Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
@unpad.ac.id
Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Padjadjaran
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Pharmaceutical Formulations
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Ira Maya, Devani Olivia Winardi, Eri Amalia, Soraya Ratnawulan Mita, Cahya Khairani Kusumawulan, Norisca Aliza Putriana, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
MDPI AG
Free radicals can cause damage to the structure of the dermis layer, which makes skin lose its elasticity and leads to the formation of wrinkles. A strategy to prevent this problem is by using antioxidants. A plant that has been reported to contain good antioxidant activity is sacha inchi seed (Plukenetia volubilis L.); apart from that, its oil has quite a high omega-3 content and potentially can act as an anti-aging agent stimulating the skin-cell-regeneration process, maintaining skin moisture and elasticity and stimulating collagen production. This research aims to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and determine the fatty acid profile, the levels of vitamins A, D, and E, and the antioxidant activity of sacha inchi seed oil. This research was conducted through eight main stages: sacha inchi seed extraction, quality parameters checking, phytochemical screening, determining fatty acid profiles, vitamin analysis, antioxidant activity tests, microbiological contamination tests, and heavy-metal contamination tests. In this study, quality inspection results were obtained: organoleptic form (liquid), color (yellow), odor (typical), relative density value (0.91 g/cm3), acid number (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/g), peroxide value (11.01 mEq/Kg), iodine value (179.32 g/100 g), and refractive index (1.479). The phytochemical screening results of sacha inchi seed oil were positive for containing flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The results of the fatty acid profile were omega-3 (48.5%), omega-6 (34.8%), and omega-9 (7.7%). The results of the vitamin contents analysis were vitamin A (123.42 mg/100 g), vitamin D (899.46 mg/100 g), and vitamin E (145.06 mg/100 g). The antioxidant activity test showed an IC50 value of 8.859 ppm (very strong), and the microbial and heavy-metal contamination tests were negative.
IYAN SOPYAN, ZIRLY YUSRIANI KAMILAH, SANDRA MEGANTARA, and SRIWIDODO
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Objective: Simvastatin (SV) is a cholesterol-lowering drug that classified in BCS (Biopharmaceutics Classification System) Class II class with high permeability but low solubility value. This study aims to obtain a solid dispersion formula that can increase the solubility of Simvastatin. HPMCAS, Locust Bean Gum, Sodium Alginate, and TPGS are four candidate polymers that will be selected by in silico study to make a solid dispersion formula. Methods: The solid dispersion was prepared with two polymers, Locust Bean Gum (LBG), which has no hydrogen bonds with Simvastatin, and Sodium Alginate (SA), which has hydrogen bonds with Simvastatin, made by the ratio of mass 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4. Materials were evaluated by solubility and dissolution studies, then characterized using FTIR, DSC, and PXRD. Results: Each drug-polymer ratio showed an increase in solubility and dissolution, but the SV-LBG formula (1:4) showed the largest increase, with a 4 folded increase in solubility and a roughly 2 folded increase in dissolution. The characterisation FTIR data demonstrate that the drug molecules are disseminated inside the polymer, and the PXRD diffractogram demonstrated a deacrease in crystallinity to the amorphous phase, and the DSC thermogram also demonstrated changes in thermal behavior. Conclusion: Solid dispersion is a promising method for increasing the solubility of simvastatin. The use of locust bean gum polymer was proven to increase the solubility and dissolution of simvastatin with the best formula SV-LBG (1:4).
Arif Budiman, Neng Vera Nurani, Eli Laelasari, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, and Diah Lia Aulifa
MDPI AG
Improving drug solubility is necessary for formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs, especially for oral administration. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the physical stability and solubility of drugs. Therefore, this study aims to characterize interaction between a drug and polymer in ASD, as well as evaluate the impact on the physical stability and dissolution of alpha-mangostin (AM). AM was used as a model of a poorly water-soluble drug, while polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and eudragit were used as polymers. The amorphization of AM-eudragit and AM-PVP was confirmed as having a halo pattern with powder X-ray diffraction measurements and the absence of an AM melting peak in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve. The solubility of amorphous AM increased in the presence of either eudragit or PVP due to amorphization and interactions of AM-polymer. Furthermore, FT-IR spectroscopy and in silico studies revealed hydrogen bond interactions between the carbonyl group of AM and the proton of eudragit as well as PVP. AM-eudragit with a ratio of 1:1 recrystallized after 7 days of storage at 25 °C and 90% RH, while the AM-PVP 1:4 and 1:10 samples retained the X-ray halo patterns, even under humid conditions. In a dissolution test, the presence of polymer in ASD significantly improved the dissolution profile due to the intermolecular interaction of AM-polymer. AM-eudragit 1:4 maintained AM supersaturation for a longer time compared to the 1:1 sample. However, a high supersaturation was not achieved in AM-PVP 1:10 due to the formation of large agglomerations, leading to a slow dissolution rate. Based on the results, interaction of AM-polymer in ASD can significantly improve the pharmaceutical properties of AM including the physical stability and dissolution.
