Raghu Ramamoorthy

RESEARCH INTERESTS

VANETs,Wireless communication, Wireless sensor networks

Scopus Publications

LLM pretraining methods
Anitha Velu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, S. M. Manasa, and A. Prasanth
De Gruyter



Reliable Smart Wrist Pulse Oximeter for Hypoxemia and COVID-19 Patients
Raghu Ramamoorthy, J. A. Smitha, and Anitha Velu
Springer Nature Singapore



An Energy Efficient IoT Based Smart Street Lighting Using Low Cost SOC
Anitha Velu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Manasa S M, and Devakirubai Navulkumar
IEEE
Internet of Things (IoT) has radically improved and modernized in every aspect of human existence. The term IoT is a recent trend that states the development a self-configurable network by connecting a variety of hardware objects, to internet without requiring human input to improve service delivery and automate processes by means of data transmission to the cloud. Streetlights are an essential component of any city, although they provide safer roadways, improved night vision, and increased visibility of public spaces it uses a significant amount of electricity and operates at maximum intensity from dusk till dawn. The wastage of electricity can be secured by having lights turn OFF on their own if it is not in use. This work presents an energy efficient IoT-based smart street lighting by using low-cost System On Chip (SOC) circuit. This work deploys an LDR sensor which acts as a decision device, to choose whether to switch ON or OFF the street light based on the level of ambient light. This simple switch has a relay at its output and is activated by either light or dark. This switching may be done using a cost-effective Wi-Fi module namely, ESP8266 for which the LDR sensed value is given as input. Any user can check the status of a street light whether it is ON/OFF from anywhere using internet in real time. It promises great dependability and remarkable stability for long-term. The proposed work is implemented using a NodeMCU board that is designed to supply the required light intensity at different times.


Comparative Study and Analysis of Cloud Container Technology
E. Saravana Kumar, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Selvaraj Kesavan, T Shobha, Seema Patil, and B Vighneshwari
IEEE
The advent of digital transformation has revolutionized the way businesses operate. Applications have become the focal point of this transformation, shifting the focus from being organization-centric to user-centric. To realize the full potential of businesses, high-quality, secure, and agile applications are essential. Containers are a cutting-edge invention in the world of virtualization, gaining immense popularity in recent years. They have replaced traditional business continuity solutions and are now used to address highly demanding business needs. Multiple containers and orchestration frameworks are available, both as standalone and cloud-based services. However, developers and industry experts face challenges in identifying and evaluating the appropriate containers and orchestration frameworks for their application needs. The selected tools may not always be feasible due to a lack of available features, inability to provide agility, and lack of platform support. When applications are deployed across multiple containers, coordination and management among container clusters become critical. Since containers play a pivotal role in edge deployment, cloud-native, continuous integration, and continuous deployment, it is vital to have centralized orchestration for proper re-source management and scheduling. This paper discusses and compares emerging container platforms and cloud-centric orchestration frameworks, highlighting the challenges involved.


IoT-Based Smart Wearable Devices Using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Technology
M. Ashwin, R. Ch. A. Naidu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, and E. Saravana Kumar
Springer Nature Singapore



Impact of Ant Colony Optimization on Optimal Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy, Anitha Velu, R China Appala Naidu, Asha Kumari A, Angel Donny F, and Harish Kumar M
IEEE
Using biologically inspired approaches has bonus advantages in offering optimal message distribution for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Bio-motivated approaches are motivated by the natural behavior of biological entities such as bees and insects. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is the optimal bio-inspired style, suitable for offering optimal routing in VANETs. The communication pattern of ACO and VANETs is similar, such as ants of ACO apply indirect communication among ants for the exchange of information, and VANETs require cooperative routing techniques for message exchange. The goal of the Bio-motivated approach is to attain proficient and accessible communication in a VANET, where vehicles turn as nodes and animatedly form a system to interchange information. In this context, the proposed work discusses the effectiveness and benefits of using a bio-inspired approach such as ACO for VANETs. To demonstrate ACO, a healthcare scenario is considered. In the healthcare system, efficient communication is required between emergency vehicles and hospitals to offer optimal treatment for patients. This work applies ACO to find the optimal path for sending an alarm to the nearest hospital from the emergency vehicle to arrange necessary things to treat patients. Using ACO increases the efficiency of the routing mechanism in all aspects such as throughput, overhead, data delivery, low latency, route discovery time, route repair time, convergence speed, and stagnation issue.


