The influence of study area selection and landslide inventory practices on landslides spatial distribution: an example from Northern Morocco Ali Bounab, Reda Sahrane, Younes El Kharim, Oussama Obda, Mohamed Mastere, et al. Scientific Reports, 2026 Numerous studies focused on the technical limitations of Landslides Susceptibility Maps (LSM). They were concerned with the impact of LSM technique selection, conditioning factor combinations, and/or Landslides Inventory Map (LIM) practices on LSM sensitivity. However, no previous papers focused on study area selection and its influence on the output. In fact, most authors subdivide their study area into administrative/political territories, which may be useful for decision makers but is not very informative from a pure scientific stand point. Therefore, 3 territories of Northern Morocco were investigated in this study: the first corresponds to the 1:50 000 Tetouan topographic map (cartographic), the second covers Martil watershed (geomorphological) and the third is Tetouan province (political). The latter study area is of capital importance given its two contrasted geological and morphotectonic domains (Internal and External Rif), which may produce errors in the output. The input LIM datasets for the purpose of this study are: new-active LIM, Inactive-young LIM, Relict LIM, and all landslides LIM. We used two conventional LSM algorithms (Logistic Regression and Artificial Neural Networks) in order to avoid technique-specific biases. Our results show that study area selection is not as important as LIM with regard to the output LSMs, but remains very relevant in determining LSM distribution and accuracy for Tetouan map and Martil watershed study areas. As for Tetouan province, the model is unchanged using the same LIM in the External Rif but changes significantly in the Internal Rif. Our LSM analyses also revealed the link between landslides age and elevation in the External Rif domain where relict processes are mostly concentrated in mid-slopes while new-active ones occur in lower slopes. This is not observed in the Internal Rif, which further exhibits the importance of study area selection based on naturally delimited geomorphological units rather than political or cartographic boundaries.
Unlocking Accuracy: Inventory Geometry as a Missing Link in Machine Learning-Based Rockfall Susceptibility Mapping (Case Study: Calcareous Dorsal, Rif, Morocco) Youssef El Miloudi, Younes El Kharim, Rachid El Hamdouni Earth Systems and Environment, 2026 In rockfall susceptibility mapping, the reliability of predictive models depends heavily on the quality and structure of input data, particularly the rockfall inventory that forms the foundation of any analysis. Despite its central role, one critical aspect is often overlooked: the geometric representation of this inventory. Many studies apply different formats, points, polylines, or polygons, without questioning their methodological appropriateness or impact on model performance. This study addresses this issue by assessing how inventory geometry influences model accuracy, interpretability, and efficiency. Using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) technique, we compare three inventory types on a geologically complex limestone ridge in northern Morocco. Model evaluations rely on standard indicators, such as AUC, confusion matrices, and model-reality overlays, ensuring a robust assessment of predictive capabilities while accounting for geological and geomorphological processes in rockfall source areas. Results show that the spatial representation of rockfall events has a direct and substantial impact on susceptibility mapping outcomes. The point-based model requires a more complex neural structure (14 nodes) and yields modest performance (AUC = 0.718, recall = 0.71, F1 = 0.83), tending to overgeneralize susceptibility even in unsuitable areas. It emphasizes structural factors but overlooks environmental dynamics such as erosion. In contrast, models based on polyline and polygon inventories provide higher accuracy and spatial coherence. The polyline model better reflects hydro-morphological processes, while the polygon inventory offers the most integrated approach, capturing both triggering factors and long-term accumulation of displaced material. With simpler neural networks (8 nodes, matching the theoretical optimum for this dataset) and superior metrics (AUC = 0.932, recall = 0.97, F1 = 0.98), the polygon-based model proves the most effective. This study demonstrates that inventory geometry is not merely a technical choice but a strategic parameter that shapes model behavior and the quality of risk assessment. It offers a methodological contribution to improve susceptibility mapping and supports more accurate, reliable decisions in natural hazard management and land-use planning. Graphical Abstract This work presents an in-depth comparative analysis of Rockfall Susceptibility Mapping (RSM) using the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model. The study addresses a critical and often overlooked methodological question: the impact of the geometric representation of the rockfall inventory (point, polyline, and polygon) on the predictive model’s performance and interpretability. The analysis is conducted at the level of a geologically complex area in northern Morocco, namely the Dorsale calcaire. The data used in this analysis include topographic and geological maps, satellite images, and a high-resolution digital terrain model (DEM). Several conditioning factors (slope, curvature, aspect, elevation, lithology, and others) have been integrated as explanatory variables. Each inventory geometry datum is divided into two parts: training (70%) and testing (30%), with the same spatial distribution. The latter are subjected to the multilayer neural network model via specific neural architectures. The results obtained highlight the differential contribution of variables according to the geometry used during the analysis and in the various resulting susceptibility maps. In this study, the polygon appears to be the most reliable geometry for modeling rockfall susceptibility, while the point performs the least well. This confirms that the geometry of the rockfall inventory has a decisive impact on the quality and reliability of Rockfall Susceptibility Models (RSM), leading to differential variable contributions and distinct optimal network configurations. Far from being a neutral technical choice, the inventory’s representation format profoundly influences the ranking of predisposing factors and the model’s ability to reflect geomorphological reality. This conclusion is fundamental to attempts to standardize methodologies for assessing rockfall susceptibility mapping or to choose the appropriate inventory geometry according to the phenomenon studied, the data used, and the method employed.