Yedi Herdiana, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Ferry Ferdiansyah Sofian, Gofarana Wilar, and Ajeng Diantini
MDPI AG
Breast cancer (BC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and oxidative stress is a hallmark of BC. Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS has been implicated in BC development and progression by inducing DNA damage, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Antioxidants have been shown to scavenge ROS and protect cells from oxidative damage, thereby regulating signaling pathways involved in cell growth, survival, and death. Plants contain antioxidants like ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids, and flavonoids, which have been found to regulate stress signaling and PCD in BC. Combining different antioxidants has shown promise in enhancing the effectiveness of BC treatment. Antioxidant nanoparticles, when loaded with antioxidants, can effectively target breast cancer cells and enhance their cellular uptake. Notably, these nanoparticles have shown promising results in inducing PCD and sensitizing breast cancer cells to chemotherapy, even in cases where resistance is observed. This review aims to explore how nanotechnology can modulate stress signaling and PCD in breast cancer. By summarizing current research, it underscores the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing antioxidant properties for the treatment of breast cancer.
Meilinah Hidayat, Khomaini Hasan, Muhamad Yusuf, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Camellia Panatarani, and I Made Joni
MDPI AG
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer persistent decreased kidney function. Previous study of protein hydrolysate of green pea (Pisum sativum) bromelain (PHGPB) has shown promising results as an antifibrotic in glucose-induced renal mesangial culture cells, by decreasing their TGF-β levels. To be effective, protein derived from PHGPB must provide adequate protein intake and reach the target organs. This paper presents a drug delivery system for the formulation of PHGPB using chitosan as polymeric nanoparticles. A PHGPB nano delivery system was synthesized by precipitation with fixed chitosan 0.1 wt.%, followed by a spray drying process at different aerosol flow rates of 1, 3, and 5 L/min. FTIR results showed that the PHGPB was entrapped in the chitosan polymer particles. Homogeneous size and spherical morphology of NDs were obtained for the chitosan-PHGPB with a flow rate of 1 L/min. Our in vivo study showed that the highest entrapment efficiency, solubility, and sustained release were achieved by the delivery system method at 1 L/min. It was concluded that the chitosan-PHGPB delivery system developed in this study improves pharmacokinetics compared to pure PHGPB.
Eri Amalia, Iyan Sopyan, Norisca Aliza Putriana, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
Elsevier BV
Ahmad Nabiel, Yosua Yosua, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, and Iman Permana Maksum
Open Science Publishers LLP
Among bacterial expression system, Escherichia coli was the popular and widely used expression host due to its high rate expression trait. However, overexpression of recombinant protein in E. coli often found as inclusion bodies. While formation of inclusion bodies is beneficial in protein isolation from other cellular components, most of recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies are misfolded which have lost their biological activity. Protein refolding allows misfolded protein to rearrange into their native conformation which exhibit its biological activity, thus protein refolding become a pivotal step to recover active protein. However, protein refolding was affected by various factors; hence, screening of refolding condition was required to meet the optimal result. As a consequence, rapid and efficient characterization method is required to monitor the refolding performance. In this review, we will briefly give an overview about protein refolding method, chemical additives in protein refolding, and also provide insight in structural characterization to evaluate refolding performance.
