Dr. P.L.Ravishankar MDS
@srmist.irins.org
,
SRM Kattankulathur Dental college and Hospital
EDUCATION
Master Dental surgery
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Surgery
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Rekha Mani, Vivek Narayanan, M Prem Blaisie Rajula, GD Venkatasubbu, and Potluri L Ravishankar
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing
M. Prem B. Rajula, Vivek Narayanan, G. Devanand Venkatasubbu, D. Prema, P. L. Ravishankar, and Rekha Mani
Medknow
ABSTRACT Bone is a unique nanocomposite tissue composed of organic and inorganic materials. Bone grafting is a common surgical method used to improve bone regeneration in dentistry and orthopedic surgery. Because standard therapies have substantial drawbacks, nanomaterials provide alternative options for bone repair. Owing to its high bioactivity, osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, and topography that matches the architecture of real bone, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA) are commonly used in bone treatment. We report here the synthesis and characterization of Naringin (NA) functionalized n-HA using HRTEM, FTIR, XRD, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The obtained results indicated that the n-HA can be functionalized with Naringin and they might be used as a bone regenerative material in medical and dental fields.
J. Wasti, P. Ravishankar, A. Wasti, M. P. Rajula, K. Sunanda, K. J. Alzahrani, K. F. Alharif, I. Halawani, F. Alzahrani, H. Baeshen,et al.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of hand and ultrasonic scaling and to evaluate the surface roughness on the root surface of periodontally involved teeth using a scanning electron microscope.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A sample of 90 single-rooted teeth with a hopeless prognosis was selected for the study and divided into three separate groups. Group I consist of no treatment. In Group II, hand scaling was done using Gracey curettes, and in Group III, ultrasonic scaling was done. The teeth were then extracted and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for 24-48 hours and subjected to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation.
RESULTS
The SEM analysis revealed that the remaining calculus index was found to be similar in the ultrasonic group and the hand scaling group, whereas the surface roughness was found to be the least in the ultrasonic group.
CONCLUSIONS
Hand instrumentation has resulted in more surface roughness as compared to ultrasonic instruments.
G. V. Trilochansai, P. L. Ravishankar, G. Visithriyan, Preethika Guruprasadh, S. Aadhithiyan, and P. Jishnavi Priya
A and V Publications
Aims and objectives: To determine and compare the effect of Triphala, Tulsi extract and chlorhexidine gluconate in gingivitis. Materials and Methods: This study is a double blind randomized clinical trial of 60 individuals were randomly allocated into the study groups of triphala, tulsi mouthwash, chlorhexidine mouthwash. Results: Our result showed that ocimum sanctum mouth rinse is equally in reducing plaque and gingivitis as chlorhexidine. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in gingival bleeding and plaque indices in Group 1and Group 2 over a period of 15 and 30 days as compared to chlorhexidine group. Conclusion: Although chlorhexidine group proved to be the best effective anti-plaque agent and anti-gingivitis agent, it was found that triphala and tulsi prove to be an effective mouth washes by reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.
G Kumar, MP Rajula, KS Rao, PL Ravishankar, DH Albar, MA Bahammam, A Alamoudi, KJ Alzahrani, KF Alsharif, IF Halawani,et al.
Medknow
Background: Essential oils (EOs) have a considerable amount of therapeutic and preventive effect in treating dental diseases due to their wider potential as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. EOs like virgin coconut oil, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil thyme oil, and clove oil, when used in combination, may further have enhanced antimicrobial effects. However, limited information exists on the synergistic effect of these oils when used in combination, especially on the primary periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Aim: The current study aims to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available EO on the periodontal pathogen, P. gingivalis, in comparison to chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial efficacy of EO and CHX was assessed at various concentrations against the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis, by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: P. gingivalis was seen to be sensitive at a MIC of 100 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml concentration of the EO, which is regarded as the MIC of EO against P. gingivalis and CHX effectively inhibited microbial growth at 0.4 μg/ml. Conclusion: A combination of EOs possesses a potent antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis, and the antibacterial efficacy increases with increasing concentration of EOs.
