Bee Soo Ling
@engineering campus, universiti sains malaysia, 14300 nibong tebal, penang, malaysia
School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering
Universiti sains malaysia
EDUCATION
Doctor of Philosophy (Polymer Engineering)
Master of Science (Polymer Engineering)
Bachelor of Science (Chemistry)
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Materials Science, Biomaterials, Polymers and Plastics, Materials Chemistry
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Lee Tin Sin, Vineshaa Balakrishnan, Soo-Tueen Bee, and Soo-Ling Bee
MDPI AG
Microplastic contamination has become a concerning topic of study in recent decades. This review discusses the development of microplastic pollution based on a selection of South Asian countries consisting of Bangladesh, Iran, Philippines, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The condition of microplastic pollution related to the abundance of microplastic found in various environments as well as the presence of microplastics in food and the air, is covered in this review. Several reports found that drinking water sourced from taps was found to have about 83% of microplastic particles in the year 2017 based on results from 14 nations, and in the year 2018, 260 bodies of water for human consumption in 11 countries were found to have about 93% of microplastic particles. Micro debris pollution in seas and oceans worldwide is predicted to be at an amount of 236,000 metric tons based on a statistical report. A mean value of 30 micro debris per liter of glacier water was recovered from the top of Mount Everest, whereas about 2200 small particles per liter were discovered in the deep waters of the Mariana Trench. The main environments that are severely microplastic-contaminated are water-based places such as rivers, estuaries, and beaches. The presence of microplastics in food items, such as tea bags, sugar, shrimp paste, and salt packets, has been reported. In terms of impacts on the environment, microplastic contamination includes the ingestion of microplastics by aquatic creatures in water environments. The impacts on terrestrial environments relate to microplastics sinking into the soil, leading to the alteration of the physicochemical parameters of soil. Meanwhile, the impacts on the atmospheric environment include the settling of microplastics on the external bodies of animals and humans.
Soo‐Tueen Bee, Soo‐Ling Bee, Lee Tin Sin, and Shei‐Ching Lee
Wiley
AbstractThe objective of this research is to scrutinize the effect of electron beam irradiation and filler (calcined clam shell and carbon nanotube) addition on the characteristics of the resulting polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) blends. Herein, PVOH/calcined clam shells/carbon nanotube (CNT) blends were prepared by solution casting, which followed by electron beam irradiation treatment at the irradiation dosage of 10 and 30 kGy. It was revealed that the addition of CNT and calcined clam shell enhances the tensile strength and elongation at break at 10 kGy irradiation dosage. On the other hand, when 30 kGy irradiation was applied on PVOH blends, high loading of calcined clam shell reduces the tensile strength and elongation at break, while increasing the loading of CNTs increases the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVOH blends. For scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, the amount of fibrous presence in fractured part of PVOH blend increased and size of fibrous became thinner and longer when irradiation increased. Besides, a smoother surface can be observed with increased loading of CNTs, while more fibrous are observed with increased of calcined clam shell.
Jun‐Ven Lim, Soo‐Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, and Soo‐Ling Bee
Wiley
AbstractIn this study, water at high temperature (175°C) and in vacuum state (−1 bar) is applied to graphite nanosheets to enhance surface activity through the formation of oxygen functionalities via supercritical water treatment. The nylon 610 nanocomposites (with treated or untreated nanosheets as nanofillers) was then synthesized using interfacial polymerization. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the water treatment had not altered the crystal structure of the graphite nanosheets. On average, the Young's modulus and tensile strength of the nanocomposites are larger than the pure nylon 610 created, with the highest Young's modulus and tensile strength obtained being 137.44 MPa and 930.49 kPa, respectively. The tensile strength of treated nanosheets/nylon nanocomposites generally decreased with increasing wt%; while, that of untreated nanosheets/nylon nanocomposites increased with increasing wt%. This enhancement in mechanical properties can be attributed to the functionalization of graphite nanosheets, which may yield a slight oxidation on its surface, allowing for stronger interaction between the nylon 610 matrix and the nanosheets. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra also showed the presence of hydrogen bonding between the carbon nanofillers and the polymer matrix through the appearance of amide bands. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that at higher wt%, aggregation will occur, which may lead to a weakening in physical properties. Nevertheless, this improvement in mechanical properties when compared with pure nylon 610 can be attributed to the intact structure of the nanosheets and the chemical bonding between the nanofillers and nylon 610.
