Clocking for Nanocomputing: A Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Perspective Angshuman Khan, Rohit Kumar Shaw, Soumya Sen, Rupayan Das, Santanu Basak, Uttam Narendra Thakur Russian Microelectronics, 2026 The multiphase clocking system used by quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is essential for synchronization and for dynamically driving computational logic. This clocking method, which successively regulates the potential barriers of cells to first let computation, then firmly lock data for processing, and ultimately release it, is crucial for the implementation of deep pipelining. Each clock zone functions as an automated logic and memory stage, resulting in a strong, wavelike data flow that allows for high throughput. A significant obstacle in nanoscale wiring is also addressed by this zonal clocking, which naturally enables complicated signal crossings and intricate coplanar circuit routing without the need for actual wire crossings.
C60 Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-based Phototransistor for Efficient Detection of Visible Light Under Appropriate Gate Electrostatics Divyanshu Rathore, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Arnab Hazra Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025 The current study concerns highly reliable visible light sensing by C60 fullerene functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) based phototransistor. The absorbance of visible light (532 nm) increases significantly due to the formation of an interlink between the SWCNT network and C60 clusters. Photogenerated excess electrons in SWCNT are trapped by the C60 clusters and increase the effective hole concentrations in the SWCNT channel, which eventually improves the photoconductive gain. C60‐SWCNT channel is further integrated into the back gated field effect transistor (FET) structure in which 90 nm SiO2 dielectric thickness is used. The responsivity toward visible light is further enlarged with appropriate negative gate electrostatic. In order to ensure the morphological and structural behavior of C60‐SWCNT, various microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations are performed. The C60‐SWCNT phototransistor exhibits responsivity of 1.219 A W−1 at Vgs = – 21 V. The detectivity and rise/fall time of C60‐SWCNT came around to be 2.34 × 1010 Jones, 86.42 ms/3.35 ms at the same Vgs. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the C60‐SWCNT phototransistor is very high, ≈274%. In the overall study, a comprehensive discussion is introduced on the effect of variable gate potential on the performance of the C60‐SWCNT phototransistor.
Thermally Activated Ionic Transport and Nondebye Relaxation in AgI-Ag2O-SeO2-MoO3 Mixed Former Arnab Palui, Angshuman Khan, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Soumya Sen 13th International Conference on Intelligent Embedded Microelectronics Communication and Optical Networks Iemecon 2025, 2025 Ion-conducting glasses in the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{A g I}-\mathbf{A g}_{\mathbf{2}} \mathbf{O}-\mathbf{S e O}_{\mathbf{2}}- \text{MoO}_{3}$</tex> system have been synthesized and investigated to understand their electrical relaxation and transport behavior using electrical modulus formalism. The complex modulus spectra exhibit clear non-Debye relaxation features, indicating the presence of distributed relaxation processes associated with structural disorder and mixed network former effects. The Havriliak-Negami (HN) model provides an excellent fit to the experimental data, yielding parameters that reveal the asymmetric nature of ion relaxation. The relaxation time <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\tau_{\text{HN}})$</tex> follows Arrhenius behavior. The activation energy drops off rapidly with an increase in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{A g I}$</tex> content. The weak temperature dependence of the HN shape parameters additionally confirms the stability of ion dynamics across compositions.
Cryogenic Temperature Investigation of (InGaAs/InP)Heterojunction Tunnel FETs for Analog and RF Applications Soumya Sen, Mamta Khosla, Ashish Raman, Angshuman Khan, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Arnab Palui 13th International Conference on Intelligent Embedded Microelectronics Communication and Optical Networks Iemecon 2025, 2025 This manuscript presents a comprehensive investigation of the performance of a Heterostructure Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (InGaAs/InP) operating under cryogenic temperatures (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\sim \text{7 8 ~ K}$</tex>) with emphasis on DC, analog, and RF characteristics. Device simulations are performed using SILVACO ATLAS TCAD to investigate the underlying device physics and analyze the impact of lattice temperature on carrier transport through parameters such as transfer characteristics, Ion/Ioff ratio, and subthreshold swing (SS). Notably, steeper Ion/Ioff ratios and improved SS are observed at cryogenic temperatures, indicating superior switching behaviour. Furthermore, analog performance is evaluated through transconductance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\left(\mathrm{g}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)$</tex> and the transconductance gain factor (TGF), while RF performance is analyzed in terms of parasitic capacitances and the cut-off frequency (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{f}_{\mathbf{T}}$</tex>). Additionally, the impact of interface traps on device behaviour is examined by comparing fresh and degraded devices under both cryogenic and ambient conditions. The findings demonstrate that the heterostructure TFET exhibits enhanced performance and CMOS compatibility at low temperatures, making it a promising candidate for quantum computing applications.