Sunanda Rao. K, Ravishankar P. L, Vandana Vijayan, Prem Blaisie Rajula, Gayathri. K, and Naveen Raj. S
A and V Publications
Aim: This study is to evaluate in vitro the efficiency of Triclosan and Aloe Vera dentifrices in reducing the contamination of toothbrush bristles by a standard strain of E.coli after brushing. Settings and Design: Methods and Material: Nine Toothbrushes were divided, randomly, into 3 brushing groups, with 3 toothbrushes in each group (i.e) no dentifrice, dentifrice containing Aloe vera (Danthkanthi(R)) and dentifrice containing Triclosan (Colgate total(R)) An initial culture was made with the standard strain of E.coli(ATGC 25922) in a nutrient broth which was incubated. The dentifrices were distributed over the bristles with the tip cut from its handle and brushing was performed for 1 min on autoclaved teeth. The trimmed bristles of each toothbrush were stored in individual test tubes which were kept incubated at 37°C for 48 hrs. Streaking was done in Nutrient Agar medium kept incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The number of colony forming units was manually counted. Results: The number colony forming units is highest in the control group and the least in Triclosan containing dentifrice. Conclusions: It can be concluded that both Aloe vera and Triclosan can be used as dentifrices that help reduce E.coli count on toothbrushes.
Priyankar Chakraborthy, Potluri Leela Ravishankar, Anbukumari Vadivelu Saravanan, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Ibrahim F. Halawan, Saleh Alshammeri, Mrim M. Alnfiai, Hosam Ali Baeshen, Sarah Yasser M. Qattan, Ammar Almarghlani,et al.
MDPI AG
(1) Background: Guided tissue regeneration was an effective surgical procedure in the management of intrabony defects and has undergone a number of changes in terms of materials and techniques. The aim of this study is to compare AmnioGuard and BioMesh in combination with NovaBone putty in intrabony defects. (2) Methodology: Ten patients who needed regenerative periodontal therapy were randomly allocated into two groups based on the inclusion criteria. These patients were subjected to phase I therapy followed by which Group A patients were treated with AmnioGuard + NovaBone putty whereas Group B with BioMesh + NovaBone putty. The clinical indices were obtained at baseline, 3 months and 6 months post-operatively while radiographic parameters were obtained at 6 months post-op. (3) Results & Conclusion: At six months after surgery, Group B (33% bone gain) showed a statistically significant change from Group A (16% bone gain) in both the clinical and radiographic measures (p < 0.05).
P. L. Ravishankar, Preethikaa Guruprasath, Padmaja Vangipuram, Jasmine Vaidya, G. Visithiriyan, A. Thirumal Raj, Shilpa Bhandi, Shankargouda Patil, and Snehashish Ghosh
Hindawi Limited
Background. The treatment plan for periodontitis may include both nonsurgical and surgical phases. During surgical procedures, bone grafts and barrier membranes were used after degranulation in order to achieve healing. Colostrum is one of the materials that is composed of bioactive components which has either osteoinductive or regenerative potential. Aim. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of bovine colostrum as bone regeneration material in periodontitis. Case Description. Clinical periodontal parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI), were evaluated. Patients who were diagnosed with localised periodontitis were selected. Three patients presenting vertical defect at buccal sites were treated with bovine colostrum. Following nonsurgical treatment, flap surgery was performed using bovine colostrum. After 6 months, favourable clinical and radiographical improvements were obtained. Conclusion. All cases showed reduction in PD; these findings suggest that the bovine colostrum could favour periodontal regeneration. The clinical significance is that bovine colostrum is cost effective and easily available and enhances bone regeneration. It can therefore be used as an alternative to bone grafts during periodontal surgery.