Jun-Ven Lim, Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, and Soo-Ling Bee
MDPI AG
This study investigates the thermal effect of supercritical water treatment at different temperatures (150, 175, 200 °C) and semi-vacuum state (−0.08 MPa) on graphite flakes which are then incorporated into nylon 610. The treatment is deemed to increase the surface activity of nanofillers through the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystal structure of the flakes remained similar before and after supercritical water treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also showed the presence of hydrogen bonding between the flakes and the polymer matrix through the appearance of amide bands. The intensity of the amide peaks is higher for nanocomposites with treated flakes than untreated ones. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that at higher wt%, aggregation will occur, which leads to a weakening in physical properties. The tensile strength of nanocomposites with treated flakes decreased with increasing wt%, while those with untreated flakes increased with increasing wt%. Young’s modulus of all the nanocomposites generally increased with increasing wt%. The highest tensile strength obtained is 967.02 kPa, while that of neat nylon 610 is 492.09 kPa. This enhancement in mechanical properties can be attributed to the intact structure of the graphite flakes and the interaction between the flakes and the nylon 610 matrix. A higher temperature of water treatment was discovered to cause higher oxidation levels on surface of the nanofillers but would result in some structural damage. The optimum nylon 610 nanocomposite synthesized was the one that was incorporated with 1.5 wt% graphite flakes treated at 150 °C and −0.08 MPa, as it has the highest tensile strength.
Soo‐Ling Bee and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
Wiley
AbstractGuided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are two common dental regenerative treatments targeted at reconstructing damaged periodontal tissue and bone caused by periodontitis. During GTR/GBR treatment, a barrier membrane is placed in the interface between the soft tissue and the periodontal defect to inhibit soft tissue ingrowth and creating a space for the infiltration of slow‐growing bone cells into the defect site. Recently, asymmetric resorbable‐based barrier membrane has received a considerable attention as a new generation of GTR/GBR membrane. Despite numerous literatures about asymmetric‐based membrane that had been published, there is lacks comprehensive review on asymmetric barrier membrane that particularly highlight the importance of membrane structure for periodontal regeneration. In this review, we systematically cover the latest development and advancement of various kinds of asymmetric barrier membranes used in periodontal GTR/GBR application. Herein, the ideal requirements for constructing a barrier membrane as well as the rationale behind the asymmetric design, are firstly presented. Various innovative methods used in fabricating asymmetric barrier membrane are being further discussed. Subsequently, the application and evaluation of various types of asymmetric barrier membrane used for GTR/GBR are compiled and extensively reviewed based on the recent literatures reported. Based on the existing gap in this field, the future research directions of asymmetric resorbable‐based barrier membrane such as its combination potential with bone grafts, are also presented.
