Sokindra Kumar

@subharti.org

Principal and Dean
KSCP, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University



           

https://researchid.co/sokindra

EDUCATION

M.S (Pharm.), Ph.D

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Pharmaceutical Sciences

37

Scopus Publications

Scopus Publications

  • Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in osteosarcoma: The potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutics
    Shivkanya Fuloria, Geeta Yadav, Soumya V. Menon, Haider Ali, Kumud Pant, Mandeep Kaur, Mahamedha Deorari, Mahendran Sekar, Kamal Narain, Sokindra Kumar,et al.
    Elsevier BV

  • Regulatory roles of microRNAs in modulating mitochondrial dynamics, amyloid beta fibrillation, microglial activation, and cholinergic signaling: Implications for alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
    Monika Sharma, Ankur Kumar Tanwar, Paresh Kumar Purohit, Pankaj Pal, Devendra Kumar, Sandeep Vaidya, Santosh Kumar Prajapati, Aadesh Kumar, Nidhi Dhama, Sokindra Kumar,et al.
    Elsevier BV

  • Emerging strategies in antibacterial drug resistance management mechanisms: Challenges and novel interventions
    Shekhar Prakash Kushwaha, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, and Sokindra Kumar
    IGI Global
    Antibiotic resistance has become a serious worldwide concern that endangers the environment and public health. This problem has led to protracted illnesses, higher healthcare expenses, and higher death rates. It is caused by the abuse and overuse of antibiotics. This leads to extended hospital stays, escalated medical expenses, and heightened vulnerability, especially among marginalized communities with limited access to healthcare. Prolonged illnesses due to resistant infections, which can lead to increased hindering of human capital development. These resistant strains can contaminate water bodies, soil, and food, subsequently entering the human food chain and exacerbating the spread of resistance. In conclusion, antibiotic/antimicrobial abstention stands as a menacing global predicament, entwining social health and environmental stability. Immediate and coordinated efforts are imperative to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics, safeguard human well-being, and protect the environment from the far-reaching repercussions of antibiotic resistance.


  • Biological Estimation of Phenolic-flavonoid Contents for In vitro
Antioxidant Activity and Antidiabetic Activities of Selaginella Plana in Experimental Models
    Neeru Singh, Lubhan Singh, Sokindra Kumar, and Rupesh Kumar Pandey
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Introduction: The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Selaginella plana in treating diabetes. The plant components were assessed using ethanol as a solvent. To determine whether the plant extracts included any secondary metabolites, a phytochemical screening was performed. Methods: The quantities of total phenolic and total flavonoid were determined using plant extracts in ethanolic, chloroform, petroleum, and water solutions. Experimental animals were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of plant extracts. Thus, the study was further processed to evaluate antidiabetic activity using ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Glucose levels were measured using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Results: The percentage yield of ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and aqueous extract were 19.22 g, 11.01 g, 6.44 g, and 15.76 g, respectively. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of most of the phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, phytosterols, glycosides, proteins, and gum. TPC values were high for ethanolic extract of the fern S. plana, which was 54.34 mg GAE/g for ethanolic extract. However, the TFC value was 264.51 mg QE/g for ethanolic extract. Normalisation of insulin levels and restoration of blood glucose levels were both demonstrated by the plant extract. Conclusion: The major findings of the current study demonstrated that ethanolic extract of S. plana was effective against STZ-induced diabetes. S. plana may be an alternative drug in treating diabetes after clinical trials.


  • SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF SILICON NITRIDE (Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>)-TITANIUM NITRIDE (TiN) COMPOSITES USING GRA-RSM STRATEGY ENCOMPASSED WITH EDMed PARAMETERS
    L. SELVARAJAN, K. VENKATARAMANAN, S. KANNAN, S. SENTHIL KUMAR, K. P. SRINIVASA PERUMAL, P. MATHAN KUMAR, N. L. PARTHASARATHI, N. KASTHURI, KATHERASAN DURAISAMY, and C. ARUN
    World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd
    This investigation explores the application of electrical discharge machining (EDM) to ceramic composites constructed from Si3N4–TiN (Syalon 501) by testing both square and cylindrical electrodes. Various experimental methods have been employed, including design-of-experiments (DoE), Grey relational analysis (GRA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), confirmation testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in an effort to optimize machining settings and comprehend their effect on performance. While ANOVA revealed crucial parameter levels influencing overall machining conditions as measured by the grey relational grade (GRG), the sophisticated method of GRA considerably improved the machining characteristics. Significant improvements in the EDM process were shown experimentally, resulting in outstanding results for material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), and electrode wear rate (EWR). In particular, numerous benefits of the square electrode layout over the more common cylindrical arrangement stood out. All of the aforementioned resulted in an impressively high MRR (measured at 0.0281[Formula: see text]gm/min), a low EWR (at 0.0020[Formula: see text]gm/min), and a significant improvement in SR (at 0.3150[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m). The GRG value was 0.0163 for the square electrode design, which was excellent, and 0.0025 for the cylindrical electrode, which was significantly better. The optimized parameters were successfully used, especially with the square electrode arrangement, leading to significant improvements in MRR and decreases in EWR. On the other hand, surface quality was negatively affected by larger parameter values, which increased the development of microfractures, particularly when using the square electrode design. In any case, our study provides strong proof that adjusted settings can greatly improve EDM performance, allowing for accurate machining of Si3N4–TiN composites with increased MRR, great surface texture, and reduced electrode wear. In conclusion, our study provides useful information to improve EDM procedures for Si3N4–TiN ceramic composites, as well as practical insights into increasing the efficiency and quality of EDM operations in a variety of industrial sectors.

  • Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Aceclofenac by Amalgamation Micronization and Solid Dispersion Techniques
    Vishal Gupta, Sokindra Kumar, and Rajesh Agrawal
    Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.
    Aceclofenac is a poorly aqueous soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug that has bioavailability problems after oral administration due to low aqueous solubility. There are numerous solubility modification approaches and they also have process limitations. Hence, the present research work aims to use two different solubility enhancement techniques (Micronization with Solid dispersion) simultaneously to counter individual limitations of techniques. The micronization technique increases the solubility of pure aceclofenac through increasing particle surface area, but it produces charged micronized material, leading to segregation and clumping of micronized material. Hence, micronized material handling during dosage form manufacturing is quite difficult. In the present research work, aceclofenac material is micronized by air jet mill to produce materials of below 25 μm size ranges. This micronized aceclofenac material is further encapsulated in a solid dispersion technique to produce amorphous aceclofenac materials. Solid dispersion of micronized aceclofenac was prepared by various techniques like physical kneading, solvent evaporation, melting and a combination thereof using different polymers (Polyox 301, HPMC, cetostearyl alcohol and glyceryl behenate). The prepared solid dispersion formulation (SD-31, SD-22, SD-23 and SD-30) exhibited an increase in the dissolution of aceclofenac as compared to pure aceclofenac. Various characterization techniques (Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)) also reveal that aceclofenac crystallinity is significantly minimized in Solid dispersion formulation of SD-31, SD-22, SD-23 and SD-30. This selected solid dispersion (SD-31 and SD-22) also exhibited good stability (Photostability and stability at 40°C/75% RH after 3 months).

  • Crocin Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in Valproate Exposed Rat Model of Autistic Spectrum Disorder by Ameliorating Behavioural and Biochemical Reversions
    Sagarika Majhi and Sokindra Kumar
    Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.
    Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with oxidative stress and neuron damage triggered by valproic acid (VPA) in a post-natal rat model of ASD. It was hypothesized that crocin (CRO), may have beneficial effects in ASD due to its antioxidant activities. The study investigated the neuro-behavioural and biochemical modifications of crocin in VPA-induced ASD. Wistar albino rat pups aged 13 days were divided into five groups (06 each). 400 mg/kg VPA subcutaneously on PND 14 successfully induced autism. From PND 14 to 40, crocin was dispensed daily. Different neuro-behavioral markers were examined while the groups were receiving therapy. Animals were sacrificed at the completion of the research for biochemical calculations. Crocin treatment significantly improved behavioral activity and oxidative changes compared to animals treated with the VPA-exposed group. The effects were more pronounced at higher dose of crocin, providing evidence of reversing the valproic acid-induced autistic deficits. Crocin could be a viable option for ASD treatment due to its potential neuronal cytoprotective effects, likely attributed to its antioxidant properties