Shree Mohan Mishra, P. L. Ravishankar, V. Pramod, Prem Blaisie Rajula, K. Gayathri, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, A. Thirumal Raj, Shilpa Bhandi, and Shankargouda Patil
Hindawi Limited
Background. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties and the potential to increase the generation of antimicrobial peptides like cathelicidin and defensins that may have a good impact on oral health. Higher vitamin D consumption has also been linked to a reduced risk of periodontal disease progression. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and laboratory parameters of oral supplementation of vitamin D as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing and to assess the bone mineral density via qualitative ultrasound bone density scanner in chronic periodontitis patients. Methodology. This study included 40 patients with periodontitis categorized into 2 groups with twenty patients each, Group I comprising scaling and root planing (SRP) alone and Group II comprising SRP along with vitamin D supplementation. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss was measured as clinical parameters. Serum vitamin D levels were assessed before and after SRP at both baseline and 6 weeks. Results. The intergroup comparison of clinical parameters (PI, GI, PPD, and CAL) at 6 weeks for both the groups showed statistical significance. Intragroup comparison of clinical parameters from baseline to 6 weeks showed a statistically significant reduction in both groups. The mean bone mineral density level in both the control and test groups demonstrated a mean T score of –1.3 and –1.21, respectively. The mean vitamin D levels were 27.8460 and 28.1020 for the test and control groups, respectively, which was statistically insignificant ( p = 0.705 ) and those at six-week intervals improved to 31.3650 and 28.0240 which were statistically significant ( p ≤ 0.001 ). Conclusion. It could be stated that a positive relationship exists between periodontitis and osteopenia which could aggravate periodontal destruction. All periodontitis cases should thus be evaluated for BMD and supplemented with vitamin D3 in an appropriate dosage and time frame to treat both these diseases.
KSunanda Rao, Maharshi Malakar, PL Ravishankar, AV Saravanan, and R Balaji
Medknow
Background and Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease status and oral hygiene practices in urban and rural population of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: This epidemiological survey was carried out on 1650 participants taken from both urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram District. The study groups will belong to rural and urban areas in the ratio of 1:2, respectively. Every individual was assessed with the oral hygiene index-simplified, community periodontal index of treatment needs and periodontal disease index. In addition, the oral hygiene practices were also studied and recorded in a specially designed pro forma. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 software. Results: The study showed that 50% and 36% of the study participants have gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively, while only 14% of the study participants did not present with any form of periodontal disease. The study also showed that 16.63% of the study subjects among urban and 7.63% of them among rural do not have any type of periodontal disease. About 57.09% of the study participants among urban and 36.54% of the study participants among rural areas have gingivitis. The remaining 26.3% of the study participants in urban areas and 55.8% of the study participants in rural areas have periodontitis. It was observed that majority of participants brush once a day using Medium bristle tooth brush and toothpaste as dentifrice. Conclusion: Periodontal disease is widely spread among population of Kancheepuram District, with greater prevalence in rural population than in urban population. This could be mainly due to the lack of awareness and limited availability of resources. These estimates are vital for the future planning of dental services in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.
SRaja Rajeswari, MG Triveni, AB Tarun Kumar, PL Ravishankar, MPrem Blaisie Rajula, and Lydia Almeida
Medknow
Background: Multiple gingival recession (MGR) coverage, especially in esthetic area, demands a high patient satisfaction. Coronally advanced flap modifications, namely Zucchelli's technique (ZT) and vestibular incision subperiosteal tunnel access (VISTA), are techniques, recommended in the correction of MGR. Aim: The purpose was to comparatively analyze the ZT and VISTA technique reinforced with the platelet-rich fibrin membrane in the management of MGR. Materials and Methods: This split-mouth, randomized study comprised 16 consenting, systemically healthy participants. The bilateral Miller's multiple class I and II lesions were managed with ZT and VISTA technique and had a follow-up period of 18 months. Gingival thickness (GT), mean percentage of root coverage, and patient-centered outcome scales, including patient comfort score, patient esthetic score, and hypersensitivity score, were the primary outcome measures. Further clinical parameters assessed were gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and width of keratinized gingiva. Statistical Analysis and Results: Paired t-test and unpaired t-test were used for intragroup comparison and intergroup analysis, respectively. While both the techniques exhibited high root coverage percentage (VISTA: 93.95% and ZT: 96.84%), statistically significant difference was noted with patient esthetic score and surgical mortality score in VISTA. Conclusion: Both ZT and VISTA were effective in terms of root coverage and GT augmentation in MGR management. From the patient's perspective, they preferred VISTA technique over ZT, stating its minimal postoperative morbidity and improved esthetic outcome. Hence, within the limitations of this study, the VISTA technique was found to be a superior alternative compared to that of ZT in MGR management.
