PGCert Innovation and Entrepreneurship, The University of Dublin (Ireland),
PhD in Physics, Dublin Institute of Technology (Ireland),
Master of Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (India),
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Energy, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
33
Scopus Publications
957
Scholar Citations
14
Scholar h-index
19
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
An Unsupervised Machine Learning to Optimize Hybrid Quantum Noise Clusters for Gaussian Quantum Channel Mouli Chakraborty, Anshu Mukherjee, Ioannis Krikidis, Avishek Nag, Subhash Chandra IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 2026 Quantum communication systems are essential for secure information transmission, but their performance is significantly impeded by complex hybrid quantum noise (HQN) in Gaussian quantum channels. Accurately modeling this noise is crucial for optimizing channel achievable rates, a problem compounded by the complex nature of hybrid noise, which combines quantum shot noise and classical additive-white-Gaussian noise (AWGN) and is typically represented as an infinite mixture of Gaussian distributions. This work focuses on optimizing the HQN model to improve the achievable rate of Gaussian quantum channels using Machine Learning (ML) optimized clusters. The work specifically leverages Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to model the complex noise characteristics of quantum channels. The study proposes modeling of hybrid noise as an infinite mixture of Gaussian distributions weighted by Poissonian parameters, with a novel cluster reduction technique that minimizes the number of Gaussian components while maintaining accuracy within acceptable error tolerances. Simulation results demonstrate that the GMM-EM enhanced clustering method significantly improves channel achievable rates in general quantum communication and satellite-based quantum communication systems. The GMMEM method substantially outperforms conventional clustering techniques, including K-means and Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithms, in terms of maximizing achievable rates and characterizing noise accuracy. This advancement provides a practical and efficient solution for real-time quantum noise modeling, representing a significant improvement over existing state-of-the-art approaches in quantum communication network optimization
Experimental validation of a prototype compound parabolic concentrator as a viable façade-mounted daylighting system Wai Qian Tham, Subhash Chandra, Brian Norton, Sarah J. McCormack Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2025 While compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) have been widely explored for solar concentration in photovoltaic applications, their potential for daylighting is still not fully explored. Their capacity to redirect sunlight and integration with light transport systems are fundamental to their role in daylighting systems. They can be deployed as façade-mounted devices to enable deep daylight penetration into buildings, as they capture both direct and diffuse light. This is useful as diffuse light is pronounced under overcast sky conditions, common in northern latitude climates such as in Ireland. With the installation of CPC at the façade, the brightness near the window can be lower while increasing the brightness at the end of the room, resulting in a more uniformly-distributed brightness for all unshaded rooms. This project aims to experimentally test and evaluate the efficiency of CPCs in collecting and concentrating the light for daylighting purposes. The simulation-optimised configuration of a small-scale reflector CPC and a dielectric CPC was manufactured to validate the simulation results. Initial results of the prototype dielectric CPC system have shown that the light intensity at the end of the channel is more than the required 5% daylight factor recommended for indoor spaces. This shows that despite the losses, sufficiently bright light can be provided deep into the room through a CPC daylighting system. This study aims to present the experimental results and explore the viability and limitations of a CPC daylighting system.
Optimisation of Luminescent Solar Concentrators through an Integrated Optical & Electrical Model Aaron Glenn, Subhash Chandra, Mojtaba Nasiri, Sarah McCormack Renewable Energy, 2025 Luminescent and Plasmonic Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs and PLSCs) represent significant advancements in solar energy utilisation. This paper introduces and validates a novel, comprehensive two–stage integrated model for optimising and evaluating the performance of these solar concentrating devices. The first stage, termed ‘Plasmon’ is an optical model that systematically optimises the optical characteristics of LSCs and PLSCs. Initially, the optical processes within LSCs were modelled and validated against laboratory–fabricated devices. This validation process was repeated for PLSC simulations ensuring congruence between the modelled and experimental results. Subsequently, the optical model was used to simulate various dye concentrations within LSCs of dimensions 10 × 10 × 0 . 5 cm of which the optimal outputs were fabricated in the lab and tested in both indoor and outdoor environments. The second stage is a novel electrical model developed to predict and evaluate the outdoor performance of the LSC and PLSC devices. The electrical model incorporates the LSC & PLSC optical parameters & dimensions, as well as the direct and diffuse components of the solar radiation spectrum to simulate the devices electrical performance. The role of the electrical model is to predict key performance metrics of power output and power conversion efficiency, thereby providing a comprehensive evaluation of the devices. Comparative analysis shows that the model demonstrates a high degree of accuracy ( > 90 % ). This validated novel comprehensive model emerges as a powerful and versatile tool capable of accurately simulating diverse LSC & PLSC device configurations, dye types, and concentrations across various environmental and seasonal conditions. It offers significant material, time, and cost savings in the research and development of these technologies. • Integrated optical-electrical model developed and validated. • High-accuracy simulations predict real-world luminescent solar concentrator outputs. • Model enhances solar efficiency by optimising device configurations and materials. • Validated model offers significant material, time, and cost savings in LSC research.