Jia-Yi Thum, Lee Tin Sin, Soo-Tueen Bee, Jun-Ven Lim, and Soo-Ling Bee
MDPI AG
This study aims to investigate the effects on calcination of Sepia officinalis cuttlefish bone (cuttlebone) to enhance reinforcement of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) added with nano-size montmorillonite (MMT) blends as potential bio-compatible materials. The polyvinyl alcohol-cuttlebone-montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared using the solution casting method. Calcined cuttlebone particles were added to the PVOH matrix at different amount of 2 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) along with MMT ranging from 1 to 3 phr. Results showed that the tensile strength of cuttlebone-added PVOH-MMT composites at fixed 1 phr MMT was observed to be marginally lower when the cuttlebone increased from 2 phr to 5 phr due to the poor distribution of agglomerated particles. Nevertheless, at higher loading level of MMT, it was found that the addition of cuttlebone at 5 phr exhibited a reinforcing effect in PVOH-MMT blends. This is consistent with the scanning electron microscopy observation, where dispersion of a higher amount of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT blends was observed to be more homogeneous than a lower amount of cuttlebone. Moreover, based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, the addition of cuttlebone significantly enhanced the intercalation effect of MMT particles in the PVOH matrix. Furthermore, the observation from infrared spectroscopy shows the amount of hydroxyl group for all composites reduced gradually with the increasing amount of cuttlebone. The addition of cuttlebone showed a “red shift” effect, indicating the formation of hydrogen bonds induced by cuttlebone. Lastly, lower enthalpy of melting was detected in relation to higher loading level of cuttlebone embedded in PVOH-MMT blends through differential scanning calorimetry. In conclusion, the blending of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT is favorable to obtain better properties of composites.
Soo-Ling Bee, Yazmin Bustami, A. Ul-Hamid, and Z.A.Abdul Hamid
Elsevier BV
Soo Ling Bee, Anwar Ul-Hamid, and Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
Fish processing by-products, such as fish bone waste is usually considered as waste and will be disposed without fully utilizing it. Indeed, this by-product can serve as a cheap bio-resource for the production of high-value product, for instance, as an inexpensive source of calcium phosphate material. In this research, Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones were subjected to thermal calcination to yield different calcium phosphate products. XRD, FTIR and HRTEM-SAED results revealed that biphasic HAp/β-TCP mixture was obtained by heat treatment of Lutjanus johnii bone while a single-phase HAp was prepared from Lutjanus sebae bone. In addition, it was shown that both Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones had a merit in producing B-type carbonated composition that is advantageous for biomedical application. EDX result further corroborated the existence of inorganic elements such as Mg, Na and Sr. With their unique composition, the calcined products deriving from Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones can be further employed to form bioceramic scaffolds for bone engineering applications.
Soo-Ling Bee, Yazmin Bustami, A. Ul-Hamid, Keemi Lim, and Z. A. Abdul Hamid
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractCombination of bioactive material such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) with antibacterial agents would have great potential to be used as bone implant materials to avert possible bacterial infection that can lead to implant-associated diseases. The present study aimed to develop an antibacterial silver nanoparticle-decorated hydroxyapatite (HAp/AgNPs) nanocomposite using chemical reduction and thermal calcination approaches. In this work, natural HAp that was extracted from chicken bone wastes is used as support matrix for the deposition of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to produce HAp/AgNPs nanocomposite. XRD, FESEM-EDX, HRTEM, and XPS analyses confirmed that spherical AgNPs were successfully synthesized and deposited on the surface of HAp particles, and the amount of AgNPs adhered on the HAp surface increased with increasing AgNO3 concentration used. The synthesized HAp/AgNPs nanocomposites demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, where the antibacterial efficiency is relied on the amount and size of deposited AgNPs. In addition, the in vitro bioactivity examination in Hank’s balanced salt solution showed that more apatite were grown on the surface of HAp/AgNPs nanocomposite when AgNO3 concentration used >1 wt.%. Such nanocomposite with enhanced bioactivity and antibacterial properties emerged as a promising biomaterial to be applied for dentistry and orthopedic implantology.
