Kinetics of Oxidation of an Al2O3–SiC–C-Based Blast Furnace Trough Refractory in Air Jayaprabhu Karthikeyan, Rahul Sarkar Steel Research International, 2025 During tapping of liquid hot‐metal from the blast‐furnace, the blast‐furnace main trough gets exposed to air and the blast‐furnace‐trough refractory becomes prone to oxidation. In this work, isothermal oxidation kinetics of an Al2O3–SiC–C‐based BFT (Blast‐Furnace‐Trough) refractory castable using a high‐temperature vertical tubular furnace equipped with a microbalance is investigated. Herein, it is observed that up to about 800 °C, carbon only oxidizes, resulting in weight loss in the refractory. Around 900 °C, SiC also starts to oxidize via the passive‐oxidation mechanism, leading to the formation of a mullite phase as a result of the reaction between SiO2 generated via passive oxidation and Al2O3 already present in the refractory. This causes a volume expansion and weight gain, both having a beneficial effect on the refractory performance, which is further validated from apparent porosity measurements. Thus, above 900 °C, simultaneous oxidation of C and passive oxidation of SiC occurs, which eventually stabilizes the weight of the refractory. Around 1100 °C, the oxidation process of the refractory is practically complete, with no further increase in the oxidation rate beyond 1100 °C. The activation energy for the oxidation process is obtained as 37.2 ± 5 kJ mol−1 in the temperature range 600–1150 °C.
A Three-interface Shrinking Core Model for Reduction of Hematite by Hydrogen at Moderate Temperature Proceedings Icsti 2025 10th International Congress on the Science and Technology of Ironmaking, 2025
Interaction of Pure Alumina Refractory with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO Slags Relevant to the Novel Flash Ironmaking Technology Rahul Sarkar, Hong Yong Sohn Steel Research International, 2019 Interaction of alumina (Al2O3) refractory with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags relevant to the flash ironmaking technology (FIT) is investigated in this work. It is shown that for slags relevant to FIT, the interaction process can be described by a kinetic model based on counter diffusion of only Fe2+ and Al3+ cations through hercynite (FeAl2O4) formed as a result of the interaction. The diffusion of Si4+ and Ca2+ ions through FeAl2O4 can be neglected, and the only effect these cations have is that they affect the activity of iron oxide (FeO) at the slag–FeAl2O4 boundary. Analyses of reacted samples using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) show that the proposed model appropriately describes the growth of FeAl2O4 with the parabolic rate law being obeyed for both FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags in the temperature range of 1200–1400 °C. The values of effective diffusivity () are calculated independently from experiments with FeO–SiO2 and FeO–SiO2–CaO slags agreed with each other, with the activation energy values in the two cases being 246 and 253 kJ mol−1, respectively. These values of and activation energy are in good agreement with the corresponding values obtained previously from Fe–Al2O3 and FeO–Al2O3 systems.
Effect of w (CaO)/w (Al2O3) ratio on crystallization kinetics of non-reactive CaO-Al2O3 based mold fluxes for continuous casting of 3rd generation AHSS A Nigam, K Biswas, R Sarkar Ceramics International 51 (12), 15497-15511 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Intrinsic Kinetics of Reduction of Hematite Concentrates by H 2 at Moderate Temperatures D Nama, S Hazra, S Nag, R Sarkar Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 56 (2), 1380-1398 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Kinetics of Oxidation of an Al2O3–SiC–C‐Based Blast Furnace Trough Refractory in Air J Karthikeyan, R Sarkar Steel Research International, 2400390 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Effect of C/A ratio on the crystallization behavior and structure of calcium-aluminate based alternative mold fluxes for casting medium and high Mn/Al steels A Nigam, K Biswas, R Sarkar 12th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024 … , 2024 2024
Development of a Low Silica Calcium Aluminate Based Mould Flux for Casting High Al/Mn Steels A Nigam, R Sarkar The International Conference on Metallurgical Engineering and Centenary … , 2023 2023
Solid State Reduction of Hematite Ore Using Hydrogen at Moderate Temperatures D Nama, R Sarkar The International Conference on Metallurgical Engineering and Centenary … , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes used in continuous casting of steel: a review R Sarkar, Z Li Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52 (3), 1357-1378 , 2021 2021 Citations: 29
Interaction of magnesia-carbon refractory with ferrous oxide under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, BP Nash, HY Sohn Ceramics International 46 (6), 7204-7217 , 2020 2020 Citations: 7
Interaction of magnesia-carbon refractory with metallic iron under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, BP Nash, HY Sohn Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40 (2), 529-541 , 2020 2020 Citations: 16
A Kinetic Model for the Interaction of FeO with MgO-14.5 wt% C Refractory Under the Conditions of the Novel Flash Ironmaking Technology (FIT) R Sarkar, HY Sohn 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 21-31 , 2020 2020
A Model for the Interaction of Fe with MgO–14.5 wt% C Refractory Under Flash Ironmaking Conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Materials Processing Fundamentals 2020, 95-106 , 2020 2020
A Kinetic Model for Interaction of Iron Powder with Alumina Refractory Relevant to the Novel Flash Ironmaking Technology (FIT) R Sarkar, HY Sohn Materials Science and Technology (MS&T), 2019 , 2019 2019