On the Achievable Rate of Satellite Quantum Communication Channel using Deep Autoencoder Gaussian Mixture Model Mouli Chakraborty, Subhash Chandra, Avishek Nag, Anshu Mukherjee IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2025 We present a comparative study of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and the Deep Autoencoder Gaussian Mixture Model (DAGMM) for estimating satellite quantum channel capacity, considering hybrid quantum noise (HQN) and transmission constraints. While GMM is simple and interpretable, DAGMM better captures non-linear variations and noise distributions. Simulations show that DAGMM provides tighter capacity bounds and improved clustering. This introduces the Deep Cluster Gaussian Mixture Model (DCGMM) for high-dimensional quantum data analysis in quantum satellite communication.
Simulating the light concentration of dielectric compound parabolic concentrators for deep building daylighting to enhance circadian entrainment W Q Tham, S Chandra, B Norton, S J McCormack Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2025 Daylighting brings natural light into an indoor space, both to reduce total energy consumption and create a more comfortable indoor condition. Windows are efficient in allowing much daylighting; however, they cause a non-uniform daylight distribution. This research focusses on utilising compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) to provide more daylight deeper into a room. In addition to direct solar radiation, CPCs can collect diffuse light efficiently, which is pronounced in higher latitude climates, it has the potential to collect sufficient daylight even under overcast sky conditions. A dielectric CPC can allow light to undergo total internal reflection along the dielectric boundary surfaces. While compared to an air medium, the light attenuation in a dielectric medium is higher. However, the light refracting into the dielectric medium results in a larger collection angle. Higher intensity of daylight is needed during the winter season due to the shorter daytime. Thus, simulations have been done to optimise the dielectric CPC’s light collection across the year, especially for winter. This would help increasing the amount of indoor lighting to ensure sufficient brightness for circadian entrainment in the whole room. As such, simulations have been done to manipulate the collector truncation and channel conditions to maximise the daylight collection and transport of dielectric CPCs for deep room daylighting.
A Hybrid Noise Approach to Modeling of Free-Space Satellite Quantum Communication Channel for Continuous-Variable QKD Mouli Chakraborty, Anshu Mukherjee, Ioannis Krikidis, Avishek Nag, Subhash Chandra IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, 2025 This research advances the application of QKD in FSO satellite-based quantum communication. It proposes an innovative satellite quantum channel model and derives the secret quantum key distribution rate achievable through this channel. Unlike existing models that approximate the noise in quantum channels as merely Gaussian distributed, this model incorporates a hybrid quantum noise analysis, accounting for both quantum Poissonian noise and classical AWGN. This hybrid approach acknowledges the dual vulnerability of CV Gaussian quantum channels to both quantum and classical noise under collective attack with RR setting, thereby offering a more realistic assessment of the quantum SKR. This work delves into the variation of asymptotic SKR with the SNR and satellite altitudes under various influencing parameters. We identify and analyze critical factors such as reconciliation efficiency, electrical noise, transmission coefficient, detection efficiency, transmission efficiency, excess noise, and the quantum Poissonian noise parameter impacting the SKR. These parameters are pivotal in determining the asymptotic SKR in FSO satellite quantum channels, highlighting the challenges of satellite-based quantum communication. A comparative study has been provided based on the finite-size and asymptotic SKR. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing asymptotic SKR in satellite-based QKD systems, paving the way for more efficient and secure quantum communication networks.