Natural Hazard Resilience in the Western Mediterranean: Insights from Urban Planning in Morocco Abdelaaziz El Kouffi, Younes El Kharim Sustainability Switzerland, 2025 Resilience through urban planning has gained prominence since the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), particularly in regions exposed to multiple natural hazards. This study examines how six Western Mediterranean countries—Spain, France, Italy, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco—address disaster risk prevention through urban and spatial planning. Although these countries share a similar geodynamic and climatic context, their approaches to integrating hazard prevention into planning frameworks vary significantly due to institutional, technical, and legal factors. Special attention is given to the case of Morocco, where delays in hazard integration are evident, particularly in the Maghreb region. Limited access to historical data, weak inter-agency coordination, and insufficient scientific capacity hinder effective planning. In response, Morocco has developed the Urbanization Suitability Map (USM) program, a non-binding planning tool inspired by the French Natural Risk Prevention Plan (PPRN). The USM tool overlays hazard information to guide land use decisions and mitigate risks such as floods, landslides, and seismic activity. Using a qualitative comparative analysis of regulatory texts, national planning strategies, and mapping instruments, this study identifies contrasting levels of disaster risk reduction integration across the six countries. The Moroccan USM initiative stands out as a pragmatic response to governance gaps and offers a transferable model for other countries with similar constraints. The findings underscore the need for clearer legislation, improved data systems, and multi-level coordination to enhance urban resilience. Recommendations are provided to strengthen hazard-informed planning practices and support more adaptive and sustainable land management in risk-prone areas.
Multidisciplinary investigations of earthflow processes in the differential erosion furrows morphostructural unit, Northern Rif (Morocco): case study of the Seikha landslide Ali Bounab, Younes El Kharim, Rachid El Hamdouni, Reda Sahrane, Lahcen Ourdaras Natural Hazards, 2025 In the Rif mountain chain, Slow earthflow processes affectthe clayey and flysch formations of the Tangier and Flysch structural units respectively. To understand the underlying geomorphological processes and the trigger-failure relationship between the local mediterranean climate conditions and the earthflow-like morphologies at the Differential Erosion Furrow (DEF) morphostructural unit, a case study is conducted at the Seikha earthflow. The methodology proposed uses a multidisciplinary approach, coupling in situ geophysical and geotechnical tests to study the geometry of the landslide and remote sensing techniques to monitor its activity. Our results indicate that on one hand, the cross-analysis of geological and geophysical results shows that landslide processes at the study area follow a typical terrestrial-style earthflow model, where the geological structures controlling the landscape’s evolution are orientated parallel to the longitudinal stress direction. Vertical and horizontal resistivity variations also allow reconstructing the retrogressive genetic processes responsible for older processes that contributed to the evolution of this hillslope in particular and the DEF morphostructural unit as a whole. On the other hand, the interpretation of multitemporal aerial photographs suggests that the Seikha landslide is in a dormant state and that its acceleration periods follow multiannual cyclic trends related to historic climate and base level fall variations. Seasonal Trends are also emphasized by SBAS (small baseline subset) inSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) and borehole inclinometer results, which show evidence of slow gravitational deformation that can be accelerated during seasonal rainfall periods.
