Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and R.I. sensor using POF based on twisted structure Muhammad Saleh Urf Kumail Haider, Chen Chen, Abdul Ghaffar, Sadam Hussain, Mujahid Mehdi, Laraib Unsa Noor, Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Min Liu Scientific Reports, 2025 In this paper, a dual-parameter liquid level and refractive index (R.I.) sensor is fabricated using three pieces of bare polymer optical fibers (POFs), which can independently and simultaneously sense the liquid level and R.I. The proposed sensor design utilizes the twisted coupling technique, in which two optical fibers are twisted and coupled with macro-bending. The liquid level measurement depends on the coupling loss, where the light is transmitted to emission fiber (EF) and twisted with coupled acceptor fiber (AF). The proposed liquid level sensor can measure depths up to 125 mm with a sensitivity of 8.03 nW/mm. Moreover, R.I. sensing depends on the twisted coupled macro-bending (TCMB) technique, where the EF generates bend loss and the AF couples the loss, where the coupled power varies due to the transformation in R.I. of coupling medium. The R.I. sensor revealing a notable sensitivity of -2663%/RIU and an impressive resolution of 3.754 × 10 −4 in the different NaCl-saturated liquids featuring R.I. range extending from 1.333 to 1.361. The experimental findings indicate the sensor exhibits excellent stability and reliability. The sensor’s straightforward, comprehensive, and cost-effective design enables its application in chemical, petroleum, and other industries.
Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel-Cell–Battery System for Microgrid Applications Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Tarek Medalel Masaud, Ehab F. El-Saadany IEEE Systems Journal, 2025 The variable nature of sustainable energy sources, coupled with unpredictable fluctuations in load, significantly impacts microgrid planning and operation. This creates an urgent need for storage systems that possess both high energy and power handling capacities to enhance the reliability and efficiency of microgrids. Hybridizing fuel cells (FCs) and battery storage system offers a promising solution by combining the advantages of both technologies. To this end, this article introduces an innovative model designed to determine the optimal sizing and management of a hybrid system comprising FCs and lithium batteries for islanded microgrid applications. The model considers the critical tradeoffs between the high-power density and efficiency of lithium batteries and the extended lifespan and energy density of FCs. Furthermore, it incorporates factors such as investment and operational expenses, the state-of-health of the FC, battery degradation costs, and the dynamic efficiency of the FC. To reduce computational burden, all constraints are modeled as linear, and mixed integer linear programming, suitable for linear models, is employed for the problem formulation. Simulation results and comparative analyses confirm the model’s effectiveness, demonstrating a reduction in annual microgrid cost by up to 24.45% while exhibiting a notable 8% reduction in required storage compared to using only individual lithium battery storage.
Synthetic Time Series Data Generation for Healthcare Applications: A PCG Case Study Ainaz Jamshidi, Muhammad Arif, Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Alexander Gelbukh 2025 59th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems Ciss 2025, 2025 The generation of high-quality medical time series data is essential for advancing healthcare diagnostics and safeguarding patient privacy. Specifically, synthesizing realistic phonocardiogram (PCG) signals offers significant potential as a cost-effective and efficient tool for cardiac disease pre-screening. Despite its potential, the synthesis of PCG signals for this specific application received limited attention in research. In this study, we employ and compare three state-of-the-art generative models from different categories — WaveNet, DoppelGANger, and DiffWave — to generate high-quality PCG data. We use data from the George B. Moody PhysioNet Challenge 2022. Our methods are evaluated using various metrics widely used in the previous literature in the domain of time series data generation, such as mean absolute error and maximum mean discrepancy. Our results demonstrate that the generated PCG data closely resembles the original datasets, indicating the effectiveness of our generative models in producing realistic synthetic PCG data. In our future work, we plan to incorporate this method into a data augmentation pipeline to synthesize abnormal PCG signals with heart murmurs, in order to address the current scarcity of abnormal data. We hope to improve the robustness and accuracy of diagnostic tools in cardiology, enhancing their effectiveness in detecting heart murmurs.