Indah Purwaningsih, Iman Permana Maksum, Dadan Sumiarsa, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
MDPI AG
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia caused by resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon production. Numerous studies have linked diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. People with diabetes usually exhibit high oxidative stress due to persistent and chronic hyperglycemia, which impairs the activity of the antioxidant defense system and promotes the formation of free radicals. Recently, several studies have focused on exploring natural antioxidants to improve diabetes mellitus. Fibraurea tinctoria has long been known as the native Borneo used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Taxonomically, this plant is part of the Menispermaceae family, widely known for producing various alkaloids. Among them are protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with many pharmacological activities. Berberine is receiving considerable interest because of its antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which are based on many biochemical pathways. Therefore, this review explores the pharmacological effects of Fibraurea tinctoria and its active constituent, berberine, against oxidative stress and diabetes, emphasizing its mechanistic aspects. This review also summarizes the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of berberine and in silico studies of berberine in several diseases and its protein targets.
MARIA ALMEIDA, ANGGA CIPTA NARSA, SRI AGUNG FITRI KUSUMA, and SRIWIDODO SRIWIDODO
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Objective: This research was purposed to optimize the fermentation medium and condition of Lactobacillus plantarum to enhance the production of phenolic compounds with the antibacterial activity tested against Propionibacterium acnes and the optimum conditions of bajakah bark fermentation using Response Surface Method (RSM) methods.
 Methods: The antibacterial activity test ethanolic extract of bajakah bark was assayed using the agar diffusion perforator method and fermentation method using L. plantarum. Measurement of phenolic content fermentation and without fermentation was done using the standard methods with gallic acid as standard. The optimum conditions of bajakah bark fermentation using RSM methods using Software Design Expert 10.0.0.1.
 Results: As the result, Response surface analysis revealed the optimum values of the tested significant variables for the production of phenolic were extracted in a concentration 40% (w/v) and 30% (w/v) sucrose for 3 d fermentation period. Under this optimal condition, the phenolic compounds were improved from 10.66 to 18.46 mg GAE/g extract. As well as the antibacterial activity of the fermented extract was increased by 1.35 times compared to the non-fermented extract.
 Conclusion: In summary that, the optimized fermentation condition could be helpful for the production of antibacterial metabolites from bajakah bark by L. plantarum.
Abd. Kakhar Umar, James H. Zothantluanga, Jittima Amie Luckanagul, Patanachai Limpikirati, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
PeerJ
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infecting the respiratory system through a notorious virus known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to viral mutations and the risk of drug resistance, it is crucial to identify new molecules having potential prophylactic or therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we aimed to identify a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 through virtual screening of a compound library of 470 quercetin derivatives by targeting the main protease—Mpro (PDB ID: 6LU7). The study was carried out with computational techniques such as molecular docking simulation studies (MDSS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) techniques. Among the natural derivatives, compound 382 (PubChem CID 65604) showed the best binding affinity to Mpro (−11.1 kcal/mol). Compound 382 interacted with LYS5, TYR126, GLN127, LYS137, ASP289, PHE291, ARG131, SER139, GLU288, and GLU290 of the Mpro protein. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-382 complex showed acceptable stability during the 100 ns MD simulations. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-382 complex also showed an MM-GBSA binding free energy value of -54.0 kcal/mol. The binding affinity, stability, and free energy results for 382 and Mpro were better than those of the native ligand and the standard inhibitors ledipasvir and cobicistat. The conclusion of our study was that compound 382 has the potential to inhibit SARS-Cov-2 Mpro. However, further investigations such as in-vitro assays are recommended to confirm its in-silico potency.
Ahmad Fariz Maulana, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Yaya Rukayadi, and Iman Permana Maksum
MDPI AG
Diabetes is a chronic disease with a high mortality rate worldwide and can cause other diseases such as kidney damage, narrowing of blood vessels, and heart disease. The concomitant use of drugs such as metformin, sulfonylurea, miglitol, and acarbose may cause side effects with long-term administration. Therefore, natural ingredients are the best choice, considering that their long-term side effects are not significant. One of the compounds that can be used as a candidate antidiabetic is mangostin; however, information on the molecular mechanism needs to be further analyzed through molecular docking, simulating molecular dynamics, and testing the in silico antidiabetic potential. This study focused on modeling the protein structure, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations and analyses. This process produces RMSD values, free energies, and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Based on the analysis results, all molecular dynamics simulations can occur under physiological conditions, and γ-mangostin is the best among the test compounds.