Unlocking Accuracy: Inventory Geometry as a Missing Link in Machine Learning-Based Rockfall Susceptibility Mapping (Case Study: Calcareous Dorsal, Rif, Morocco) Y El Miloudi, Y El Kharim, R El Hamdouni Earth Systems and Environment, 1-22 , 2026 2026
The influence of study area selection and landslide inventory practices on landslides spatial distribution: an example from Northern Morocco A Bounab, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim, O Obda, M Mastere, I Obda Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
Landslide susceptibility assessment framework in the central Rif chain, Northern Morocco O Obda, R Sahrane, I Obda, Y El Kharim Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 1-21 , 2026 2026
Natural Hazard Resilience in the Western Mediterranean: Insights from Urban Planning in Morocco A El Kouffi, Y El Kharim Sustainability 17 (21), 9881 , 2025 2025
Remote sensing and mineralogical characterization of expansive soil slopes in Northern Morocco: a case study using PS-InSAR O Obda, A Bounab, I Obda, I Raini, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim, A Lahrach Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 43 (7), 371 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Closed depressions and karst landforms in Rif Alpine Cordillera (Northern Morocco): The case of dolomitic Jbel Dersa Massif S Kaddouri, Y El Kharim, K Agharroud, A Bounab, Y El Miloudi, ... Watershed Ecology and the Environment , 2025 2025
A novel approach for rockfall susceptibility mapping: Transfer learning between boosting models and logistic regression Y El Miloudi, Y El Kharim, R El Hamdouni Environmental Earth Sciences 84 (16), 447 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Landslide–Anthropogenic interactions in urban areas: A multidisciplinary case study from Taounate, Morocco R Sahrane, A Bounab, Y El Kharim, O Obda, Y El Miloudi, AI Mihraje, ... Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 43 (6), 238 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Active tectonics in the Rif-Atlas system (Morocco): a geomorphic analysis from long-wavelength digital elevation model K Agharroud, L Siame, O Bellier, Y El Kharim, A Ben Moussa, H Rhinane International Journal of Earth Sciences 114 (4), 649-667 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Multidisciplinary investigations of earthflow processes in the differential erosion furrows morphostructural unit, Northern Rif (Morocco): case study of the Seikha landslide A Bounab, Y El Kharim, R El Hamdouni, R Sahrane, L Ourdaras Natural Hazards 121 (11), 12551-12574 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Assessing the reliability of landslides susceptibility models with limited data: impact of geomorphological diversity and technique selection on model performance in Taounate … R Sahrane, A Bounab, I Obda, O Obda, R El Hamdouni, Y EL Kharim Earth Systems and Environment 9 (1), 421-445 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
The effects of qualitative factors on landslide magnitude and typology in the homogenous geomorphological context of the Prerif unit, Morocco I Obda, O Obda, M Amyay, I Raini, YE Kharim Journal of Earth System Science 133 (4), 207 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Correction: The performance of landslides frequency-area distribution analyses using a newly developed fully automatic tool A Bounab, Y El Kharim, M El Kharrim, A El Kharrim, R Sahrane Applied Geomatics 16 (3), 797-797 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
The performance of landslides frequency-area distribution analyses using a newly developed fully automatic tool A Bounab, Y El Kharim, M El Kharrim, A El Kharrim, R Sahrane Applied Geomatics 16 (3), 789-796 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Detailed study of Safranin-O adsorption on sepiolite clay: Kinetics, thermodynamics, isotherms and theoretical calculations for optimal water treatment efficiency I Barhdadi, NB Seddik, I Allaoui, B Boumhidi, Y El Kharim, M Hadri, ... Journal of Molecular Structure 1308, 138130 , 2024 2024 Citations: 31
Coastal rocky slopes instability analysis and landslide frequency-area distribution alongside the road network in west Mediterranean context (Northern of Morocco) O Obda, Y El Kharim, I Obda, M Ahniche, A El Kouffi Natural Hazards 120 (4), 3401-3428 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Effect of rockfall spatial representation on the accuracy and reliability of susceptibility models (The Case of the Haouz Dorsale Calcaire, Morocco) Y El Miloudi, Y El Kharim, A Bounab, R El Hamdouni Land 13 (2), 176 , 2024 2024 Citations: 8
Effect of Rockfall Spatial Representation on the Accuracy and Reliability of Susceptibility Models (The Case of the Haouz Dorsale Calcaire, Morocco) YE Miloudi, YE Kharim, A Bounab, RE Hamdouni Land 13 (2), 1-16 , 2024 2024
Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS Matrix Method and Frequency Ratio, application in the marly context of Moulay Yacoub Region, Morocco I Obda, O Obda, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim, A Lahrach, M Ahniche BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 195 (1), 1 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
