Hydrothermal-Assisted Synthesis of Mullite Ceramics from Industrial Byproducts: Phase and Microstructure Evolution Destia Nurika, Limson Elismen Sihombing, Felli Rusumayanti, Febiyanto Febiyanto, Shokhul Lutfi, et al. Trends in Sciences, 2026 This study presents a sustainable route for synthesizing high-performance mullite ceramics using aluminum dross and kaolin, with a focus on enhancing precursor reactivity through hydrothermal pretreatment. Three compositions were evaluated: MC (commercial alumina + kaolin), MD (untreated dross + kaolin) and MH (hydrothermally treated dross + kaolin). Hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 24 h effectively removed soluble impurities (e.g., NaCl, AlN) and converted non-oxide phases into reactive Al₂O₃ (e.g., 2AlN+3H₂O → Al₂O₃+2NH₃), increasing the alumina content from 70.252 to 71.803 wt%. X-ray diffraction revealed enhanced mullite crystallinity in MD and MH, attributed to fluxing oxides such as Fe₂O₃ and MgO that promoted liquid-phase sintering and reduced activation energy. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that MH exhibited a denser microstructure with well-developed mullite whiskers (~12.25 µm). At 1,500 °C, MH achieved superior mechanical properties with compressive strength of 110.48 MPa, porosity of 2.90% and bulk density of 2.30 g/cm³, surpassing both MD (79.01 MPa, 3.10%, 1.92 g/cm³) and MC (23.42 MPa, 11.38%, 1.61 g/cm³). These results demonstrate that hydrothermal pretreatment significantly improves phase compatibility and densification. Beyond material performance, this approach offers a scalable pathway for valorizing industrial waste, advancing circular economy practices and supporting environmentally friendly ceramic manufacturing. HIGHLIGHTS Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment of aluminum dross and kaolin on morphology and mechanical properties of mullite. MH sample shows superior properties: 2.90 % apparent porosity, 2.30 g/cm³ bulk density, 110.48 MPa compressive strength. Sustainable, scalable approach for converting industrial waste into high-performance ceramics. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
The Effect of Sintering Holding Time on the Phase Evolution, Microstructure, and Physical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Mullite Destia Nurika, Budhy Kurniawan, Muhamad Ikhlasul Amal, Agus Sukarto Wismogroho, Wahyu Bambang Widayatno, et al. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2025 This study explores the influence of sintering holding time on mullite ceramics synthesized via a sol-gel method, using TEOS and ANN precursors. Samples were sintered at 1200 °C for 2, 4, and 6 hours. Our results demonstrate that increasing holding time progressively improved phase purity, microstructural development, and physical properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the 6-hour holding time was sufficient to achieve complete mullite formation without detectable secondary phases, such as cristobalite. Microstructural analysis by SEM further supported the monophase nature, revealing characteristic columnar mullite grains and uniform elemental distribution. This optimal sample exhibited significantly improved physical properties, with a bulk density of 1.56 g/cm 3 and an apparent porosity of 35.96%. These findings underscore the importance of holding time as a critical parameter, suggesting that its optimization at moderate sintering temperatures offers a viable approach to yield high-purity mullite ceramics with desirable properties.
Influence of Cr3C2-NiCr Coating Thickness on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Alkali Chloride Atmospheres Safitry Ramandhany, Djoko Triyono, Eni Sugiarti, Hubby Izzuddin, Agus Sukarto Wismogroho, et al. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2025 The development of protective coatings against alkali-induced high-temperature corrosion is critical for extending the service life of components in aggressive environments such as boiler co-firing biomass. This study investigated the influence of Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr coating thickness on the corrosion performance of A516 carbon steel substrates exposed to alkali chloride vapor (NaCl + 55 wt% KCl) at 600 °C for 100 hours. Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr as the coating material was deposited by High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) spraying with approximate thicknesses of 150 µm and 20 µm. Their degradation behaviors were evaluated through mass change measurements, corrosion rate analysis, and detailed microstructural characterization using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and surface hardness testing. The thicker coating of 150 µm exhibited a significantly lower corrosion rate (0.15 mm/y during the first 20 hours) than the thinner coating of 20 µm, which experienced rapid degradation and visible spallation after 40 hours. XRD analysis revealed that the surface of the thicker coating was dominated by Cr 2 O 3 and NiCr 2 O 4 . In contrast, the thinner coating formed a more complex oxide mixture consisting of Cr 2 O 3 , NiCr 2 O 4 , Fe 3 O 4 , and NaCrO 2 , indicating a severe corrosion attack to the thinner coating and substrate. The underlying mechanisms of alkali salt vapor corrosion for both coating thicknesses are explained in this paper, offering understanding into microstructural of Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr coating on A516 carbon steel in corrosive high-temperature environments.