Arif Budiman, Zahra Ganesya Citraloka, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Diah Lia Aulifa, and Agus Rusdin
MDPI AG
The polymer used in supersaturated solutions plays a critical role in maintaining supersaturation levels of amorphous drugs. The prevention of drug crystallization in the supersaturated solutions by adding polymers depends on their ability to inhibit nucleation and crystal growth of drugs. This showed that understanding the mechanism of nucleation inhibition by polymers is necessary to develop the drug formulation in supersaturated solutions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of water-soluble polymers on the supersaturation behavior of drugs and elucidate the mechanism of maintaining the supersaturation levels in an aqueous solution. It was carried out using alpha-mangostin (AM) as a model of the poorly water-soluble drug, while hypromellose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and eudragit were used as polymers. Their ability to inhibit the nucleation and crystal growth of AM was also evaluated. The supersaturation profiles of AM were measured in biorelevant dissolution media, while the crystal growth rate of AM was evaluated from the decrease in dissolved drug concentration by determining the induction time for AM nucleation. The interaction of AM with each polymer was evaluated and predicted by FT-IR, NMR measurement, and an in silico study, respectively. Based on observation, the PVP effectively maintained AM in a supersaturated state for the long term while eudragit conserved for 15 min. Meanwhile, an inhibitory effect of HPMC on the AM crystal nucleation was not observed. It was also discovered that the effectiveness of the various polymers depends on the interaction between the polymer and the drug. FT-IR and in silico studies demonstrated that the interaction of PVP-AM had the best polymer compared to eudragit and HPMC. NMR analysis suggested that the interaction between the methyl group from PVP with the carbonyl group of AM occurred in the PVP solution. The viscosity measurement revealed that the inhibition of nucleation and crystal growth of AM was not caused by increasing the viscosity. These results indicated that polymer–AM interactions could contribute to the crystallization inhibition and maintenance of AM in a supersaturated state. Therefore, an investigation of the mechanism of drug nucleation inhibition by polymers is recommended in the selection of crystallization inhibitors and a planned strategy to develop supersaturated formulations of drugs.
FERIS DZAKY RIDWAN NAFIS, SRIWIDODO, and ANIS YOHANA CHAERUNISAA
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Natural ingredients have been a source of medicine since ancient times. Research on the development of natural ingredients as medicinal ingredients has increased. One of these is isolating active substances from herbs in a pure state (isolate). However, some problems hinder the use of isolates as the primary treatment option, one of which is solubility. Most isolates had poor solubility, inhibiting the body's absorption process. This review investigates the method and polymer to increase the solubility of isolates and summarizes the development of drugs from isolates. This review also explains how effectively the method and polymer improve the solubility or dissolution of the isolate. We expect the results to be a reference for research on isolates with poor solubility.
Arif Budiman, Nisrina Nurfadilah, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Diah Lia Aulifa, and Agus Rusdin
MDPI AG
The use of an amorphous drugs system to generate supersaturated solutions is generally developed to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. This is because the drug in the supersaturation system has a high energy state with a tendency to precipitate. In the amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation, it was discovered that polymer plays a critical role in inhibiting nucleation or crystal growth of the drugs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the crystallization inhibition of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) on nucleation as well as crystal growth from alpha-mangostin (AM) and elucidate its inhibition mechanism in the supersaturated solutions. During the experiment, WSC was used as a polymer to evaluate its ability to inhibit AM nucleation. The interaction between WSC and AM was also estimated using FT-IR, NMR, and in silico study. The result showed that in the absence of polymer, the concentration of AM rapidly decreased due to the precipitation in one minute. Meanwhile, the addition of WSC effectively inhibited AM crystallization and maintained a supersaturated state for the long term. FT-IR measurement also revealed that the shift in the amine primer of WSC occurred because of the interaction between WSC and AM. In the 1H NMR spectra, the proton peaks of WSC showed an upfield shift with the presence of AM, indicating the intermolecular interactions between AM and WSC. Moreover, in silico study revealed the hydrogen bond interaction between the carbonyl group of AM with hydrocarbon groups of WSC. This indicated that WSC interacted with AM in the supersaturated solution and suppressed their molecular mobility, thereby inhibiting the formation of the crystal nucleus. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the interaction between drug polymers contributed to the maintenance of the drug supersaturation by inhibiting both nucleation and growth.