  • A Comprehensive Review on Molecular Mechanism Involved in Arsenic Trioxide Mediated Cerebral Neurodegenerative and Infectious Diseases
    Vaishali Negi, Prabhat Singh, Lubhan Singh, Rupesh Kumar Pandey, and Sokindra Kumar
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Abstract: Arsenic is an environmental toxicant and its toxicity is a global health problem affecting millions of people. Arsenic exposure occurs from natural geological sources leaching into aquifers, contaminating drinking water and may also occur from mining and other industrial processes. Both cancerous, noncancerous and immunological complications are possible after arsenic exposure. The many other target organs like lungs, thymus, spleen, liver, heart, kidney, and brain. Arsenic-mediated neuro, as well as immunotoxicity, is the main concern of this review. Long-term arsenic exposure can lead to various neurological dysfunctions, which may cause neurobehavioral defects and biochemical impairment in the brain, this might negatively affect one's quality of life in later stages. Arsenic also alters the levels of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain which produces neurotoxic effects and immunological deficiency. So, it is crucial to understand the neurotoxic mechanism of arsenic trioxide-mediated cerebro neurodegenerative and immunerelated alterations. One of the major mechanisms by which it exerts its toxic effect is through an impairment of cellular respiration by inhibition of various mitochondrial enzymes, and the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. This review focuses on the various toxic mechanisms responsible for arsenic-mediated neurobehavioral and immune-related changes. Therefore, this review provides a critical analysis of mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress, glutamate excitatory, inflammatory and apoptosis-related mechanistic aspects in arsenic-mediated immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and neurodegenerative changes.

  • A Review on Autism Spectrum Disorder: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions
    Sagarika Majhi, Sokindra Kumar, and Lubhan Singh
    Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
    Abstract: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated developmental disease characterized by persistent difficulties in social interaction, speech and nonverbal communication, and restricted/ repetitive activities. Our goal is to deliver a step ahead awareness on neurodevelopment in ASD through early behavioral screenings, genetic testing, and detection of various environmental triggers. This would significantly reduce the tally of people with autistic characteristics. As of now, much work is to be done in understanding and treating ASD. Firstly, awareness campaigns must be organized and maintained so that ASD children can be identified and treated feasibly. Secondly, prenatal and prepregnancy environmental risk awareness, including advice against consanguineous marriages, information on optimum mother nutrition, and minimizing pollutants exposure, can be focused. Finally, the extension of genetic screening along with early postnatal monitoring of newborn feeding, nutrition, and eye contact will help in early therapy. People with ASD have strict dietary habits, but they are also more prone to gastrointestinal problems, including diarrhoea, constipation, and sometimes irritable bowel syndrome. Despite significant studies on the symptoms and possible causes of ASD, GI dysfunction is becoming a hot issue of discussion. Dietary strategies can partially help to alleviate both GI and behavioural issues due to the link between gut-microbiota and brain activity. Dietary treatments may be less expensive, easier to administer and have fewer adverse effects than pharmacological interventions. Hence, there is an increasing interest in autistic children's customized diets and supplements. Future studies should look at whether these diets are applicable to diverse people and whether they are practical in various circumstances (areas with fewer resources, lower socioeconomic areas, countries with different dietary restrictions, etc.). The dietary phytochemicals, including curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, and sulforaphane, have a substantial role as neurotherapeutic agents. These agents can act as an antioxidant, immunomodulator, gut microbiota modulator and Nrf2 activator to provide benefits to ASD patients. Hence an urgent need is to create brain-targeted delivery methods for these dietary phytochemicals and to investigate their therapeutic value in ASD.

  • Investigation of Wear and Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Characteristics of Al-Mg-MoS<inf>2</inf> Composites Using Response Surface Method
    S. Senthil Kumar, R. Sudhakara Pandian, P. Pitchipoo, T. S. Senthilkumar, and S. G. Ponnambalam
    ASTM International
    Abstract Aluminum metal matrix composites remain sophisticated materials with a broad series of applications because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, better resistance to wear and corrosion, improved high-temperature zone applications, and reasonable machinability. Furthermore, when manufactured through the powder metallurgy process, the tribological and machinability properties of aluminum-magnesium–based composites are found to be improved with the inclusion of molybdenum disulfide reinforcement. The response surface methodology technique was used for estimating the wear loss and coefficient of friction to study the tribological property. Also, it is employed in the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) technique, to predict material removal rate, surface roughness, and overcut. The projected values in both the wear and WEDM parameters are well within the minimal error value, according to the perturbation plot, and sufficient validation has been performed. The created model reveals that at 15 N, 2 m/s, 750 m, and 15 A, 90 µs, and 45 V, better tribology and WEDM characteristics are acquired.