Effect of Various Carbon Coating Techniques on the Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials, 2023
Investigation on the failure of a 95 wt% zirconium alloy crucible as an alkaline fusion reactor S Lutfi, MR Firmansyah, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, MI Amal, Jayadi, ... Bulletin of Materials Science 49 (1), 38 , 2026 2026
High-temperature oxidation behavior of WC-12Co cemented carbide in dry air and water vapor atmospheres B Hermanto, RD Desiati, WB Widayatno, MA Mochtar, B Suharno, ... International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 107664 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Hydrothermal-Assisted Synthesis of Mullite Ceramics from Industrial Byproducts: Phase and Microstructure Evolution D Nurika, LE Sihombing, F Rusumayanti, F Febiyanto, S Lutfi, J Jayadi, ... Trends in Sciences 23 (2), 11604-11604 , 2026 2026
Influence of Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr Coating Thickness on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Alkali Chloride Atmospheres S Ramandhany, D Triyono, E Sugiarti, H Izzuddin, AS Wismogroho, ... Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3139 (1), 012021 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
The Effect of Sintering Holding Time on the Phase Evolution, Microstructure, and Physical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Mullite D Nurika, B Kurniawan, MI Amal, AS Wismogroho, WB Widayatno, Jayadi, ... Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3139 (1), 012024 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Understanding corrosion in coal-biomass co-firing with biomass ratio through embedded corrosion tests SM Syaadah, H Izzuddin, AS Wismogroho, E Sugiarti, A Afandi, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 3346 (1), 050001 , 2025 2025
Development and Characterization of Biomass-Based Biocarbon Fillers for Natural Rubber Composites. A Cifriadi, P Sugita, AS Wismogroho, T Kemala, S Nikmatin, ... International Journal of Technology 16 (3) , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
The effect of gas flow rate, solid-to-solvent ratio, and temperature on micro-carbon synthesis from pine resin using spray pyrolysis and the application as masks coating material J Jayadi, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, MAJ Mulya, A Maddu, YW Sari International Journal of Technology 16 (3), 949-959 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Two-step synthesis of stannic oxide and its electrochemical properties as lithium-ion battery anode RT Yulianti, A Hanifah, C Firdharini, S Priyono, Q Sabrina, F Destyorini, ... Inorganic Chemistry Communications 172, 113695 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Graphene oxide modified with magnesium hydroxide derived from dolomites for dyes adsorptions and supercapacitor FI Muadhif, M Handayani, MA Anggoro, YD Rahmayanti, DD Ristiana, ... Materials Chemistry and Physics 329, 130041 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
The Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Zirconium Alloy for Alkali Fusion Process at High Temperature: Desiati, Wismogroho, Sugiarti, Mulya, Widayatno, Aryanto, Basyir … RD Desiati, AS Wismogroho, E Sugiarti, MAJ Mulya, WB Widayatno, ... JOM 76 (8), 4075-4084 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Facile Synthesis of Tin (II) Sulphate using Precipitation Method: Effect on Sulfuric Acid Concentration, Heating Temperature and Time, and Effect of Oxygen C Firdharini, Y Yulizar, AS Wismogroho, WB Widayatno Trends in Sciences 21 (8), 7871-7871 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Effect of Precursor Solvent on the Carbon Micro-Structures Derived from Spray Pyrolysis of Pine Resin (Gondorukem): Preliminary Study WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, C Firdharini, A Maddu, H Alatas, ... Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 25 (2), 67-76 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Effect of Structure Density of Milled Powder on Hot Corrosion and Erosion Resistance of HVOF-Sprayed Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr Coating S Ramandhany, D Triyono, E Sugiarti, AS Wismogroho, H Izzuddin, ... Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 33 (4), 1075-1099 , 2024 2024 Citations: 9
Porous mullite manufacture using Belitung kaolin and its potential to fabricate mullite fiber board as thermal insulation AS Wismogroho, C Firdharini, WB Widayatno, Jayadi, DA Ardhani, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 3003 (1), 020011 , 2024 2024
The influence of alkali chlorides on corrosion of Cr 3 C 2 -NiCr coating and A516 steel after exposure at 900°C S Ramandhany, D Triyono, E Sugiarti, AS Wismogroho, H Izzuddin, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 3003 (1), 020089 , 2024 2024
Effect the corrosion resistance of various types of PTFE under concentrated strong acid and high temperatures conditions: A preliminary study WB Widayatno, C Firdharini, AS Wismogroho AIP Conference Proceedings 3003 (1), 020010 , 2024 2024
Thermal behavior and flash intensity of orange pyrotechnic compositions based on Mg-Sn-Sr(NO 3 ) 2 -NaNO 3 -paraffin wax A Basyir, NS Asri, D Aryanto, MAJ Mulya, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 3003 (1), 020077 , 2024 2024