A kinetic model for interaction of iron (II) oxide with pure alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Materials Science and Technology (MS&T), 2019 , 2019 2019
Interaction of iron with alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 50 (4), 2063-2076 , 2019 2019 Citations: 7
Interaction of ferrous oxide with alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Ceramics International 45 (12), 15417-15428 , 2019 2019 Citations: 25
Interactions of Iron, Wustite and Slags with Selected Refractory Materials under Flash Ironmaking Conditions R Sarkar University of Utah , 2019 2019 Citations: 5
Interactions of alumina-based and magnesia-based refractories with iron melts and slags: a review R Sarkar, HY Sohn Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49 (4), 1860-1882 , 2018 2018 Citations: 61
A model for dissolution of lime in steelmaking slags R Sarkar, U Roy, D Ghosh Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47 (4), 2651-2665 , 2016 2016 Citations: 22
Effect of preaging deformation on aging characteristics of 2507 super duplex stainless steel MK Mishra, AG Rao, R Sarkar, BP Kashyap, N Prabhu Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 25 (2), 374-381 , 2016 2016 Citations: 22
Effects of alloying elements on the ferrite potential of peritectic and ultra-low carbon steels R Sarkar, A Sengupta, V Kumar, SK Choudhary ISIJ international 55 (4), 781-790 , 2015 2015 Citations: 23
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Dynamic modeling of LD converter steelmaking: Reaction modeling using Gibbs’ free energy minimization R Sarkar, P Gupta, S Basu, NB Ballal Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46 (2), 961-976 , 2015 2015.0 Citations: 69
Interactions of alumina-based and magnesia-based refractories with iron melts and slags: a review R Sarkar, HY Sohn Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 49 (4), 1860-1882 , 2018 2018.0 Citations: 61
Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes used in continuous casting of steel: a review R Sarkar, Z Li Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52 (3), 1357-1378 , 2021 2021.0 Citations: 29
Interaction of ferrous oxide with alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Ceramics International 45 (12), 15417-15428 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 25
Effects of alloying elements on the ferrite potential of peritectic and ultra-low carbon steels R Sarkar, A Sengupta, V Kumar, SK Choudhary ISIJ international 55 (4), 781-790 , 2015 2015.0 Citations: 23
A model for dissolution of lime in steelmaking slags R Sarkar, U Roy, D Ghosh Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47 (4), 2651-2665 , 2016 2016.0 Citations: 22
Effect of preaging deformation on aging characteristics of 2507 super duplex stainless steel MK Mishra, AG Rao, R Sarkar, BP Kashyap, N Prabhu Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 25 (2), 374-381 , 2016 2016.0 Citations: 22
Interaction of magnesia-carbon refractory with metallic iron under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, BP Nash, HY Sohn Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40 (2), 529-541 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 16
Interaction of magnesia-carbon refractory with ferrous oxide under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, BP Nash, HY Sohn Ceramics International 46 (6), 7204-7217 , 2020 2020.0 Citations: 7
Interaction of iron with alumina refractory under flash ironmaking conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 50 (4), 2063-2076 , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 7
Effect of w (CaO)/w (Al2O3) ratio on crystallization kinetics of non-reactive CaO-Al2O3 based mold fluxes for continuous casting of 3rd generation AHSS A Nigam, K Biswas, R Sarkar Ceramics International 51 (12), 15497-15511 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 5
Interactions of Iron, Wustite and Slags with Selected Refractory Materials under Flash Ironmaking Conditions R Sarkar University of Utah , 2019 2019.0 Citations: 5
Kinetics of Oxidation of an Al2O3–SiC–C‐Based Blast Furnace Trough Refractory in Air J Karthikeyan, R Sarkar Steel Research International, 2400390 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 3
Interaction of pure alumina refractory with FeO‐SiO2 and FeO‐SiO2‐CaO slags relevant to the novel Flash Ironmaking Technology (FIT) R Sarkar, HY Sohn Steel Research International , 0 Citations: 3
Intrinsic Kinetics of Reduction of Hematite Concentrates by H 2 at Moderate Temperatures D Nama, S Hazra, S Nag, R Sarkar Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 56 (2), 1380-1398 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 2
Solid State Reduction of Hematite Ore Using Hydrogen at Moderate Temperatures D Nama, R Sarkar The International Conference on Metallurgical Engineering and Centenary … , 2023 2023.0 Citations: 1
Effect of C/A ratio on the crystallization behavior and structure of calcium-aluminate based alternative mold fluxes for casting medium and high Mn/Al steels A Nigam, K Biswas, R Sarkar 12th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024 … , 2024 2024.0
Development of a Low Silica Calcium Aluminate Based Mould Flux for Casting High Al/Mn Steels A Nigam, R Sarkar The International Conference on Metallurgical Engineering and Centenary … , 2023 2023.0
A Kinetic Model for the Interaction of FeO with MgO-14.5 wt% C Refractory Under the Conditions of the Novel Flash Ironmaking Technology (FIT) R Sarkar, HY Sohn 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 21-31 , 2020 2020.0
A Model for the Interaction of Fe with MgO–14.5 wt% C Refractory Under Flash Ironmaking Conditions R Sarkar, HY Sohn Materials Processing Fundamentals 2020, 95-106 , 2020 2020.0