A multidisciplinary approach to investigate active and new tectonic effects on landslides spatial distributions: case study in the Pre-Rif Ridges morphostructural unit I Obda, A Bounab, K Agharroud, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim Natural Hazards 120 (2), 1071-1099 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
The late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic connections through the north Rifian corridor: new insights from the Boudinar and Arbaa Taourirt basins (northeastern Rif, Morocco) M Achalhi, P Münch, JJ Cornée, A Azdimousa, M Melinte-Dobrinescu, ... Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 459, 131-152 , 2016 2016 Citations: 81
Investigating the effects of landslides inventory completeness on susceptibility mapping and frequency-area distributions: Case of Taounate province, Northern Morocco R Sahrane, A Bounab, YEL Kharim Catena 220, 106737 , 2023 2023 Citations: 38
Landslides in the urban and suburban perimeter of Chefchaouen (Rif, Northern Morocco): inventory and case study Y El Kharim, A Bounab, O Ilias, F Hilali, M Ahniche Natural Hazards 107 (1), 355-373 , 2021 2021 Citations: 36
Etude des mouvements de versants dans la région de Tétouan (Rif occidental): Inventaire, analyse et cartographie Y El Kharim Abdelmaalek Essaadi , 2002 2002 Citations: 33
Detailed study of Safranin-O adsorption on sepiolite clay: Kinetics, thermodynamics, isotherms and theoretical calculations for optimal water treatment efficiency I Barhdadi, NB Seddik, I Allaoui, B Boumhidi, Y El Kharim, M Hadri, ... Journal of Molecular Structure 1308, 138130 , 2024 2024 Citations: 31
A multidisciplinary approach to study slope instability in the Alboran Sea shoreline: Study of the Tamegaret deep-seated slow-moving landslide in Northern Morocco A Bounab, Y El Kharim, R El Hamdouni, R Hlila Journal of African Earth Sciences 184, 104345 , 2021 2021 Citations: 29
Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western External Rif Chain using machine learning methods M Benmakhlouf, Y El Kharim, J Galindo Zaldívar, R Sahrane Civil Engineering Journal Publishing Group , 2023 2023 Citations: 27
The importance of investigating causative factors and training data selection for accurate landslide susceptibility assessment: the case of Ain Lahcen commune (Tetouan … A Bounab, K Agharroud, Y El Kharim, R El Hamdouni, L Faghloumi Geocarto International 37 (25), 9967-9997 , 2022 2022 Citations: 21
Investigating the effects of landscape characteristics on landslide susceptibility and Frequency-area distributions: the case of Taounate province, Northern Morocco R Sahrane, Y El Kharim, A Bounab Geocarto International 37 (27), 17686-17712 , 2022 2022 Citations: 19
Sédimentologie et palynologie du Néogène du bassin de Boudinar. Implications paléogéographiques et paléoclimatiques (Rif Nord-Oriental, Maroc) Y El Kharim Travaux et Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon 117 (1), 3-153 , 1991 1991 Citations: 18
Multi-criteria assessment approach of slow-moving urban landslide hazard: the case of Moulay Yacoub, Morocco I Obda, Y El Kharim, A Bounab, A Lahrach, M Ahniche, H Mansouri Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 59 (5), 300-317 , 2022 2022 Citations: 15
Seismo‐tectonic model for the Southern Pre‐Rif border (Northern Morocco): insights from morphochronology K Agharroud, LL Siame, A Ben Moussa, O Bellier, V Guillou, J Fleury, ... Tectonics 40 (4), e2020TC006633 , 2021 2021 Citations: 14
Geomorphological hazards in a Mediterranean mountain environment-example of Tétouan, Morocco Y EL KHARIM Hungarian Geographical Bulletin , 2016 2016 Citations: 13
Rockfall hazard in an old abandoned aggregate quarry in the city of Tetouan, Morocco H Dellero, Y El Kharim International Journal of Geosciences 4 (8), 1228 , 2013 2013 Citations: 13
Coastal rocky slopes instability analysis and landslide frequency-area distribution alongside the road network in west Mediterranean context (Northern of Morocco) O Obda, Y El Kharim, I Obda, M Ahniche, A El Kouffi Natural Hazards 120 (4), 3401-3428 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Assessment of the sustainability of aggregate quarrying practices in northern Morocco: a case regarding the eastern provinces of the Tangier Peninsula. K Agharroud, A Bounab, T El Maftouhi, S Kaddouri, H Dellero, AI Mihraje, ... Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment 82 (7), 1 , 2023 2023 Citations: 12
Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS Matrix Method and Frequency Ratio, application in the marly context of Moulay Yacoub Region, Morocco I Obda, O Obda, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim, A Lahrach, M Ahniche BSGF-Earth Sciences Bulletin 195 (1), 1 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
A multidisciplinary approach to investigate active and new tectonic effects on landslides spatial distributions: case study in the Pre-Rif Ridges morphostructural unit I Obda, A Bounab, K Agharroud, R Sahrane, Y El Kharim Natural Hazards 120 (2), 1071-1099 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
Quantitative risk assessment in El-Jadida (Northern Atlantic Coast of Morocco) for a tsunami scenario equivalent to that of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake A Tadibaght, K Agharroud, A Bounab, A El M’rini, L Siame, Y El Kharim, ... Environmental Earth Sciences 81 (5), 163 , 2022 2022 Citations: 11
Geological features of the slope instability in Tetouan region (the northern Rif, Morocco). Y El-Kharim 2012 Citations: 11