Deep Learning-Based Age and Gender Prediction through Feature Extraction from Facial Images using Convolutional Neural Networks
Manasa S M, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Anitha Velu, Angel Donny F, and Chaitrashree S
IEEE
In recent years, age estimation and gender classification have been focal points in the field of pattern recognition and computer vision. This paper introduces an automated approach for predicting age and gender by extracting features from human facial images. In contrast to conventional methods that operate on unfiltered facial images, our study demonstrates significant improvements in these tasks through the use of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The employed feedforward neural network method enhances robustness for highly variable unconstrained recognition tasks, specifically targeting gender identification and age group estimation. The research methodology involves the analysis and validation of gender prediction and age estimation on two benchmark datasets: the Essex face dataset and the Adience benchmark dataset. Results indicate a substantial performance enhancement, showcasing the proposed approach's efficiency and state-of-the-art performance in both age and gender detection. The model achieves remarkable accuracy, positioning it as a notable advancement in the realm of age and gender prediction using deep learning techniques.


Classification of COVID-19 with Belief Functions and Deep Neural Network
E. Saravana Kumar, P. Ramkumar, H. S. Naveen, Raghu Ramamoorthy, and R. Ch. A. Naidu
Springer Science and Business Media LLC



Reliable and Accurate Plant Leaf Disease Detection with Treatment Suggestions Using Enhanced Deep Learning Techniques
Raghu Ramamoorthy, E. Saravana Kumar, R. Ch. A. Naidu, and K. Shruthi
Springer Science and Business Media LLC



IoT Enabled Smart Farming: A Controlled Environment Agriculture Application
Anitha Velu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Saravana Kumar E, and K Shruthi
IEEE
Horticulture is the science of sustainable production, advertising and marketing the intensively cultivated food and decorative plants. The major intricacy in horticulture is maintaining the temperature within the controlled environment such as polyhouse or green house which leads to plant damage like root rot, leaf spots, downy mildew. This results in IoT of human intervention in checking the temperature periodically and provide remedial measures to maintain it. In order to overcome such issues this work proposes an IoT-based Automatic Temperature Controller (ATC) system using Arduino board interfaced with the environmental data by deploying Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed work incorporates two phases: (i) Collection of data for the different floral plants and uploading it to the IoT cloud (ii) Implementing the hardware part using Arduino UNO kit for ATC system. The ATC system gets the values of temperature and humidity from DHTII sensor where, the entire system is connected to the Arduino microcontroller which compares the recorded value with the threshold value set by user in cloud. The motor will be turned on by the controller being the observed temperature is found larger than the threshold value. The proposed system has been tested on different floral plants that are of high productivity in and around Hosur, Tamil Nadu circumstances namely Gerbera daisy, Button rose, Chrysanthemum and Rose. This work can be extended for other agricultural application purposes like creepers, mushroom cultivation etc.


Performance Investigation of Hybrid Bio-Inspired Zone Routing Protocol Over Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols
Raghu Ramamoorthy, R Ch A Naidu, Saravana Kumar E, and Ashwin M
IEEE
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) require optimal routing mechanisms for routing in highly dynamic environments. The most dynamic environment is subject to dynamic changes and a lack of central coordination. The combination of bio-inspired algorithms with reactive approaches is a suitable choice to deal with the dynamic characteristics of VANETs. In this regard, hybrid bio-inspired zone routing protocol (HyBIZRP) proposes to find the optimal shortest path with a limited number of vehicles for routing messages. In HyBIZRP, phase 1 follows a modified proactive mode and phase 2 follows an enhanced reactive mode for routing. Using modified Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) in HyBIZRP provides optimal routing with low overhead and delay. The proposed HyBIZRP and existing works are simulated in Network Simulator (NS 2). Important metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), overhead (OH), and end-to-end delay (EED) were used to compare the proposed HyBIZRP with proactive enhanced bio-inspired routing algorithm (EBIRA), reactive improved distance-based Ant Colony Optimization Routing (IDBACOR), and Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP). The simulation outputs show that the proposed HyBIZRP is superior in all aspects compared to EBIRA, IDBACOR, and EHACORP.


IoT based Innovative Teaching Learning using Smart Class Rooms
M Ashwin., E Saravana Kumar, R Ch A Naidu, and Raghu Ramamoorthy
IEEE
Nowadays students are expected to learn the subject easily through IoT based innovative teaching learning process. The innovative teaching learning process is achieved through smart class rooms. The smart class room is a classroom which fortified with hypermedia apparatuses aimed to improve teaching and knowledge. The main objective of smart class room is to create improved education and thoughtful through which the students can study their modules in smart method. The smart class room equipped with computers, LCD projectors, Laptops, DVD player, Video Cassette Recorder (VCR), Laptop cart (Podium), White board, Microphones etc. The smart class room standards like interactive white board, smart acoustic, senteo collaborating reply structure, airliner digital tab, smooth manuscript camera which makes the class room as digital class rooms.