Padmaja Vangipuram, Ravishankar P L, Prem Blaisie Rajula M, Rajarajeswari S, Saravanan A V, and Jasmine Vaidya
GP Innovations Pvt. Ltd.
There has been an indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobials in the previous decades, leading to emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria. This has become a frequent occurrence, so natural antimicrobial agents have grabbed attention of researchers as potential alternatives. Of particular interest is cow dung which has been shown to have antibacterial and antiseptic properties. It is known to be used predominantly in rural areas. This paper aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Goshala Activated Carbon toothpowder against three strains of periodontopathogennic and cariogenic bacteria. Standardized strains of Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured in BHI (Brain Heart Infusion Broth) media and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Activated Carbon tooth powder was assessed by serial dilution method. Likewise, Amoxicillin, Metronidazole and Chlorhexidine were tested against the same pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were shown to be sensitive at an MIC of 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 0.8mg/ml for activated carbon toothpowder respectively. Given some limitations of this study, we can conclude that activated carbon powder presents a ray of hope in developing a targeted agent for aggressive periodontitis patients.
SelvarajRaja Rajeswari, TriveniM Gowda, AB Tarun Kumar, PotluriLeela Ravishankar, KapaBhargavi Preeti, and Divya Dhingra
Medknow
Saddle flap technique, a modified coronally advanced flap approach for isolated gingival recession management was introduced and assessed in terms of clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction. A total of 10 systemically healthy subjects with isolated gingival recession defect (Miller Class I and II) were enrolled in the study. The primary endpoint measure was patient satisfaction in terms of esthetics and percentage root coverage. The secondary outcome measures comprised clinical attachment level change, gingival thickness variation, width of keratinized tissue alteration, and postoperative healing. At 1 year postoperative, 80% of the treated sites achieved 100% root coverage. Based on clinical results, saddle flap technique could be considered as one of the possible treatment options for isolated gingival recession with good esthetic and patient satisfaction.
Preethikaa Guruprasath, Ravishankar PL, Prem Blaisie Rajula M, Sunanda Rao K, Padmaja Vangipuram, and Visithiriyan G
GP Innovations Pvt. Ltd.
Toothbrushing and toothbrushes play an important role in oral hygiene. Disinfection, storage and changing of toothbrushes at regular intervals are essential. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the invitro efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Listerine ® and herbal mouthwash (Himalaya Oro-TTM) against microorganisms as toothbrush disinfectants. A total of 20 participants were recruited. Brand new identical toothbrushes were given to each participant and they were asked to brush their teeth twice daily. They were instructed to use tap water to rinse the used toothbrushes. The toothbrushes were collected after a week. The bristles of each toothbrush were cut and kept in separate vials containing transport media. Then, they were sent for microbiological evaluation. The number of colony-forming units were measured. The vials containing bristles were divided into four groups, each group containing 5 vials: Group I: Chlorhexidine mouthwash; Group II: Listerine mouthwash; Group III: Herbal mouthwash; Group IV: Distilled water. The bristles were immersed in test-tube containing respective mouthwashes for one hour. And, colony-forming units were measured. In all three test groups, there was a significant difference in the reduction of microbes after sanitization with mouthwashes. The highest reduction was seen in group I and the least reduction was group IV. Disinfection of toothbrush may prevent the occurrence of oral infections. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was found to be more effective than other mouthwashes as a disinfecting agent in reducing the microbial load.