INSAN SUNAN KURNIAWANSYAH, TAOFIK RUSDIANA, SRIWIDODO, and IYAN SOPYAN
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
In situ gelling systems are becoming one of the most popular and well-known, with many potential benefits from delivery systems, such as ease of use and ease of manufacture, improve adherence and patient comfort by minimizing the frequency of drug administration. In this review, we will describe the characterization and evaluation of the ophthalmic in situ gel preparation. Among them are physical evaluation (appearance and clarity, pH, isotonicity, gelation temperature, gelling capacity, viscosity, and stability), chemical evaluation (determining drug content, drug release), microbiological evaluation (sterility, ocular irritability, ocular tolerability, antimicrobial activity, hemolysis activity, bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) test, preservative efficacy test (PET), microtetrazolium (MTT) reduction cytotoxicity test), and in vivo evaluation such as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Characterizing the chemical, physical, microbiological, and miscellaneous properties of ophthalmic in situ gel formulations can meet the ideal requirements and help determine the best formulation of ophthalmic in situ gel to achieve higher bioavailability values, longer contact times, minimize side effects, not causing irritation or liquid tear production, and providing a maximum therapeutic effect. In situ gels offer the primary requirement of a successful controlled release product that is increasing patient compliance.
I. Maksum, Dian Utami, Eva Annisa Nurhakim, Yosua, Sriwidodo, Muhammad Yusuf, M. Fadhlillah and Ryan Adibagus Haryanto
Open Science Publishers LLP
Tth DNA polymerase is a thermostable enzyme derived from Thermus thermophilus and acts as a DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. Escherichia coli is used for large-scale enzyme production because of its cost-effectiveness, rapid growth, and increased recombinant protein expression, but inclusion bodies can be formed during intracellular protein expression, so the maltose-binding protein (MBP) tag was used to improve the expression of soluble protein. The Tth DNA polymerase gene was optimized to have a codon adaptive index of 1.00% and 60.64% Guanine and Cytosine (GC) content, then inserted into E. coli BL21(DE3), which harbors pD861-His- Tth DNA polymerase and pD861-MBP- Tth DNA polymerase. The induction and postinduction incubation time were optimized to express pD861-His- Tth DNA polymerase and pD861-MBP- Tth DNA polymerase in the soluble form. The total protein concentration of His- Tth DNA polymerase is 3.9095 mg/ml while for MBP- Tth DNA polymerase it is 33.541 mg/ml; protein levels after optimization based on densitometry analysis show MBP- Tth DNA polymerase is seven times higher than His- Tth DNA polymerase. This indicates that MBP tag fusion increases the amount of soluble protein produced.
Abd. Kakhar Umar, Jittima Amie Luckanagul, James H. Zothantluanga, and Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
MDPI AG
Diabetes-related wounds have physiological factors that make healing more complicated. High sugar levels can increase microbial infection risk while limiting nutrition and oxygen transfer to the wound area. The secretome of mesenchymal stem cells has been widely known for its efficacy in regenerative therapy. However, applying the secretome directly to the wound can reduce its effectiveness. In this review, we examined the literature on synthesizing the combinations of carboxymethyl chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and collagen tripeptides, as well as the possibility of physicochemical properties enhancement of the hydrogel matrix, which could potentially be used as an optimal delivery system of stem cell’s secretome for diabetic wound healing.
IYAN SOPYAN, DOLIH GOZALI, SRIWIDODO, and RIZKA KHOIRUNNISA GUNTINA
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Formulation is a crucial stage in drug development since it determines the best formula. The quality of the preparation is good and fulfills the standard parameters when using the best formula. This stage is completed through laboratory experiments that take a long time to complete. To address this, software utilizing computer technology, such as software Design Expert, can be used. The goal of this investigation is to see how Design Expert is used in research formulation and optimization. The method of writing a review was carried out by searching Google Scholar and Science Direct with the keywords "Formulation" and "Design Expert," yielding 63 articles, which were then screened using inclusion criteria, notably field of research on formulation optimization accepted for publication between 2011 and April 2020, and exclusion in the form of review articles. The review's findings suggest that the platform is widely utilized and effective at reducing the number of trials, time, and costs associated with formulation development.