An enhanced hybrid ant colony optimization routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy and Menakadevi Thangavelu
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The VANETs communication framework is used to provide communication between moving vehicles in highway and urban road scenarios. Dynamic properties of VANETs, such as high dynamic topology, frequent route failure, high mobility of nodes, and bandwidth constraints, reduce the efficiency of routing. The long length route between source and destination affects the efficiency of the protocol in the form of high overhead, frequent disconnections, high packet loss rate, low packet delivery rate, and low throughput. In this paper, we propose an Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP) to improve the efficiency of the routing process using the shortest path. The shortest path in the proposed protocol has low communication costs and the least number of hops between source and destination vehicles. The EHACORP has two phases. In phase 1, the EHACORP relies on a distance calculation method to compute the distance between vehicles. In phase 2, the source-based ant colony optimization is used to guide the ants to build a shorter path with the least number of hops to transmit data. The shortest path improves the efficiency of protocol in all aspects. The simulation results show that the EHACORP has improved packet delivery rate, throughput, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and packet loss rate compared to Fuzzy based ant colony optimization (F-ANT), Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), ant colony optimization routing algorithm (ARA), and AntNet routing protocols.


An enhanced distance and residual energy-based congestion aware ant colony optimization routing for vehicular ad hoc networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy and Menakadevi Thangavelu
Wiley



An Enhanced Bio-Inspired Routing Algorithm for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy and Menakadevi Thangavelu
College of Graduate Studies, Walailak University
         Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) demands reliable communication mechanisms for time-critical communication between vehicles. In VANETs, communication links between vehicles are prone to frequent breaks due to high mobility and topology changes. In this context, this work presents an enhanced bio-inspired routing algorithm (EBIRA) to provide reliable communication. In EBIRA, enhanced ant colony optimization (EACO) finds the optimal long-life short-distance routes with the minimum hops based on distance, received signal strength metric, hop count, and evaporation rate. In EBIRA, the selected path has a short distance and a high level of connectivity at the link level with minimum hops. Choosing the shortest path through minimum hops with high connectivity level links improves route lifetime and reduces frequent link breaks between vehicles. Simulation results show that the performance of EBIRA is better than reliable route discovery by using ant colony optimization (RDACO) and road-aware geographic routing protocol (RAGR) in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, and latency. Furthermore, variations of the received signal strength based on vehicle density and speed are evaluated, and the EBIRA route discovery success ratio is estimated and shown based on vehicle density at speed.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) demands reliable communication mechanisms for time-critical communication between vehicles. In VANETs, communication links between vehicles are prone to frequent breaks due to high mobility and topology changes
 VANET routing faces various challenges due to its unique characteristics such as high mobility, dynamic topology, unlimited network size, no infrastructure, and wireless communication
 Choosing the shortest path through minimum hops with high connectivity level links improves route lifetime and reduces frequent link breaks between vehicles
 The Less complexity, adaptability and self-organizing characteristics of ACO can cope with frequent topology changes, high mobility, absence of infrastructure, and wireless communication. The robustness feature of the ACO often helps to overcome network interruptions in the form of disconnections
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Hybrid MultiHop Routing Mechanism with Intelligent Transportation System architecture for Efficient Routing in VANETs
Raghu Ramamoorthy, Saravana Kumar E, R Ch A Naidu, and Sathya M
IEEE
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are required for efficient vehicle communication in the smart city. The goal of ITS was to provide a broad range of services in transportation, safety, comfort, commercial, mobility, and connectivity applications. In this era, road traffic is a major annoyance. The provision of real-time traffic information to drivers, in conjunction with a navigation system, can enable vehicles to choose the best route. To support ITS, this work proposes a Hybrid Multi-hop Routing Mechanism with Intelligent Transportation System (HMRM-ITS) for efficient communication among vehicles in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The proposed HMRM-ITS employs the multi-hop routing concept to enable vehicles to improve their driving performance and road safety. Furthermore, the proposed HMRM-ITS allows the transportation organization to communicate instantly between vehicles to Road-Side Units (RSUs), as well as vehicles-traffic servers in an efficient manner. The proposed mechanism enhanced the complete spatial use of a road network by lowering average travel costs of vehicles with a 5-10% reduction in traffic overhead over existing mechanisms. Additionally, the HMRM-ITS outperforms existing mechanisms in the form of packet transmission delay and throughput.