Fabrication and performance evaluation of large–scale luminescent and plasmonic luminescent solar concentrator modules Aaron Glenn, Subhash Chandra, Mojtaba Nasiri, Anita Ortega, Sarah J. McCormack Solar Energy, 2024 This study presents the detailed fabrication and performance evaluation of large–scale luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) and plasmonic luminescent solar concentrator (PLSC) modules. Individual LSC, PLSC, and reference devices have been fabricated with dimensions of 10 x 10 x 0.5 cm. Five devices of each type were connected in series, ensuring correct photovoltaic cell polarity, to form cohesive modular groups with minimal mismatch. These solar concentrators were subsequently integrated into an outdoor panel designed to accommodate the modules for outdoor performance evaluations. Outputs of 240 mW, 213 mW, and 46 mW were observed for the individual PLSC, LSC and reference devices respectively from an indoor solar simulator test outputting 900 W/m 2 . Outdoor performance analysis has highlighted that the inclusion of metal nanoparticles within the PLSCs enhanced the outputs by 65% on average with a maximum enhancement of 88.6% observed over the course of a single day. The series connection within the LSC modules demonstrated enhanced scalability and potential for practical application in solar energy systems. This innovative module configuration provides valuable insights into the advancement of luminescent solar concentrators through plasmonic enhancement, contributing to the broader goal of optimising solar energy harvesting. • Innovative large-scale LSC & PLSC modules improve solar energy harvesting efficiency. • Plasmonic enhancement in PLSC modules boosts power output by up to 88.6%. • New modular approach enables practical approach to installation of LSCs. • Gold nanorods in PLSC modules significantly enhance solar concentration. • Fabrication technique developed to be durable and reproducible.
Hybrid Quantum Noise Model to Compute Gaussian Quantum Channel Capacity Mouli Chakraborty, Anshu Mukherjee, Avishek Nag, Subhash Chandra IEEE Access, 2024 Quantum information processing leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, utilizing qubits, to improve computational and communicative tasks. In this realm, the quantum channel’s capacity is pivotal in determining the efficiency and accuracy of quantum information handling, with its performance being significantly influenced by channel noise. Our study aims to establish a holistic hybrid quantum noise model to determine the quantum channel capacity. In this paper, we formulated a mathematical expression for this capacity and conducted simulations for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian inputs. A hybrid noise model is constructed by convolution of Poisson-distributed quantum noise with classical additive white Gaussian noise. We characterized the quantum-classical noise and the received signal using Gaussian Mixture Models. The maximum amount of quantum information that can be reliably transmitted over a quantum channel (per use of the channel) is determined by its capacity, and entropy and related quantities like mutual information play a role in calculating this capacity. Our formulation of quantum channel capacity is derived from the mutual information shared between the transmitter and receiver, encompassing the entropies of the signals. The quantum channel presents a higher capacity-to-signal-to-noise ratio for Gaussian inputs than non-Gaussian ones.
Hybrid Quantum Noise Approximation and Pattern Analysis on Parameterized Component Distributions Mouli Chakraborty, Anshu Mukherjee, Ioannis Krikidis, Avishek Nag, Subhash Chandra 2024 IEEE Middle East Conference on Communications and Networking Mecom 2024, 2024 Noise is a vital factor in determining the accuracy of processing the information of the quantum channel. One must consider classical noise effects associated with quantum noise sources for more realistic modelling of quantum channels. A hybrid quantum noise model incorporating both quantum Poisson noise and classical additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) can be interpreted as an infinite mixture of Gaussians with weightage from the Poisson distribution. The entropy measure of this function is difficult to calculate. This research developed how the infinite mixture can be well approximated by a finite mixture distribution depending on the Poisson parametric setting compared to the number of mixture components. The mathematical analysis of the characterization of hybrid quantum noise has been demonstrated based on Gaussian and Poisson parametric analysis. This helps in the pattern analysis of the parametric values of the component distribution, and it also helps in the calculation of hybrid noise entropy to understand hybrid quantum noise better.