ANIS YOHANA CHAERUNISAA, MAYANG KUSUMA DEWI, SRIWIDODO, I. MADE JONI, and REIVA FARAH DWIYANA
Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd
Objective: The purpose of this study was to produce an optimum liposome formulation and to study the effect of formulation parameter such as phospholipid amount and hydration time on characteristics of liposome containing Cathelichidin. Methods: Liposomes were prepared using a thin layer hydration method. Characterization of liposomes included organoleptic, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) and zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), the chemical interaction by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and the stability by using Freeze-Thaw method. Results: The result of the organoleptic test showed that the liposome were in the form of milky white dispersion, odorless, and without sedimentation. Optimum formula was obtained by making variations of soy oil: cholesterol 10: 0 (F1), 9: 1 (F2), 8: 2 (F3), 7: 3 (F4), and variations in sonication time (10 and 30 min). Based on the results, it was found that the optimum sonication time was 30 min. F2 and F3 were chosen as the most optimum formulas with particle sizes of 190.3±6.8 nm and 212.9±4.4 nm; polydispersity index of 0.192±0.023 and 0.137±0.022, and zeta potential as much as-38.8±0.6 mV and-34.8±2.0 mV. To the optimum formula, cathelicidin was loaded with hydration time varies of 100 and 120 min. Longer hydration time resulted in smaller particle size and higher entrapment efficiency either for F2 or F3. TEM characterization revealed a spherical shape of liposomes from the optimum formula. The results of FTIR characterization did not show any interaction between the phospholipids of liposomes with cathelicidin. The data from the stability test showed good stability for F2 and F3 with a hydration time of 120 min, indicated by a p-value>0.05, which indicated that there was no significant change in the zeta potential for three Freeze-Thaw cycles. Conclusion: Formula of liposom using a variation of soy oil: cholesterol 9:1 and 8:2 with hydration time of 120 min revealed the best result with good stability for three Freeze-Thaw cycles.
Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Reza Pratama, Abd. Kakhar Umar, Anis Yohana Chaerunisa, Afifah Tri Ambarwati, and Nasrul Wathoni
MDPI AG
Mangosteen fruit has been widely consumed and used as a source of antioxidants, either in the form of fresh fruit or processed products. However, mangosteen peel only becomes industrial waste due to its bitter taste, low content solubility, and poor stability. Therefore, this study aimed to design mangosteen peel extract microcapsules (MPEMs) and tablets to overcome the challenges. The fluidized bed spray-drying method was used to develop MPEM, with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the core mixture and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the coating agent. The obtained MPEM was spherical with a hollow surface and had a size of 411.2 µm. The flow rate and compressibility of MPEM increased significantly after granulation. A formula containing 5% w/w polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as a binder had the best tablet characteristics, with a hardness of 87.8 ± 1.398 N, friability of 0.94%, and disintegration time of 25.75 ± 0.676 min. Microencapsulation of mangosteen peel extract maintains the stability of its compound (total phenolic and α-mangosteen) and its antioxidant activity (IC50) during the manufacturing process and a month of storage at IVB zone conditions. According to the findings, the microencapsulation is an effective technique for improving the solubility and antioxidant stability of mangosteen peel extract during manufacture and storage.
Iman Permana Maksum, Yosua Yosua, Ahmad Nabiel, Riyona Desvy Pratiwi, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, and Ukun M.S. Soedjanaatmadja
Elsevier BV
Sriwidodo, Abd. Kakhar Umar, Nasrul Wathoni, James H. Zothantluanga, Sanjoy Das, and Jittima Amie Luckanagul
Elsevier BV
Syafika Alaydrus, Ajeng Diantini, Riezki Amalia, Sriwidodo Sriwidodo, Anis Yohana Chaerunisa, and Nasrul Wathoni
A and V Publications
Cancer has been caused by more death globally and is associated with magnesium and calcium intake with some cancers. Some studies are shown as a protective agent against chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Despite magnesium and calcium are the opposite in inflammation, reabsorption regulation, and other physiological processes. However, it is important to maintain the balance between magnesium and calcium related to the micronutrients' physiological functions. One of the cancer drugs can lead to hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia electrolytes such as cisplatin. The purpose of this article is to review the cisplatin mechanism in electrolyte disorder and the association between potential magnesium and calcium for therapy of some cancer.