Vandana Vijayan, PotluriLeela Ravishankar, SunandaK Rao, SaravananA Vadivelu, Damodaran Narayanaswamy, and Surya Teja
Medknow
Background: Sutures which are used for wound approximation can act as a reservoir of microbes at the surgical site leading to increased chances of surgical site infection (SSI). Sutures used in oral cavity are continuously bathed in saliva which results in wicking. Several studies on sutures treated with nanoparticles, antibacterial agent and various drugs to advance the therapeutical value of surgical sutures are in consideration, drug-eluting sutures has been notable in research to deliver localized effect on the site of incision. Ciprofloxacin and Aloe vera are routinely used agents in coating sutures. Aim: This study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and oral biofilm inhibition of Ciprofloxacin and Aloe vera coated 3-0 silk sutures in comparison to uncoated sutures against E.coli. Material and Methods: Equal segments of ciprofloxacin and aloe vera coated 3-0 silk sutures are to be incubated in E.coli culture media (blood agar) at 37°C for 24 hours in aerobic atmosphere. Plain uncoated suture served as control. Assessment was done using Total Colony Forming Units and biofilm inhibition potential of sutures. Results awaited. Results: The zone of inhibition around ciprofloxacin coated suture is nearly double than that of with Aloe vera indicted that antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin is more comparatively. No inhibition zone around uncoated plain 3-0 braided silk shows that it has no significant antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Within limitation of our study, it can be concluded that both ciprofloxacin and Aloe vera coated sutures have antibacterial property against gram negative E. coli and can have a promising role in prevention of SSI although it would require further in vivo validation.
PotluriLeela Ravishankar, Vadivelu Saravanan, Maharshi Malakar, SunandaRao Karkala, and Vandana Vijayan
Medknow
With the aim of achieving an optimal aesthetic result, implant dentistry has become a prosthetically driven procedure. Special care is being taken to focus on the details that would lead to this objective. These details may include imitating the natural teeth by harmonizing the structures around the placed implant. The prosthetic and/or surgical parts of the procedure should be performed to reach an optimal outcome. In order to minimize the resorption of hard and soft tissue, which exists around the newly extracted tooth—to create a natural emergence profile of implant born prosthesis—socket preservation procedures were introduced; however, in case of ridge deficiencies, hard and soft tissue augmentation procedures are indicated. In this article, we present a case report using a new approach in socket ridge preservation, which is the socket-shield technique (partial root retention).
AV Saravanan, PL Ravishankar, Pradeep Kumar, K Rajapandian, V Kalaivani, and MPrem Blaisie Rajula
Medknow
Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, total protein, and IgG levels in elderly patients who were affected by periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital in the periodontics division. The study was conducted for a period of 3 months. This study is a prospective analytical study. Sixty individuals who were systemically healthy in the age group of 50 and above were included in this study. Control and experimental groups of 30 participants each were included. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Biochemical parameters such as serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, total protein, and IgG levels were also evaluated and correlated with the periodontal parameters. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The relationship between periodontal status and the biochemical parameters such as serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, total protein, and IgG levels were evaluated by Student′s t-test. Results: There was no significant difference in the plaque and gingival scores between the experimental and control group. It was observed that serum cholesterol level and total protein level was lower in participants suffering from chronic periodontitis. Triglycerides level was significantly elevated in the experimental group. IgG, a level which is not significant, concluded that there is no difference in control and experimental group. Conclusion: It was concluded from the results obtained from the study that there is an association between serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, total protein, and periodontal disease. However, further longitudinal and well-controlled studies are required to evaluate the relationship between these biochemical parameters and periodontal disease.