Optimal Scheduling of Hybrid Fuel Cell-Battery Storage in Microgrid Considering Battery Degradation Cost Tarek Medalel Masaud, Sabir Ali Kalhoro 9th International Youth Conference on Energy Iyce 2024, 2024 Hybrid storage systems (HSS) have gained significant interest in recent years due to their ability to combine the advantages of different storage technologies. A fuel cell (FC)-battery HSS is a promising configuration for microgrid operations, leveraging the high-power density of batteries and the high energy density of fuel cells when optimally scheduled. Therefore, optimal scheduling of both units is essential for achieving optimal performance. In this paper, we develop an optimization model for the optimal scheduling of a hybrid FC-battery storage system in a microgrid, taking battery degradation costs into account. In our model, the FC is scheduled for continuous but low power periods, while the battery is scheduled for discrete high-power periods. This strategy ensures the effective combination of the advantages of both technologies. The scheduling problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Implementation of an Integrated Electronic Control System for a Typical MicroGrid Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Asif Raza, Ainaz Jamshidi, Lala Rukh, Asif A. Rahimoon, Salman Ahmed Icetas 2024 9th IEEE International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences, 2024 The typical microgrid (MG) can be presented as a viable alternative solution for off grid and on grid applications featuring large to mini models. The typical MG can be formed by pairing conventional generation units with renewable energy sources (RESs) for dealing with technical and economic aspects. Technical aspects cover the challenges which reduces the reliability and efficiency of designed MG model, while economic aspects cover the affordability of design system cost. Therefore, in this regard, a MG consists of electrical power grid (Karachi electric), solar, wind units along with battery support has been modeled to investigate the effects of proposed integrated electronic control system (I<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ECS</inf>). The developed I<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ECS</inf> controller consists of two stage operation. In the 1<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> stage, it monitors the voltage in real-time to ensure adequate supply, and in 2<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> stage, it initiates a control strategy to dispatch supply while activating the voltage protection circuitry for MG. Furthermore, the proposed I<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ECS</sup> has been configured with infrared-based sensors and relays module to verify the occupant presence to trigger the required amount of supply generated from typical MG. This controller helps reduce the gap between supply and demand, consequently providing better energy output. The deployment of this controller can be used as a smart technique to overcome excessive energy consumption, improving stability and efficiency for mini scale applications.
Enhancing Solar Power Generation with a Bifacial Dual-Axis Parabolic Dish Tracking Prototype Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Asif. A. Rahimoon, Mohd Noor Abdullah, Halyani Mohd Yassim, Asif Raza, Shafique A. Soomro 2024 IEEE 22nd Student Conference on Research and Development Scored 2024, 2024 Photovoltaic (PV) modules often suffer from defects like glass breakage, soiling, discoloration, hotspots, reducing their power generation efficiency. Fixed-angle PV systems are increasingly being replaced by single axis tracking system (STs) and dual axis tracking system (DTs) mode of operation to enhance generation. However, STs improve performance by following daily solar motions but struggle with seasonal adjustments. While DTs overcome this limitation by enabling precise two-axis tracking, capturing optimal solar irradiance. The bifacial configured PV modules further boost generation efficiency by utilizing radiation from both sides, offering flexibility in orientation and reducing tracking limitations. The primary objective of this study is to enhance power generation from the bifacial PV module. Hence, this study is proposing a cost-effective bifacial dual-axis parabolic dish tracker with a closed-loop design. The system employs Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors and a Raspberry Pi controller to achieve precise dual-axis tracking assembled on stainless frame. The size of parabolic dish is comprised of aluminum foil polished around $4 \\times 4 \\mathrm{ft}$ area. The proposed study was tested over three days in November along with an albedo of approximately 0.39 value. The obtained result shows that generated cumulative power in watt (W) was recorded as $402.47 \\mathrm{~W}, 418.06 \\mathrm{~W}$ and 427.30 W respectively. Thus, results demonstrate the combined potential of bifacial PV modules and DTs scheme has efficiently improved the power generation.