  • Pectin Production from Biowaste (Fruits &amp; Vegetables) by Crosscurrent Solid-Liquid Extraction Technique
    Akshi Kunwar Singh and S. S. Kumar
    Technoscience Publications
    The impact of fruit and vegetable waste is becoming a significant concern for the environment. The biomaterial waste generated from fruit processing industries is very high. When discharged as processed waste, it also increases water pollution. 45% of the total industrial organic pollution originates from food processing industries. These generated wastes are suitable for the production of biochemicals. Pectin is one such biochemical that plays a vital role in reducing the burden on the environment. Pectin helps in the manufacturing of confectionaries. Vegetable waste like beetroot, carrot, beans can also act as a source for pectin production. This study depicts extracting Pectin from mixed fruit pomace waste. Mixed fruit (Orange, Pomegranate, Banana &amp; grapes) pomace waste reacts with 0.1N HCl. This reaction uses a 2-stage crosscurrent solid-liquid extraction technique. For its nature, obtained pectin was tested as calcium pectate using methylated spirit. The filtrate from 2-stage crosscurrent leaching was further dried in an oven. RSM technique helps in optimizing parameters like drying time, temperature, pH, and concentration. The experimental setup generated Pectin gave an efficiency of 11.52% for 22.4g of dried mixed fruit pomace waste.

  • Design and development of montmorillonite-sodium alginate microbeads for oral sustained delivery of cefaclor
    Shivani Singh
    Medic Scientific
    Drug administration via oral route is most suitable for drug delivery to patients. But this route is associated with several drawbacks such as high frequency of administration as well as gastric discomfort. To avoid these problems attempt was made to develop the sustained release system by using nanocomposite clay (MMT) and polymer (Na-Al) based microbeads for oral administration of CFR. The formulations were optimized and validated by using Box–Behnken design with 3 different levels of MMT, Na-Al and CaCl2 wherein the %EE and % drug release at 8 h were considered as dependent responses. The developed formulation was characterized by FT-IR, DSC as well as XRD. The optimized formulation was evaluated for % yield, swelling behavior, particle size, drug release and surface morphology by FESEM. The developed formulation showed physical interaction due to surface adsorption and intercalation of drug with that of MMT. The optimized formulation showed high yield, %EE and swelling behavior due to high amount of MMT and Na-Al. The particle size of the microbeads was below 500 µm and drug release takes place in sustained manner up to 12 h. Polymeric cross-linking and MMT stalking were observed in FESEM study indicated distinctive system. Drug release follow the non-fickian diffusion pattern coupled with matrix release as indicated by Korsemeyer-Peppas (n) value 0.72.

  • Indian Expedition against Covid-19 through Traditional Drugs


  • Targeting Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Tuberculosis
    Lubhan Singh, Kamal Dua, Sokindra Kumar, Deepak Kumar, and Sagarika Majhi
    Springer Singapore

  • A review on bioremediation perspective of citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad



  • Determination of acetaldehyde content in candesartan cilexetil by HPLC
    S Senthil Kumar and R K Srivastava
    OMICS Publishing Group
    A sensitive, cost-effective, reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of acetaldehyde in candesartan cilexetil using the concept of threshold of toxicological concern. Acetaldehyde is reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form a Schiff base product with an absorbing maximum at 364 nm. Effective chromatographic separation was achieved on an Inertsil ODS 3V, 250×4.6 mm, 5 µm column with a mobile phase of 40:60 v/v water and acetonitrile and at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was controlled at 25° and the injection volume was 30 µl. These conditions resolved the dinitrophenylhydrazine-acetaldehyde product with unreacted dinitrophenylhydrazine, the drug substances and related impurities, as well as diluent peak within 20 min. The retention time of dinitrophenylhydrazine-acetaldehyde product was approximately 10.6 min. The method was linear, accurate, precise, specific, rapid and found suitable for this analysis.