Rapid and Non-Destructive Approach for Discrimination and Classification of Various Apple Age Categories Post-Harvest Vaseem Ahmed Qureshi, Sasthi Charan Hens, Arnab Palui, Santanu Basak, Soumya Sen, Angshuman Khan, Uttam Narendra Thakur 13th International Conference on Intelligent Embedded Microelectronics Communication and Optical Networks Iemecon 2025, 2025 This research presents an economical prototype that utilizes an Arduino Uno alongside four gas sensors (MQ3, MQ7, MQ135, and TGS183) to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and assess the freshness of fruit. We used KNN, decision tree, and random forest algorithms to sort the apples by age after they were picked. We then used Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to get the features. The results showed that the first two discriminant components of LDA explained 98.3% of the total variance in the data, making it easy to separate the features. KNN was the most accurate classifier, with an accuracy rate of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{9 8. 7 2 \%}$</tex>. The random forest achieved a score of 95.74 %, and the decision tree achieved a score of 98.29 %. These results demonstrate that the system can distinguish between samples of fresh and rotten fruit. This indicates that it has considerable potential for detecting fruit spoilage in real-time, on the go, and at a low cost in storage and distribution settings.
Two-Bit Cube Calculator Using Vedic Formula for Application-Specific Integrated Circuits Vaseem Ahmed Qureshi, Arnab Palui, Soumya Sen, Sasthi Charan Hens, Santanu Basak, Rupayan Das, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Angshuman Khan 13th International Conference on Intelligent Embedded Microelectronics Communication and Optical Networks Iemecon 2025, 2025 This paper proposes a basic two-bit cube calculator designed for application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). A squaring circuit does the cube computation by multiplying the same binary value by itself three times using the Vedic formula Urdhava Tiryakbhyam. This is because cubing means multiplying the same number three times. The proposed design is verified using the Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7 and practically implemented on a Xilinx Spartan-3E (Nexys-2 FPGA) development kit. The results confirm the correctness of the proposed methodology. The key benefit of this design is its simplicity and straightforwardness. Although the approach appears simple compared to existing large-scale processors, it could serve as the basis for more advanced multiplication systems in the future.
Feature Extraction from Impedance Spectrum of Au/ZrO2Nanotube/Zr-Based MIM Sensor for Selective Discrimination of VOCs: A Potential Approach for E-Nose Application Uttam Narendra Thakur, Arnab Hazra IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2024 This report proposes a new method to extract features from the impedance spectrum of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanotube-based single sensor to detect and distinguish multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The process of electrochemical anodization was utilized to synthesize a metal-insulator–metal (MIM) structured sensor consisting of ~8.5-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m-long ZrO2 nanotubes (Au/ZrO2 nanotube/Zr). The impedance analysis was implemented in order to examine variations in capacitance and resistance at distinct points of contact in the presence of different VOCs. The structural interdependence was determined via the utilization of circuit modeling. The parameter values that were modeled were utilized as feature vectors in the construction of a feature matrix. The feature matrix underwent principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for processing. The combined variance of the initial two components in the PCA and LDA was 88.75% and 99.71%, correspondingly. The discrimination of acetone, benzene, formaldehyde, methanol, and toluene/xylene was successfully accomplished independent of their concentration and 96.67% of accuracy was obtained using support vector machine (SVM). Moreover, the model that has been formulated integrates a distinctive technique for extracting features with a solo and unique sensor that has the ability to differentiate various VOCs.