Plasmonic quantum dot solar concentrator S. Chandra, H. Ahmed, J. Doran, S. J. McCormack Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2017
Phosphorescent Reflective Layers for Enhanced Light Harvesting in Semi-Transparent Solar Cells S Madhi, S Chandra, S McCormack Renewable Energy–A Pathway to Economic Recovery and Climate Change … , 2026 2026
Recycling Nutrients: Evaluating the Use of Hatchery Discarded Whole Egg Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets V Gaikwad, A Sharma, S Chandra, S Uniyal, U Singh Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-13 , 2026 2026
Comparative Analysis of Differential and Collision Entropy for Finite-Regime QKD in Hybrid Quantum Noisy Channels M Chakraborty, S Chandra, A Nag, TQ Duong, M Debbah, A Mukherjee arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.00705 , 2026 2026
Enhancing spring season maize (Zea mays) productivity through ridge-furrow reversal technique S Chandra, K Bhakuni, G Singh 2026
Characterization of native eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm of India for economic traits and variation assessment using SSR markers B Shivashankar, SK Mishra, S Chandra, C Pandey, S Pandey, R Kumar, ... Vegetable Science 52 (02), 326-334 , 2025 2025
Set Valued Riemann-Liouville integral and some Regular Selections S Chandra, S Abbas arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.23584 , 2025 2025
Assessment of yield and economic indicators in clusterbean grown in front-line demonstration under rainfed conditions in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan R Khan, S Chandra, R Nagar, P Kumar, DL Jat Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 21, 49-523 , 2025 2025
Biochar and anionic polyacrylamide modulated soil hydraulic functions catalyze water saving, root development and yield of basmati rice P Sharma, V Abrol, H Shabir, SK Gupta, NK Gupta, RK Samnotra, ... Frontiers in Plant Science 16, 1660325 , 2025 2025
Synthesis of novel composite hydrogel based on chitosan, collagen and iridium-MOF as an efficient anticancer agent ZS Ghnim, AH Adhab, J Makasana, S Chandra, S Ganesan, A Shankhyan, ... Colloid and Polymer Science 303 (12), 2421-2433 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Simulating the light concentration of dielectric compound parabolic concentrators for deep building daylighting to enhance circadian entrainment WQ Tham, S Chandra, B Norton, SJ McCormack Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3140 (10), 102016 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Incidence and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients with heart diseases: a retrospective study from a tertiary care centre P Sharma, G Choudhary, P Jain, S Chandra, A Sharma, U Tripathi, ... European Heart Journal 46 (Supplement_1), ehaf784. 4169 , 2025 2025
Hybrid Optimal Adaptive Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning for Balanced Islanding Detection in Distributed Generation I Bhushan, S Chandra, A Yadav Optimal Control Applications and Methods 46 (6), 2359-2383 , 2025 2025
Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Ecosystem: Sources, Transport, Toxicity Mechanism, and Mitigation Strategies RK Gautam, V Nigam, DK Bharati, SPS Kushwaha, S Chandra, R Rani Heavy Metals in Aquatic Ecosystems, 1-15 , 2025 2025
Heavy Metals in Aquatic Ecosystems: Sources, Transport, and Mitigation RK Gautam, S Chandra, R Rani CRC Press , 2025 2025
On the Achievable Rate of Satellite Quantum Communication Channel using Deep Autoencoder Gaussian Mixture Model M Chakraborty, S Chandra, A Nag, A Mukherjee 2025 IEEE 102nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2025-Fall), 1-5 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Deciphering Host Plant Resistance in Upland Cotton (G. hirsutum) against Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) pest in North Indian Zone OP Yadav, M Jattan, S Kumar, A Jakhar, S Mandhania, AK Saini, ... 2025
Key Parameters of Tomato Crop for Designing Semi-Automatic Robotic Harvesters B Ishore, SK Patel, J Sinha, S Chandra, S Kumar Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 31 (9), 717-728 , 2025 2025
Experimental validation of a prototype compound parabolic concentrator as a viable façade-mounted daylighting system WQ Tham, S Chandra, B Norton, SJ McCormack Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Concentration XX … , 2025 2025