  • Evaluation of ocular films of ofloxacin for antibacterial activity
    Arun Kumar, Brijesh Kumar Tiwari, and Sokindra Kumar
    Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
    Objective: The current study emphasizes on the treatment of ocular infection with objectives of reducing the frequency of administration, obtaining controlled release and greater therapeutic efficacy of the drug (ofloxacin) using ocular films.Methods: Ocular films were designed by solvent evaporation method containing a different combination of polymers. The folding endurance (mechanical strength) was determined by the number of folds at a specific single place required to break the film into two parts. Thickness was measured using screw gauze. The surface pH was done by pH paper. The percentage moisture absorption was carried out by placing the ocular films in a desiccator containing ammonium chloride. Percentage moisture loss was carried out by placing the ocular films in the desiccator containing anhydrous calcium chloride. in vitro drug release study were carried by using a modified version of franz diffusion cell. Stability study were carried using stability chambers as per ICH guidelines. The antibacterial activity was performed by using male albino rabbits.Results: The thickness and folding endurance of the films were in the range of 44±1.1 to 92±1.8 and 4.5±0.6 to 6.8±0.3, respectively for different formulations. Surface pH was evaluated in the range of 6.6 to 7.2. Percentage moisture absorption and percentage moisture loss were evaluated in the range of 1.17±1.1 to 6.72±1.5 and 0.58±0.9 to 1.23±0.9 respectively. Microbial growth was not observed in any formulation during sterility testing. The drug release for different batch codes PAH, PBE, PCP, PDC, PEEH, and PFEC was found to be 96.2, 56.9, 93.4, 94.5, 98.4 and 95.9 % respectively up to 12 h. Ocular films of batch code PEEH was optimized for maximum drug release (98.4%). The antibacterial effect was noted periodically (01 to 05 d) after administration of sterile formulation in the treated eyes vs. control eyes of each rabbit. The optimized batch PEEH of ocular films reduced the infection and redness completely within 3 d in a single dose.Conclusion: The optimized formulation would be able to offer benefits such as increased residence time, prolonged drug release, reduced frequency of administration and improved patient compliance with complete removal of inflammation and redness from the cul-de-sac.

  • Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale roscoe on central nervous system activity in mice


  • Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric method for the estimation of hydroxychloroquine sulphate


  • Development and validation of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for hydroxychloroquine sulphate
    A Singh, Roopkishora, CL Singh, R Gupta, S Kumar, and M Kumar
    OMICS Publishing Group
    In the present work new, simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of hydroxychloroquine sulphate in blood plasma. Chloroquine sulphate was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved with octadecyl silane Hypersil C18 column (250×6 mm, 5 μm) using water and organic (acetonitrile:methanol: 50:50, v/v) mobile phase in 75:25 v/v ratio, with sodium 1-pentanesulfonate and phosphoric acid. This organic phase was maintained at pH 3.0 by orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. with detection at 343 nm was used in the analysis. The calibration curve of standard hydroxychloroquine sulphate was linear in range 0.1-20.0 μg/ml. The method was validated with respected to linearity, range, precision, accuracy, specificity and robustness studies according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be accurate and robust to analyze the hydroxychloroquine sulphate in plasma samples.

  • Development and validation of different ultraviolet-spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of besifloxacin in different simulated body fluids
    CL Singh, A Singh, S Kumar, M Kumar, PK Sharma, and DK Majumdar
    OMICS Publishing Group
    In the present study a simple, accurate, precise, economical and specific UV-spectrophotometric method for estimation of besifloxacin in bulk and in different pharmaceutical formulation has been developed. The drug shows maximum λmax289 nm in distilled water, simulated tears and phosphate buffer saline. The linearity range of developed methods were in the range of 3-30 μg/ml of drug with a correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9992, 0.9989 and 0.9984 with respect to distilled water, simulated tears and phosphate buffer saline, respectively. Reproducibility by repeating methods as %RSD were found to be less than 2%. The limit of detection in different media was found to be 0.62, 0.72 and 0.88 μg/ml, respectively. The limit of quantification was found to be 1.88, 2.10, 2.60 μg/ml, respectively. The proposed method was validated statically according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision and robustness. The proposed methods of validation were found to be accurate and highly specific for the estimation of besifloxacin in different pharmaceutical formulations.

  • Development and validation of new RP-HPLC method for determination of besifloxacin in animal model