Wind and solar energy resources potential across coastal mega cities, of Pakistan Ali Sabir, Muhammad Shahid, Syed M. Usman Ali, Engr Ahmed, Darakhshan Ara, et al. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2019 Pakistan has the vast potential of renewable energy (RE) resources but still, rely on the pricy fossil fuel-based power generation. The developed nation work on the shifting of conventional resources based generation into renewable energy-based generation, but Pakistan still engages to negotiate fossil fuel trade. However, Pakistan has 1100Km of the coastal belt that acquires the huge potential of RE. The different metrological department measure the RE exists in Pakistan, the World Bank Group is one of them. The World Bank group observe the solar and wind potential across the megacity of Pakistan including Karachi. In this research, we have explored the World Bank efforts by highlighting the availability of the solar and wind power across coastal megacity, of Pakistan. The main focus is on the estimates of global horizontal irradiation (GHI) parameter of solar and wind speed for wind resources along with the yearly values provided by the World Bank. The wind power depend on wind speed across so, in this research, the wind speed is observed across the coastal megacity of Pakistan for the wind turbine installation. The wind speed data is occupied from the World Bank site to explore wind model for the future power supply across Karachi of Pakistan. Similarly, the solar irradiation calculation is very much important to install solar models. So we have select the GHI for the solar observation across Karachi of Pakistan. The GHI data is taken from the World Bank site and exploring on excel to find the future power generation across coastal megacity of Pakistan. Both wind speed and GHI parameter are observed by a yearly basis. It is detected that the regular trend for each of the selected years is related to the next year so the perceived trend of GHI and wind speed is valid for the upcoming year. Hence the GHI and wind speed availability indicate the installation of solar penal and wind turbine for the power generation across the coastal megacity of Pakistan. The GHI and wind speed experimental data for the coastal megacity contain a huge amount of solar and wind potential. The planner needs to explore this energy by installing a suitable quantity of the solar plant and windmills for power generation.
Optimal energy management of a zero-emission provisional microgrid configuration incorporating the existing flexibility of hydrogen energy systems SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany Energy Conversion and Management: X, 101807 , 2026 2026
Sizing hybrid battery-fuel cell system in zero-emission microgrid considering optimization of fc stack voltage, hydrogen flow, efficiency, and battery replacement SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany Journal of Energy Storage 144, 119692 , 2026 2026 Citations: 3
Erratum to “Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel-Cell–Battery System for Microgrid Applications” SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany IEEE Systems Journal 19 (4), 1316-1316 , 2026 2026
Implementation of the control algorithm in the hybrid microgrid for the distributed hybrid power system network M Marzougui, SA Kalhoro, R Chargui Measurement, 119189 , 2025 2025
Optimal planning of a hybrid fuel-cell–battery system for microgrid applications SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany IEEE Systems Journal , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
AI and IoT-Enabled Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) for Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources A Fatah, GB Narejo, L Rukh, M Memon, MM Memon, S Ali Kalhoro REHVA HVAC World Congress, 782-791 , 2025 2025
Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and RI sensor using POF based on twisted structure MSUK Haider, C Chen, A Ghaffar, S Hussain, M Mehdi, LU Noor, ... Scientific Reports 15 (1), 1163 , 2025 2025 Citations: 14
Enhancing solar power generation with a bifacial dual-axis parabolic dish tracking prototype SA Kalhoro, AA Rahimoon, MN Abdullah, HM Yassim, A Raza, ... 2024 IEEE 22nd Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), 66-71 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Implementation of an Integrated Electronic Control System for a Typical MicroGrid SA Kalhoro, A Raza, A Jamshidi, L Rukh, AA Rahimoon, S Ahmed 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference on Engineering Technologies and … , 2024 2024
Optimal scheduling of hybrid fuel cell-battery storage in microgrid considering battery degradation cost TM Masaud, SA Kalhoro 2024 9th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE), 1-5 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery System for Microgrid Applications SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud 2024 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (Student Poster) , 2024 2024
Weather Data Based Analysis of Existing Solar and Wind potential of Karachi SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo Global Research Review 1 (02), 27-41 , 2021 2021
A Proposed Indigenous Municipal Waste Based RE Generation Plant Design for South Asian Coastal Mega Cities SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo GLOBAL RESEARCH REVIEW 1 (02), 42-59 , 2021 2021 Citations: 2
An Analysis on Existing Energy Policies and Future Policy Recommendations for Developing Nations SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo GLOBAL RESEARCH REVIEW 1 (4) , 2021 2021 Citations: 2
Solar Energy Status and Potential Assessment Across Karachi SA Kalhoro, M Shahid, RA Lashari, M Waleed, T Ahmed, D Ara 3C Tecnologia, 307-326 , 2019 2019
