AdS3 freelance holography: a detailed analysis M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, V. Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics, 2026 A bstract Freelance holography program is an extension of the gauge/gravity correspondence in which the boundary theory can reside on any timelike codimension-one surface in AdS space, and the boundary conditions on the bulk fields can be chosen arbitrarily. Freelance holography provides the framework for a systematic study of various boundary conditions and associated bulk geometries. In this work, we analyze in detail the AdS 3 freelance holography. One can explicitly solve for the bulk AdS 3 Einstein gravity equations of motion. For generic boundary conditions, the solutions are described by two arbitrary functions of one variable. We study holographic renormalization group (RG) flows, the interpolation between different boundary conditions at different boundaries and associated surface charges and their algebras.
Freelance holography, part II: Moving boundary in gauge/gravity correspondence A. Parvizi, Mohammad M. Sheikh-Jabbari, Vahid Taghiloo Scipost Physics Core, 2025 We continue developing the freelance holography program, formulating gauge/gravity correspondence where the gravity side is formulated on a space bounded by a generic timelike codimension-one surface inside AdS and arbitrary boundary conditions are imposed on the gravity fields on the surface. Our analysis is performed within the Covariant Phase Space Formalism (CPSF). We discuss how a given boundary condition on the bulk fields on a generic boundary evolves as we move the boundary to another boundary inside AdS and work out how this evolution is encoded in deformations of the holographic effective boundary theory. Our analyses here extend the extensively studied \\text{T}\\bar{\\text{T}} T T ‾ -deformation by relaxing the boundary conditions at asymptotic AdS or at the cutoff surface to be any arbitrary one (besides Dirichlet). We discuss some of the implications of our general freelance holography setting.
Freelance holography, part I: Setting boundary conditions free in gauge/gravity correspondence A. Parvizi, Mohammad M. Sheikh-Jabbari, Vahid Taghiloo Scipost Physics, 2025 We explore AdS/CFT duality in the large NN limit, where the duality reduces to gauge/gravity correspondence, from the viewpoint of covariant phase space formalism (CPSF). In particular, we elucidate the role of the W, YW,Y, and ZZ freedoms (also known as ambiguities) in the CPSF and their meaning in the gauge/gravity correspondence. We show that WW-freedom is associated with the choice of boundary conditions and slicing of solution space in the gravity side, which has been related to deformations by multi-trace operators in the gauge theory side. The gauge/gravity correspondence implies the equivalence of on-shell symplectic potentials on both sides, thereby the YY-freedom of the gravity side specifies the on-shell symplectic form of the gauge theory side. The ZZ-freedom, which determines the corner Lagrangian on the gravity side, establishes the boundary conditions and choice of slicing in the boundary theory and its solution space. We utilize these results to systematically formulate freelance holography in which boundary conditions of the fields on the gravity side are chosen freely and are not limited to Dirichlet boundary conditions and discuss some examples with different boundary conditions.
Charges in general relativity and black hole thermodynamics M. Golshani, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, V. Taghiloo, M. H. Vahidinia Physical Review D, 2025 We shed a new light on the long-standing problem of covariant charges in diffeomorphism invariant theories such as general relativity by noting the other important feature of the theory, the background independence. To this end, we develop covariant phase space formalism in which we allow for the boundaries of spacetime to have arbitrary fluctuations. Within this formalism we show noncovariance of charges appear in inevitable integration constants that also break background independence in the expression of charges. We then apply the same formalism to black hole thermodynamics. We generalize the seminal Iyer-Wald derivation the first law of black hole thermodynamics by relaxing the need for the assumptions at a bifurcation surface and asymptotic infinity, as well as addressing questions regarding the integrability of charges. We also present a first principles derivation of the Smarr relation within our framework.
Covariant phase space formalism for fluctuating boundaries H. Adami, M. Golshani, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, V. Taghiloo, M. H. Vahidinia Journal of High Energy Physics, 2024 We reconsider formulating D dimensional gauge theories, with the focus on the case of gravity theories, in spacetimes with boundaries. We extend covariant phase space formalism to the cases in which boundaries are allowed to fluctuate. We analyze the symplectic form, the freedoms (ambiguities), and its conservation for this case. We show that boundary fluctuations render all the surface charges integrable. We study the algebra of charges and its central extensions, charge conservation, and fluxes. We briefly comment on memory effects and questions regarding semiclassical aspects of black holes in the fluctuating boundary setup.
Heisenberg soft hair on Robinson-Trautman spacetimes H. Adami, A. Parvizi, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, V. Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics, 2024 We study 4 dimensional (4d) gravitational waves (GWs) with compact wavefronts, generalizing Robinson-Trautman (RT) solutions in Einstein gravity with an arbitrary cosmological constant. We construct the most general solution of the GWs in the presence of a causal, timelike, or null boundary when the usual tensor modes are turned off. Our solution space besides the shape and topology of the wavefront which is a generic compact, smooth, and orientable 2d surface Σ, is specified by a vector over Σ satisfying the conformal Killing equation and two scalars that are arbitrary functions over the causal boundary, the boundary modes (soft hair). We work out the symplectic form over the solution space using covariant phase space formalism and analyze the boundary symmetries and charges. The algebra of surface charges is a Heisenberg algebra. Only the overall size of the compact wavefront and not the details of its shape appears in the boundary symplectic form and is canonical conjugate to the overall mass of the GW. Hence, the information about the shape of the wavefront can’t be probed by the boundary observer. We construct a boundary energy-momentum tensor and a boundary current, whose conservation yields the RT equation for both asymptotically AdS and flat spacetimes. The latter provides a hydrodynamic description for our RT solutions.