A Prototype to Prevent Fruits from Spoilage: An Approach Using Sensors with Machine Learning † Uttam Narendra Thakur, Angshuman Khan Engineering Proceedings, 2023 One of the significant issues facing the world right now is food deterioration. If the freshness or deterioration of a fruit can be determined before it is lost, the fruit waste problem may be mitigated. The goal of this work is to develop a simple model for tracking fruit quality using sensors with a machine learning (ML) approach. This model uses from the gases emitted by fruits to determine the ones that will ripen and require use earlier. Two gas sensors (MQ3 and MQ7) and an Arduino Uno serve as the main processing components of the suggested system. Principal component study (PCA) is a widely employed discriminating approach that has been utilised to differentiate between fresh and rotten apples based on sensed data. The study yielded a cumulative variance of 99.1% over a span of one week. The data were also evaluated using a linear Support vector machine (SVM) classifier, which achieved an accuracy of 99.96%. The distinctive feature of the system is that it evaluates the levels of spoilage based on real-time data and deploys a low-cost, straightforward model that can be used anywhere to preserve any type of fruit.
A Multivariate Computational Approach With Hybrid Graphene Oxide Sensor Array for Partial Fulfillment of Breath Acetone Sensing Uttam Narendra Thakur, Radha Bhardwaj, Arnab Hazra IEEE Sensors Journal, 2022 Breath analysis is becoming more prominent in the field of medical science because of its noninvasive nature. In the human breath, there exist thousands of volatile organic components; however, only a limited number are correlated with a specific disease. Acetone is the disease marker for diabetes, and an acetone concentration of more than 1800 ppb in a person’s breath indicates diabetes. In this study, different concentrations of acetone were detected in a dummy exhaled human breath consisting of a large number of interfering volatile organic compounds (VOCs), relative humidity (70%), and synthetic air. An array of six sensors comprised of hybridized graphene oxide (GO) field-effect transistors (FETs) was fabricated and tested for the detection of acetone within the concentration range of approximately 400 ppb to 80 ppm. A GO channel was hybridized with noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) like Au, Pd, and Pt along with WO3 flower-like nanostructures to enhance the acetone selective behavior under suitable back gate voltage in the FET structured sensors. A wide variety of feature vectors were extracted from the sensor data and used via linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to discriminate acetone with different stages of interfaces. Then, the exact acetone concentrations were quantified with a polynomial curve fitting in the sensitivity versus concentration characteristics of all the individual sensors. Acetone concentration in a complex VOC mixture was detected with an average 6.65% relative error by implementing the above technique.
A brief study on evolution of iris recognition system Rishmita Saha, Mahasweta Kundu, Madhuparna Dutta, Rahul Majumder, Debosmita Mukherjee, Sayak Pramanik, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Chiradeep Mukherjee, Dipta Mukherjee 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference Iemcon 2017, 2017
Layered T Parity Generators using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Mohit Agarwal, Abhijit Das, Subham Kumar, Swaniket Chowdhury, Lalbabu Kumar, Chiradeep Mukherjee, Sayak Pramanik, Dipta Mukherjee, Uttam Narendra Thakur 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference Iemcon 2017, 2017
FPGA based effecient architecture for conversion of binay to residue number system Uttam Narendra Thakur, Samsubhra Mallick, Rabindra Mahan Moitra, Mayukh Kotal, Sakib Zakaria, Anirban Chakraborty, Sayak Pramanik, Dipta Mukherjee, Chiradeep Mukherjee 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference Iemcon 2017, 2017
A comparative study of vein pattern recognition for biometrie authentication Himanshu Thakuria, Aritra Dutta, Antara Sarkar, Arupa Ghosal, Rounak Saha, Sayak Pramanik, Sucharita Mitra, Chiradeep Mukherjee, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Dipta Mukherjee 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference Iemcon 2017, 2017
Unique digitized activity signature for human authentication Dipta Mukherjee, Suman Godara, Atanu Kumar Das, Shopan Dey, Saroj Kumar, Rakibul Islam, Abhishek Pati, Nagarjun Dhar, Uttam Narendra Thakur, Sayak Pramanik, Chiradeep Mukherjee 2017 8th IEEE Annual Information Technology Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference Iemcon 2017, 2017