An unsupervised machine learning to optimize hybrid quantum noise clusters for gaussian quantum channel M Chakraborty, A Mukherjee, I Krikidis, A Nag, S Chandra IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Deformation Due to Non-planar Fault Movement in Fractional Maxwell Medium P Mahato, S Sarkar, S Chandra arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.04257 , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Quantum dot solar concentrators: electrical conversion efficiencies and comparative concentrating factors of fabricated devices SJ Gallagher, B Norton, PC Eames Solar Energy 81 (6), 813-821 , 2007 2007 Citations: 188
An overview of various configurations of Luminescent Solar Concentrators for photovoltaic applications SJMC Mehran Rafiee, Subhash Chandra, Hind Ahmed Optical Materials 91, 212-227 , 2019 2019 Citations: 173
Enhanced quantum dot emission for luminescent solar concentrators using plasmonic interaction S Chandra, J Doran, SJ McCormack, M Kennedy, AJ Chatten Solar energy materials and solar cells 98, 385-390 , 2012 2012 Citations: 140
Down-shifting of the incident light for photovoltaic applications Y Jestin, S Chandra, B Cass, H Ahmed, SJ McCormack Elsevier , 2022 2022 Citations: 42
Quantum dot solar concentrator: Optical transportation and doping concentration optimization S Chandra, SJ McCormack, M Kennedy, J Doran Solar Energy 115, 552-561 , 2015 2015 Citations: 35
Hybrid quantum noise model to compute Gaussian quantum channel capacity M Chakraborty, A Mukherjee, A Nag, S Chandra IEEE Access 12, 14671-14689 , 2024 2024 Citations: 28
Solid state additive manufacture of highly-reflective Al coatings using cold spray RL ichard Jenkins, Barry Aldwell, Shuo Yin, Subhash Chandra, Gary Morgan Optics and Laser Technology 115, 251–256 , 2019 2019 Citations: 28
Absorption coefficient dependent non-linear properties of thin film luminescent solar concentrators S Chandra, M Rafiee, J Doran, SJ Mc Cormack Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 182, 331-338 , 2018 2018 Citations: 28
Two step continuous method to synthesize colloidal spheroid gold nanorods S Chandra, J Doran, SJ McCormack Journal of colloid and interface science 459, 218-223 , 2015 2015 Citations: 21
Broadband plasmonic coupling and enhanced power conversion efficiency in luminescent solar concentrator A Sethi, S Chandra, H Ahmed, S McCormack Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 203, 110150 , 2019 2019 Citations: 17
A Hybrid Noise Approach to Modeling of Free-Space Satellite Quantum Communication Channel for Continuous-Variable QKD M Chakraborty, A Mukherjee, I Krikidis, A Nag, S Chandra IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 9 (3), 1311-1325 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Unified methodology for fabrication and quantification of gold nanorods, gold core silver shell nanocuboids, and their polymer nanocomposites A Sethi, M Rafiee, S Chandra, H Ahmed, S McCormack Langmuir 35 (40), 13011-13019 , 2019 2019 Citations: 16
Impact of input capacitors in boost converters on stability and maximum power point tracking in PV systems M Nasiri, S Chandra, M Taherkhani, SJ McCormack 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 1004-1008 , 2021 2021 Citations: 15
New concept for luminescent solar concentrators S Chandra, S MCormack, J Doran, M Kennedy, A Chatten Technological University Dublin , 2010 2010 Citations: 15
Optimized 3D finite-difference-time-domain algorithm to model the plasmonic properties of metal nanoparticles with near-unity accuracy M Rafiee, S Chandra, H Ahmed, SJ McCormack Chemosensors 9 (5), 114 , 2021 2021 Citations: 14
Monte Carlo ray tracing modelling of multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic device enhanced by luminescent material M Rafiee, H Ahmed, S Chandra, A Sethi, SJ McCormack 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC)(A … , 2018 2018 Citations: 11
Small and large scale plasmonically enhanced luminescent solar concentrator for photovoltaic applications: modelling, optimisation and sensitivity analysis M Rafiee, S Chandra, H Ahmed, K Barnham, SJ McCormack Optics Express 29 (10), 15031-15052 , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
The viability of organic dyes in luminescent down-shifting layers for the enhancement of si solar cell efficiency A Glenn, C Mc Loughlin, H Ahmed, H Akbari, S Chandra, S McCormack Materials Science Forum 995, 71-76 , 2020 2020 Citations: 10
Polarization-sensitive anisotropic plasmonic properties of quantum dots and Au nanorod composites S Chandra, H Ahmed, S McCormack Optics Express 28 (14), 20191-20204 , 2020 2020 Citations: 10
Impact of photovoltaic module temperature on size and voltage stability, a case study in Indian climate S Chandra, S Agrawal, DS Chauhan Applied Solar Energy 56 (5), 324-333 , 2020 2020 Citations: 9