Group Based Dual Mode Key Management Scheme for Secure Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy and Menakadevi Thangavelu
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide similar services at various service points, so selecting the efficient service among the available services is a crucial task. Similarly, accessing services to exchange time-critical messages demands secure schemes. In this work, an efficient group-based dual mode key management (G-DMKM) scheme is proposed to select efficient service and the secure route to access the service. In G-DMKM for each session, the base stations are grouped according to localization in a time window manner which restricts the key and group lifetime. The time-domain randomization technique is used to generate a group key for each group and is shared between all stations and vehicles. Vehicles are authenticated for communication based on group and private keys. The private key is generated by the base station under which the vehicle is located. In G-DMKM, the multi-attribute location selection approach (MALSA) computes the multi-attribute service fitness (MASF) for each service to select the optimal service from the available services. Furthermore, Secure Transmission Support (STS) estimates the STS value for each route identified towards the service point, and the route with the highest STS support is selected for secure access to the service and data transmission. Simulation results show that the inclusion of an STS-supported route improves G-DMKM efficiency in all aspects compared to the conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPAS), Proxy Based Authentication Scheme (PBAS), and Secure Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme with Cuckoo Filter (SPACF).


An improved distance-based ant colony optimization routing for vehicular ad hoc networks
Raghu Ramamoorthy and Menakadevi Thangavelu
Wiley

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Deep Learning-Based Age and Gender Prediction through Feature Extraction from Facial Images using Convolutional Neural Networks
SM Manasa, R Ramamoorthy, A Velu, S Chaitrashree
2024 5th International Conference on Communication, Computing & Industry 6.0 2024



Impact of Ant Colony Optimization on Optimal Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
R Ramamoorthy, A Velu, RCA Naidu, A Kumari, H Kumar
2024 5th International Conference on Communication, Computing & Industry 6.0 2024



IoT-based Thermal Management System by Embedding Physical Sensors in Hybrid Vehicles
A Velu, R Ramamoorthy, A Prasanth, RK Dhanaraj
MDPI 2024



Generative AI and LLMs: Natural Language Processing and Generative Adversarial Networks
AV Raghu Ramamoorthy
Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG 2024



An Energy Efficient IoT Based Smart Street Lighting Using Low Cost SOC
R Ramamoorthy
2024 International Conference on Electronics, Computing, Communication and 2024



Reliable Smart Wrist Pulse Oximeter for Hypoxemia and COVID-19 Patients
R Ramamoorthy, JA Smitha, A Velu
International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational 2024



An enhanced location-aided ant colony routing for secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy
Human-Centric Intelligent Systems 4 (1), 25-52 2024



Comparative study and analysis of cloud container technology
ES Kumar, R Ramamoorthy, S Kesavan, T Shobha, S Patil, ...
2024 11th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global 2024



IoT-Based Smart Wearable Devices Using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Technology
M Ashwin, RCA Naidu, R Ramamoorthy, ES Kumar
International Conference on Soft Computing and Signal Processing, 155-164 2024



IoT-Based Thermal Management System by Embedding
A Velu, R Ramamoorthy, A Prasanth, RK Dhanaraj
Presented at The 11th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and 2024



Android App-Oriented Smart Supervision of Water Distribution Using Internet of Things
R Ramamoorthy, SM Manasa, JA Smitha
Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and 2024



Priority Based Lightweight Cluster Routing for Efficient Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
R Ramamoorthy
Central Asian Journal of Mathematical Theory and Computer Science 5 (2), 52-63 2024



IoT enabled smart farming: a controlled environment agriculture application
A Velu, R Ramamoorthy, S Kumar, K Shruthi
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and 2023



Performance Investigation of Hybrid Bio-Inspired Zone Routing Protocol Over Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols
R Ramamoorthy, RCA Naidu, S Kumar
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and 2023



IoT based innovative teaching learning using smart class rooms
M Ashwin, ES Kumar, RCA Naidu, R Ramamoorthy
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data 2023



Movement Record-Oriented Particle Swarm Optimization for Resource Allocation and Solving Job Failure Problems in Cloud.
R Ramamoorthy
Eur. Chem. Bull 12 (12), 392-403 2023