Soo-Ling Bee and Z.A.Abdul Hamid
Elsevier BV
Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, Kien-Sin Lim, C. T. Ratnam, Soo Ling Bee, and Abdul Razak Rahmat
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Kheng‐Hooi Loo, Lee Tin Sin, Soo‐Tueen Bee, C. T. Ratnam, Soo‐Ling Bee, Tiam‐Ting Tee, and A. R. Rahmat
Wiley
This study aims to investigate the effect electron beam (EB) irradiation on the polypropylene/devulcanized sulfur cured rubber (PP‐DVC) compound. The PP‐DVC compounds were compounded using twin‐screw extruder and then compression molded into required shapes before irradiation begins. The gel content of all irradiated PP‐DVC compounds gradually increased with higher irradiation dose indicated that the presence of DVC plays an important role in crosslinking enhancement. The mechanical properties of PP‐DVC compounds were observed marginally higher at low irradiation dosages (≤50 kGy). However, higher irradiation dosages up to 200 kGy cause adverse effect to the PP‐DVC compounds. In addition, the application of low irradiation dosage could enhance the dispersion of DVC particles at 20 phr composition in PP matrix. This also found that the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation where the DVC particles dispersed better in PP matrix compared to that of nonirradiated samples. Further increment in irradiation dosages up to 200 kGy reduced the crystallinity caused by chain scissoring process could rupture the crystalline structure in PP matrix. It was also found that the wavenumber of the CH and CH2 groups for irradiated samples reduced at high irradiation dosages due to the formation of carbonyl group. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1017–1027, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Soo-Ling Bee and Z.A. Abdul Hamid
Elsevier BV
Soo-Ling Bee, M. Mariatti, N. Ahmad, B.H. Yahaya, and Z.A. Abdul Hamid
Elsevier BV
Soo-Tueen Bee, Kien-Sin Lim, Lee Tin Sin, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, Soo Ling Bee, and Abdul Razak Rahmat
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Soo-Tueen Bee, Shan-Qi Liew, Wei Ang, Lee Tin Sin, Soo-Ling Bee, and Abdul Razak Rahmat
Wiley
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of calcined eggshell and montmorillonite (MMT) on the mechanical‐physico properties and thermal characteristics of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) blends. The increasing of calcined eggshell loading level up to 2 phr has gradually tensile strength of PVOH and PVOH/MMT blends. The MMT particles in PVOH matrix were observed to effectively intercalate into polymer matrix of 2 phr calcined eggshell added PVOH/MMT blends with the increasing of d‐spacing of deflection peak (002). Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the greater dispersion of calcined eggshell particles in PVOH matrix for both PVOH blends and PVOH/MMT blends at low loading levels of calcined eggshell (<3 phr). The incorporation of low calcined eggshell loading levels (≤2 phr) has significantly increased the melting temperature and enthalpy of melting of PVOH and PVOH/MMT blends, indicating the good interaction effect (intermolecular bonding) between calcined eggshell and PVOH matrix. In conclusion, the addition of calcined eggshell at lower loading levels has significant improvement effect on the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of both PVOH and PVOH/MMT blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:324–338, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Soo-Ling Bee, M.A.A. Abdullah, Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, and A.R. Rahmat
Elsevier BV
Soo-Ling Bee, Z. A. Abdul Hamid, M. Mariatti, B. H. Yahaya, Keemi Lim, Soo-Tueen Bee, and Lee Tin Sin
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview about various innovative strategies that have been employed by recent researchers to overcome with the shortcomings associated with traditional microspheres. Essentially, optimization strategies from structural aspects have been widely investigated to improve the properties (e.g., enhanced hydrophilicity, reduced initial burst release, etc.) of the pristine microspheres. These include bulk alteration, surface modification as well as the formation of sophisticated microsphere design such as core-shell structures. Other than that, various microencapsulation techniques and novel technologies such as spray drying, supercritical fluid technique, membrane, and microfluidics emulsification also have been explored in this review. Additionally, the impact of formulation-related aspects on the drug encapsulation efficiency, particles size and particles size distribution during double emulsification method will also be discussed and reviewed extensively based on the recent literatures reported.
Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, Tie Teck Hoe, C.T. Ratnam, Soo Ling Bee, and A.R. Rahmat
Elsevier BV
Soo-Ling Bee, M.A.A. Abdullah, Mazidah Mamat, Soo-Tueen Bee, Lee Tin Sin, David Hui, and A.R. Rahmat
Elsevier BV