073 K and the sintering process that has been achieved within 1128-1133 K. Transition temperature Tc has been found by using four probe technique through electrical resistivity measurements. The greatest Tc that has been found for Hg0.75Pb0.25Sr1.75 Ba0.25Ca2Cu3O8.31 is 115 oK. Oxygen content (O2) flow exhibits high-phased superconductors that is similar to the samples prepared without O2. Investigation of X-ray diffraction (XRD) is revealed (tetragonal structure) by the c-axis lattice parameter increasing of the samples substituted with Ba. It has been established, from the calculated results, that the Ba variation concentrations of all samples products a modification in the density (ρm), (c/a) and volume fraction (VPh(2223)).
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Calculated the quadrupole electrical transmission | M ( E2 )| 2 W.u ↓ for even-even nuclides of strontium ( 78-100 Sr and 66-76 Ge) IM Hassan, SA Ebrahiem, RSA Al-Khafaji AIP Conference Proceedings 2437 (1), 020114 , 2022 2022.0 Citations: 8
Synthesis of blend polymer (PVA/PANI)/Copper (1) oxide nanocomposite: thermal analysis and UV-Vis spectra specifications RSA Al-Khafaji Iraqi Journal of Science, 3888-3900 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 23
Dependence the microstructure specifications of earth metal lanthanum La substituted Bi2Ba2CaCu2–XLaXO8 on cation vacancies RSA Al-Khafaji, KA Jasim AIMS Materials Science 8 (4) , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 33
Synthesis and some features of three-phases polymer/metal/ceramic multilayers nanocomposite RSA Al-Khafaji Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 33 (4), 10-17 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 5
Effect of catalysts on BN NanoParticles production RS Al-Khafaji, FQ Mohammed Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9 (1), 868-874 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 11
Optical and Thermal Characterizations of PMMA Composites RS Al-Khafaji Engineering and Technology Journal 37 (2 Part B) , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 1
The effect of oxygen flow on the transition temperature of Hg0. 75Pb0. 25Sr2-yBayCa2Cu3O8+ δ superconductors KA Jasim, RS Al-Khafaji Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1003 (1), 012096 , 2018 2018.0 Citations: 8
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF Cu Ag/PbO NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY PULSED LASER PLAL MAKRS Al-Khafaji Sci. Int. (Lahore) 30 (6) , 2018 2018.0
The study of the properties of Hg 0.6Tl 0.4Ba2Ca 2 (Cu1-xAgx) 3 O 8 compound KA Jasim, RS Al-Khafaji JAPS (Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences) 3 (1) , 2017 2017.0 Citations: 5
Structural, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Ternary Hybrid PMMA Composite. RS Al-Khafaji, RT Hussein Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 19 (2), 95-104 , 2016 2016.0
The Effect of Doping by Sr on the Structural, Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of La1Ba1-xSrx Ca2Cu4O8. 5+ δ KA Jasim, MAN Thejeel, RS Al-Khafaji Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science 27 (1), 170-175 , 2014 2014.0 Citations: 19
A Studying of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties for Hybrid Particular Composites Polyester KAJRS Al-Khafaji International Review of Physics (IREPHY) 8 (1) , 2014 2014.0
The Study of Dielectric and Microstructure Properties for Iraqi Kaolin Under the Effects of Binder and Calcinations. F Rasin, R Al-Khafaji Iraqi Journal of Science 54 (2), 333-339 , 2013 2013.0 Citations: 1
Mechanical and electrical behavior of polymer matrix composite and their hybrids reinforced with (Carbon Black–Boron) particles RS Al-Khafaji Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 16 (3), 171-177 , 2013 2013.0 Citations: 6
Study the Optical Properties of UV-Grade Synthetic Fused Silica material RS Al-Khafaji
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Dependence the microstructure specifications of earth metal lanthanum La substituted Bi2Ba2CaCu2–XLaXO8 on cation vacancies RSA Al-Khafaji, KA Jasim AIMS Materials Science 8 (4) , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 33
Synthesis of blend polymer (PVA/PANI)/Copper (1) oxide nanocomposite: thermal analysis and UV-Vis spectra specifications RSA Al-Khafaji Iraqi Journal of Science, 3888-3900 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 23
The Effect of Doping by Sr on the Structural, Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of La1Ba1-xSrx Ca2Cu4O8. 5+ δ KA Jasim, MAN Thejeel, RS Al-Khafaji Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science 27 (1), 170-175 , 2014 2014.0 Citations: 19
Effect of catalysts on BN NanoParticles production RS Al-Khafaji, FQ Mohammed Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9 (1), 868-874 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 11
Calculated the quadrupole electrical transmission | M ( E2 )| 2 W.u ↓ for even-even nuclides of strontium ( 78-100 Sr and 66-76 Ge) IM Hassan, SA Ebrahiem, RSA Al-Khafaji AIP Conference Proceedings 2437 (1), 020114 , 2022 2022.0 Citations: 8
The effect of oxygen flow on the transition temperature of Hg0. 75Pb0. 25Sr2-yBayCa2Cu3O8+ δ superconductors KA Jasim, RS Al-Khafaji Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1003 (1), 012096 , 2018 2018.0 Citations: 8
Mechanical and electrical behavior of polymer matrix composite and their hybrids reinforced with (Carbon Black–Boron) particles RS Al-Khafaji Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 16 (3), 171-177 , 2013 2013.0 Citations: 6
Synthesis and some features of three-phases polymer/metal/ceramic multilayers nanocomposite RSA Al-Khafaji Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 33 (4), 10-17 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 5
The study of the properties of Hg 0.6Tl 0.4Ba2Ca 2 (Cu1-xAgx) 3 O 8 compound KA Jasim, RS Al-Khafaji JAPS (Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences) 3 (1) , 2017 2017.0 Citations: 5
Optical and Thermal Characterizations of PMMA Composites RS Al-Khafaji Engineering and Technology Journal 37 (2 Part B) , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 1
The Study of Dielectric and Microstructure Properties for Iraqi Kaolin Under the Effects of Binder and Calcinations. F Rasin, R Al-Khafaji Iraqi Journal of Science 54 (2), 333-339 , 2013 2013.0 Citations: 1
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF Cu Ag/PbO NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY PULSED LASER PLAL MAKRS Al-Khafaji Sci. Int. (Lahore) 30 (6) , 2018 2018.0
Structural, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Ternary Hybrid PMMA Composite. RS Al-Khafaji, RT Hussein Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 19 (2), 95-104 , 2016 2016.0
A Studying of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties for Hybrid Particular Composites Polyester KAJRS Al-Khafaji International Review of Physics (IREPHY) 8 (1) , 2014 2014.0
Study the Optical Properties of UV-Grade Synthetic Fused Silica material RS Al-Khafaji