Wind and solar energy resources potential across coastal mega cities, of Pakistan Kalhoro S.A., Shahid M., Ali S.M.U., Ahmed T., Ara D International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8 (2S8 … , 2019 2019 Citations: 7
Wind Energy Status and Potential Assessment across Coastal Mega City, of Pakistan SA Kalhoro, MA Noman, MR Awan, ET Ahmed, SA Soomro, M Faisal International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8(2S8 … , 2019 2019
Wind and solar energy potentials around Southern Sindh & Southern Baluchistan provinces, especially Karachi of Pakistan M Shahid, SA Kalhoro, D Ara, N Bano, R Perween 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 116-141 , 2019 2019 Citations: 6
An economical and relatively efficient implementation of the Real–Time Solar Tracking System SA Kalhoro, SHA Musavi, S Ali, S Rahoojo, A Nawaz 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 68-99 , 2019 2019 Citations: 9
Spatial Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Sunlight Variation through GIS Kriging Techniques A Nawaz, S Ali, SA Kalhoro, S Rahoojo, M Abbas, M Shahid 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 468-485 , 2019 2019 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and RI sensor using POF based on twisted structure MSUK Haider, C Chen, A Ghaffar, S Hussain, M Mehdi, LU Noor, ... Scientific Reports 15 (1), 1163 , 2025 2025 Citations: 14
An economical and relatively efficient implementation of the Real–Time Solar Tracking System SA Kalhoro, SHA Musavi, S Ali, S Rahoojo, A Nawaz 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 68-99 , 2019 2019 Citations: 9
Wind and solar energy resources potential across coastal mega cities, of Pakistan Kalhoro S.A., Shahid M., Ali S.M.U., Ahmed T., Ara D International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8 (2S8 … , 2019 2019 Citations: 7
Wind and solar energy potentials around Southern Sindh & Southern Baluchistan provinces, especially Karachi of Pakistan M Shahid, SA Kalhoro, D Ara, N Bano, R Perween 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 116-141 , 2019 2019 Citations: 6
Optimal scheduling of hybrid fuel cell-battery storage in microgrid considering battery degradation cost TM Masaud, SA Kalhoro 2024 9th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE), 1-5 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Sizing hybrid battery-fuel cell system in zero-emission microgrid considering optimization of fc stack voltage, hydrogen flow, efficiency, and battery replacement SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany Journal of Energy Storage 144, 119692 , 2026 2026 Citations: 3
Optimal planning of a hybrid fuel-cell–battery system for microgrid applications SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany IEEE Systems Journal , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
A Proposed Indigenous Municipal Waste Based RE Generation Plant Design for South Asian Coastal Mega Cities SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo GLOBAL RESEARCH REVIEW 1 (02), 42-59 , 2021 2021 Citations: 2
An Analysis on Existing Energy Policies and Future Policy Recommendations for Developing Nations SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo GLOBAL RESEARCH REVIEW 1 (4) , 2021 2021 Citations: 2
Enhancing solar power generation with a bifacial dual-axis parabolic dish tracking prototype SA Kalhoro, AA Rahimoon, MN Abdullah, HM Yassim, A Raza, ... 2024 IEEE 22nd Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD), 66-71 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Spatial Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Sunlight Variation through GIS Kriging Techniques A Nawaz, S Ali, SA Kalhoro, S Rahoojo, M Abbas, M Shahid 3c Tecnología: glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 8 (1), 468-485 , 2019 2019 Citations: 1
Optimal energy management of a zero-emission provisional microgrid configuration incorporating the existing flexibility of hydrogen energy systems SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany Energy Conversion and Management: X, 101807 , 2026 2026
Erratum to “Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel-Cell–Battery System for Microgrid Applications” SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud, EF El-Saadany IEEE Systems Journal 19 (4), 1316-1316 , 2026 2026
Implementation of the control algorithm in the hybrid microgrid for the distributed hybrid power system network M Marzougui, SA Kalhoro, R Chargui Measurement, 119189 , 2025 2025
AI and IoT-Enabled Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) for Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources A Fatah, GB Narejo, L Rukh, M Memon, MM Memon, S Ali Kalhoro REHVA HVAC World Congress, 782-791 , 2025 2025
Implementation of an Integrated Electronic Control System for a Typical MicroGrid SA Kalhoro, A Raza, A Jamshidi, L Rukh, AA Rahimoon, S Ahmed 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference on Engineering Technologies and … , 2024 2024
Optimal Planning of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery System for Microgrid Applications SA Kalhoro, TM Masaud 2024 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (Student Poster) , 2024 2024
Weather Data Based Analysis of Existing Solar and Wind potential of Karachi SA Kalhoro, GB Narejo Global Research Review 1 (02), 27-41 , 2021 2021
Solar Energy Status and Potential Assessment Across Karachi SA Kalhoro, M Shahid, RA Lashari, M Waleed, T Ahmed, D Ara 3C Tecnologia, 307-326 , 2019 2019
Wind Energy Status and Potential Assessment across Coastal Mega City, of Pakistan SA Kalhoro, MA Noman, MR Awan, ET Ahmed, SA Soomro, M Faisal International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8(2S8 … , 2019 2019