Fluid/p-form duality V. Taghiloo, M.H. Vahidinia Physics Letters Section B Nuclear Elementary Particle and High Energy Physics, 2024
Geometric Aspects of Covariant Phase Space Formalism: Solution Space Slicings and Surface Charge Integrability M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.14439 , 2026 2026
GR from RG: Gravity Is Induced From Renormalization Group Flow In The Infrared MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.11806 , 2026 2026
AdS3 freelance holography: a detailed analysis MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics 2026 (2), 95 , 2026 2026 Citations: 5
Freelance Fluid/Gravity Correspondence, 3d Analysis MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.04115 , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
Generalized symmetries in shallow water V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Physics Letters B, 139934 , 2025 2025
Gravity is induced by renormalization group flow H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.09633 , 2025 2025 Citations: 11
Freelance Holography, Part I: Setting Boundary Conditions Free in Gauge/Gravity Correspondence A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09371 , 2025 2025 Citations: 18
Freelance Holography, Part II: Moving Boundary in Gauge/Gravity Correspondence A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09372 , 2025 2025 Citations: 17
Charges in general relativity and black hole thermodynamics M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Physical Review D 111 (4), 044011 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Freelance holography, part I: Setting boundary conditions free in gauge/gravity correspondence, SciPost Phys A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09371 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
Darboux soft hair in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes V Taghiloo Physics Letters B 860, 139209 , 2025 2025 Citations: 8
Covariant phase space formalism for fluctuating boundaries H Adami, M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (9), 1-27 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
Gravitational stress tensor and current at null infinity in three dimensions H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Physics Letters B 855, 138835 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Reloading Black Hole Thermodynamics with Noether Charges M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15994 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Heisenberg soft hair on Robinson-Trautman spacetimes H Adami, A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (5), 1-36 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
Fluid/p-form duality V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Physics Letters B 849, 138450 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
Carrollian structure of the null boundary solution space H Adami, A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (2), 1-36 , 2024 2024 Citations: 26
Shallow water memory: Stokes and Darwin drifts S Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia SciPost Physics 15 (3), 115 , 2023 2023 Citations: 12
Temporal vs spatial conservation and memory effect in electrodynamics V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia The European Physical Journal C 83 (7), 602 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Symmetries at null boundaries: two and three dimensional gravity cases H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo, C Zwikel Journal of High Energy Physics 2020 (10), 107 , 2020 2020 Citations: 119
Null boundary phase space: slicings, news & memory H Adami, D Grumiller, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo, ... Journal of High Energy Physics 2021 (11), 1-39 , 2021 2021 Citations: 118
Chiral massive news: null boundary symmetries in topologically massive gravity H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo, C Zwikel Journal of High Energy Physics 2021 (5), 1-41 , 2021 2021 Citations: 50
Null surface thermodynamics H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo Physical Review D 105 (6), 066004 , 2022 2022 Citations: 48
Symmetries at causal boundaries in 2D and 3D gravity H Adami, P Mao, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo Journal of High Energy Physics 2022 (5), 189 , 2022 2022 Citations: 32
Carrollian structure of the null boundary solution space H Adami, A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (2), 1-36 , 2024 2024 Citations: 26
Hydro & thermo dynamics at causal boundaries, examples in 3d gravity H Adami, A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, H Yavartanoo Journal of High Energy Physics 2023 (7), 38 , 2023 2023 Citations: 24
Freelance Holography, Part I: Setting Boundary Conditions Free in Gauge/Gravity Correspondence A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09371 , 2025 2025 Citations: 18
Freelance Holography, Part II: Moving Boundary in Gauge/Gravity Correspondence A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09372 , 2025 2025 Citations: 17
Covariant phase space formalism for fluctuating boundaries H Adami, M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (9), 1-27 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
Gravitational stress tensor and current at null infinity in three dimensions H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Physics Letters B 855, 138835 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Shallow water memory: Stokes and Darwin drifts S Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia SciPost Physics 15 (3), 115 , 2023 2023 Citations: 12
Gravity is induced by renormalization group flow H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.09633 , 2025 2025 Citations: 11
Heisenberg soft hair on Robinson-Trautman spacetimes H Adami, A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics 2024 (5), 1-36 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
Darboux soft hair in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes V Taghiloo Physics Letters B 860, 139209 , 2025 2025 Citations: 8
Freelance holography, part I: Setting boundary conditions free in gauge/gravity correspondence, SciPost Phys A Parvizi, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.09371 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
AdS3 freelance holography: a detailed analysis MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo Journal of High Energy Physics 2026 (2), 95 , 2026 2026 Citations: 5
Charges in general relativity and black hole thermodynamics M Golshani, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Physical Review D 111 (4), 044011 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Fluid/p-form duality V Taghiloo, MH Vahidinia Physics Letters B 849, 138450 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
Symmetries at null boundaries: 3-dimensional Einstein gravity V Taghiloo, H Adami, MM Sheikh-Jabbari, H Yavartanoo, C Zwikel RDP online PhD school and workshop" Aspects of Symmetry, 8 , 2022 2022 Citations: 5