Classification of COVID-19 with belief functions and deep neural network
E Saravana Kumar, P Ramkumar, HS Naveen, R Ramamoorthy, ...
SN Computer Science 4 (2), 178 2023



Fundamentals of Wireless Communication and Networks
R Ramamoorthy
ISBN: 978-93-5757-600-0, SIPH, India 12, 1-200 2023



Artificial Intelligence Based Early Prediction of Lung Cancer Based on the Combination of Trace Element Analysis in Urine Using Cloud and Deep Learning Algorithms
R Ramamoorthy
IN Patent 202321027524 A 2023



Reliable andAccurate Plant Leaf Disease Detection withTreatment Suggestions Using Enhanced Deep Learning Techniques
R Ramamoorthy
SN Computer Science, 1 -13 2023

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

An enhanced hybrid ant colony optimization routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy, M Thangavelu
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 13 (8), 3837-3868 2022
Citations: 69



An improved distance‐based ant colony optimization routing for vehicular ad hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy, M Thangavelu
International Journal of Communication Systems 33 (14), e4502 2020
Citations: 30



An enhanced distance and residual energy‐based congestion aware ant colony optimization routing for vehicular ad hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy, M Thangavelu
International Journal of Communication Systems 35 (11), e5179 2022
Citations: 21



Reliable andAccurate Plant Leaf Disease Detection withTreatment Suggestions Using Enhanced Deep Learning Techniques
R Ramamoorthy
SN Computer Science, 1 -13 2023
Citations: 13



An Enhanced Bio-Inspired Routing Algorithm for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network
R Ramamoorthy
TRENDS IN SCIENCES 19 (19), 1-21 2022
Citations: 12



Group based dual mode key management scheme for secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy, M Thangavelu
Wireless Personal Communications 120 (2), 949-973 2021
Citations: 11



Efficient dead reckoning approach for localization prediction in VANETs
R Raghu, R Prabhushankar, J Rajaram, M Vaiyapuri
J Appl Sci Comput 6 (3), 2093-2099 2019
Citations: 10



IoT based innovative teaching learning using smart class rooms
M Ashwin, ES Kumar, RCA Naidu, R Ramamoorthy
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data 2023
Citations: 9



A survey on anonymous secure on-demand routing protocols in MANETs
R Raghu, T Menakadevi
Middle East J. Sci. Res 24, 3869-80 2016
Citations: 9



OHAR: Optimized Human Action Recognition Paradigm using Optimized Type 2 Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier
R Ramamoorthy
Periodico di Mineralogia 91 (4), 684-699 2022
Citations: 8



Hybrid multihop routing mechanism with intelligent transportation system architecture for efficient routing in VANETs
R Ramamoorthy, S Kumar, RCA Naidu
2022 international conference on disruptive technologies for multi 2022
Citations: 7



IoT enabled smart farming: a controlled environment agriculture application
A Velu, R Ramamoorthy, S Kumar, K Shruthi
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and 2023
Citations: 6



IoT-Based Smart Wearable Devices Using Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Technology
M Ashwin, RCA Naidu, R Ramamoorthy, ES Kumar
International Conference on Soft Computing and Signal Processing, 155-164 2024
Citations: 5



Classification of COVID-19 with belief functions and deep neural network
E Saravana Kumar, P Ramkumar, HS Naveen, R Ramamoorthy, ...
SN Computer Science 4 (2), 178 2023
Citations: 5



Efficient Cluster Based Algorithm for Structured Wireless Sensor Networks
R Raghu, M Hema, JJ Priya
CIKITUSI Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 6, 282-288 2019
Citations: 5



An enhanced location-aided ant colony routing for secure communication in vehicular ad hoc networks
R Ramamoorthy
Human-Centric Intelligent Systems 4 (1), 25-52 2024
Citations: 4



Generative AI and LLMs: Natural Language Processing and Generative Adversarial Networks
AV Raghu Ramamoorthy
Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG 2024
Citations: 3



An Energy Efficient IoT Based Smart Street Lighting Using Low Cost SOC
R Ramamoorthy
2024 International Conference on Electronics, Computing, Communication and 2024
Citations: 2



Performance Investigation of Hybrid Bio-Inspired Zone Routing Protocol Over Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols
R Ramamoorthy, RCA Naidu, S Kumar
2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and 2023
Citations: 2



Movement Record-Oriented Particle Swarm Optimization for Resource Allocation and Solving Job Failure Problems in Cloud.
R Ramamoorthy
Eur. Chem. Bull 12 (12), 392-403 2023
Citations: 2