The effects of copper on the mechanical properties of Ti-10Mo alloy prepared by powder metallurgy method AA KHARISMA, H RUDIANTO, AB MUTIARA, S PUSPITODJATI, ... Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 34 (1), 1813-1813 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Hot Corrosion Performance of HVOF NiCr-Based Coatings in Coal/Biomass Co-fired Power Plants S Ramandhany, D Triyono, E Sugiarti, AS Wismogroho, H Izzuddin, ... High Temperature Corrosion of Materials 101 (1), 187-204 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Fast co-pyrolysis of low density polyethylene and biomass residue for oil production J Yang, J Rizkiana, WB Widayatno, S Karnjanakom, M Kaewpanha, ... Energy conversion and management 120, 422-429 , 2016 2016 Citations: 215
Upgrading of bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis over Cu-modified β-zeolite catalyst with high selectivity and stability WB Widayatno, G Guan, J Rizkiana, J Yang, X Hao, A Tsutsumi, ... Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 186, 166-172 , 2016 2016 Citations: 161
Effect of biomass type on the performance of cogasification of low rank coal with biomass at relatively low temperatures J Rizkiana, G Guan, WB Widayatno, X Hao, W Huang, A Tsutsumi, ... Fuel 134, 414-419 , 2014 2014 Citations: 118
Promoting effect of various biomass ashes on the steam gasification of low-rank coal J Rizkiana, G Guan, WB Widayatno, X Hao, X Li, W Huang, A Abudula Applied Energy 133, 282-288 , 2014 2014 Citations: 101
Oil production from mild pyrolysis of low-rank coal in molten salts media J Rizkiana, G Guan, WB Widayatno, X Hao, Z Wang, Z Zhang, A Abudula Applied Energy 154, 944-950 , 2015 2015 Citations: 64
Steam reforming of tar derived from Fallopia Japonica stem over its own chars prepared at different conditions WB Widayatno, G Guan, J Rizkiana, X Hao, Z Wang, C Samart, A Abudula Fuel 132, 204-210 , 2014 2014 Citations: 52
Selective catalytic conversion of bio-oil over high-silica zeolites WB Widayatno, G Guan, J Rizkiana, X Du, X Hao, Z Zhang, A Abudula Bioresource technology 179, 518-523 , 2015 2015 Citations: 46
Characteristics and photocatalytic activity of highly c -axis-oriented ZnO thin films D Aryanto, E Hastuti, M Taspika, K Anam, I Isnaeni, WB Widayatno, ... Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 96 (1), 226-235 , 2020 2020 Citations: 41
Mg-modified ultra-stable Y type zeolite for the rapid catalytic co-pyrolysis of low-rank coal and biomass J Rizkiana, G Guan, WB Widayatno, J Yang, X Hao, K Matsuoka, ... RSC advances 6 (3), 2096-2105 , 2016 2016 Citations: 40
High-value chemicals from marine diatoms: A biorefinery approach A Bayu, A Rachman, DR Noerdjito, MY Putra, WB Widayatno IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 460 (1), 012012 , 2020 2020 Citations: 38
Synthesis and Sinterability of Hydroxyapatite from Fishery by-products Y Wibisono, NLB Dwijaksara, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, MI Amal, ... Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 55 (6), 570-575 , 2018 2018 Citations: 25
Optical and photodetection properties of zno nanoparticles recovered from zn dross LJ Diguna, AD Fitriani, BR Liasari, GE Timuda, WB Widayatno, ... Crystals 11 (1), 6 , 2020 2020 Citations: 23
Electrochemical performance of low concentration Al doped-lithium titanate anode synthesized via sol-gel for lithium ion capacitor applications A Sohib, S Priyono, WB Widayatno, A Subhan, SN Sari, AS Wismogroho, ... Journal of Energy Storage 29, 101480 , 2020 2020 Citations: 22
Sintesis Ca2P2O7 dari Limbah Kerang dengan Metode Solvotherma F Akbar, R Kusumaningrum, MS Jamil, A Noviyanto, WB Widayatno, ... Jurnal Fisika Dan Aplikasinya 15 (3), 110-113 , 2019 2019 Citations: 20
LaMnO3 perovskite activation of peroxymonosulfate for catalytic palm oil mill secondary effluent degradation PS Utama, WB Widayatno, MR Azhar, HR Abid, W Peng, O Muraza, ... Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2 (1), 27-35 , 2020 2020 Citations: 19
Characterization of Sumbawa manganese ore and recovery of manganese sulfate as leaching products R Kusumaningrum, SA Rahmani, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 1964 (1), 020042 , 2018 2018 Citations: 17
Iron aluminide coating on Al by mechanical alloying AS Wismogroho, WB Widayatno, Suryadi, KA Zaini Thosin, NT Rochman, ... Surface engineering 27 (2), 126-133 , 2011 2011 Citations: 17
Dense and fine-grained barium titanate prepared by spark plasma sintering MS Jamil, KE Saputro, A Noviyanto, WB Widayatno, AS Wismogroho, ... Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1191 (1), 012039 , 2019 2019 Citations: 16
Effect of annealing temperature on the oxidation behavior of ferrosilicon-aluminum-coated low carbon steel by mechanical alloying D Aryanto, A Noviyanto, T Sudiro, AS Wismogroho, WB Widayatno, ... Journal of Alloys and Compounds 821, 153493 , 2020 2020 Citations: 15
Selective deoxygenation of carboxylic acids to BTXs over Cu/β-zeolite prepared by ethylene glycol-assisted impregnation S Karnjanakom, A Yoshida, WB Widayatno, A Bayu, I Kurnia, X Hao, ... Catalysis Communications 110, 33-37 , 2018 2018 Citations: 13