SA Jacob Raja, JJohnson Raja, R Vijayashree, BMeena Priya, GSai Anusuya, and P Ravishankar
Medknow
Aim: After the introduction of the multidrug therapy, the incidence of leprosy is decreasing every year. However, periodontal complaints are commonly seen in these patients due to compromised immunity and impaired oral hygiene. The aim of the present study is to assess the oral and periodontal status of the leprosy patients in Dindigul district. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 62 patients treated in a leprosy center at Dindigul district. Among these, 22 (35.5%) were female patients and 40 were male patients (64.5%). Age ranges between 40 and 70 with the mean age being 52. Facial changes, periodontal status, dental caries, attrition, tooth loss, plaque index (Silness and Loe), and calculus component of oral hygiene index-simplified were assessed. Results: Majority of the patients presented with loss of eyebrows and eyelashes, saddle nose, ocular involvement, and leonine facies. Gingival recession (54.8%) was a predominant finding followed by tooth loss (69.5%), mobility (60.86%), attrition (56%), chronic pulpitis (34.7%), and dental caries (26%). Most of the patients had severe periodontitis. Conclusions: Compromised immunity and altered autonomy pave way for many dental complaints such as periodontitis and deposits in tooth with poor oral hygiene. Awareness about the oral health problems and reinforcement of oral hygiene should be insisted to the leprosy patients to prevent further morbidity.
GSai Anusuya, M Kandasamy, SA Jacob Raja, S Sabarinathan, P Ravishankar, and Balu Kandhasamy
Medknow
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. Originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. The important functioning of BMP signals in physiology is emphasized by the multitude of roles for dysregulated BMP signaling in pathological processes. A study done wherein it was found that protein extracts from bone implanted into the animals at nonbone sites induced the formation of new cartilage and bone tissue. This protein extract contained multiple factors that stimulated bone formation and was termed as “BMP.” There are at least 15 different BMPs identified to date and are a part of the transforming growth factor-β super family. The most widely studied BMPs are BMP-2, BMP-3 (osteogenin), BMP-4, and BMP-7 (osteogenic protein-1). Now, any recombination type of morphogenic proteins have been synthesized, for example - recombinant human BMPs.
PradeepK Yadalam, K Rajapandian, PL Ravishankar, Kalaivani Vartharajan, Srinath Subramaniam, and Mithra Dinakar
Medknow
Aims: Many studies have proven that b2-glycoprotein-I-dependent anticardiolipin is elevated in periodontal diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, which are usually associated with high antiphospholipid antibodies, are more prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular sequelae. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate IgG, IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in tobacco users and non-tobacco users with severe chronic periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Based on the Armitage classification, 2000, 40 severe periodontitis (group D) (mean clinical attachment loss greater than 2.5 mm) male patients were selected for the study with the age range of 35–65 years and good general health from the Department of periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai. They were classified as smokers (20 subjects) and non-smokers (20 subjects). Blood samples were collected and IgG, IgM antibodies were semi-quantitatively analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data thus collected were statistically analyzed by independent student's t-test. Results: Results showed that smokers with severe periodontitis exhibited marked increase in anticardiolipin IgG, IgM compared to non-smokers. They showed a positive correlation and statistical significance (P < 0.0001) between mean clinical attachment loss and IgG and IgM values. Conclusions: Results showed a rise in anticardiolipin antibodies in smokers with severe periodontitis, which indicates that these patients are more prone to coronary heart disease.
PurnimaVidyesh Nadkerny, PotluriLeela Ravishankar, Virupapuram Pramod, LavanyaAbhay Agarwal, and Saurabh Bhandari
Medknow
Background: The aim of our clinical trial was to assess and compare the antiplaque and anti-inflammatory potential of a probiotic mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine and saline. Materials and Methods: A randomized parallel group study was designed for a period of 4 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 30 years having chronic gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group A - 15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group B - 15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group C - 15 subjects into a negative control group (normal saline). Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, all the three groups were instructed to rinse their mouth with 10 ml of their respective mouthrinse, undiluted for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. Results: At day 28, the PI, GI, and OHI-S were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than saline. Conclusion: The probiotic mouthrinses tested was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the prevention of plaque and gingivitis. Thus, the probiotic mouthrinse has a great therapeutic potential.