Zakir Hussain

Scopus Publications

A comprehensive review on the novel approaches using nanomaterials for the remediation of soil and water pollution
T. Sathish, N. Ahalya, M. Thirunavukkarasu, T.S. Senthil, Zakir Hussain, Md Irfanul Haque Siddiqui, Hitesh Panchal, and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni
Elsevier BV

Optimizing biomass-to-biofuel conversion: IoT and AI integration for enhanced efficiency and sustainability
Zakir Hussain, M. Babe, S. Saravanan, G. Srimathy, H. Roopa, and Sampath Boopathi
IGI Global
This chapter explores the integration of IoT and AI technologies to optimize biomass-to-biofuel conversion processes. AI algorithms can be used to optimize process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and enzyme dosage, leading to increased biofuel yields, reduced energy consumption, and improved quality control. Sustainability assessment is also highlighted, with IoT and AI playing a crucial role in monitoring and analyzing sustainability metrics. Companies such as Pacific Ethanol, Renmatix, IOCL, and GranBio have achieved significant improvements in biofuel yield, energy efficiency, quality control, and sustainability by leveraging IoT and AI technologies. These advancements inspire potential applications and strategies in different biomass feedstock scenarios, enabling organizations to drive the transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources while improving operational efficiency and competitiveness.

Novel Corncob-Based Catalytic Biodiesel Production Process: Experiments, Modeling, and Simulation
Zakir Hussain, Joji Reddy Lingareddy, Nazleen Sulthana, and Shashi Kanth Boddu
Wiley
AbstractA functionalized catalyst for catalyzed biodiesel production via a heterogeneous route is a highly focused area to lower the cost of production and mitigate the drawbacks of homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Production aspects such as parameter study, kinetics modeling, and simulation of continuous process flowsheets incorporating kinetic parameters are scarce in the literature. In the current work, a sulfonic group‐functionalized porous carbonaceous catalyst based on corncob was used for the esterification of oleic acid. The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) kinetic model was found to best fit to correlate the experimental data and thus applied to deduce the kinetic parameters. The obtained kinetic parameters were incorporated into the Aspen Plus simulator to simulate the continuous biodiesel production process. The catalyst showed a strong affinity for oleic acid which enhances the reaction rate.

Catalytic and non-catalytic methods for biodiesel production
Zakir Hussain, Mohd Belal Haider, Mata Mani Tripathi, and Rakesh Kumar
Springer International Publishing

Potential application of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents in reduction of industrial CO<inf>2</inf> emissions
Mohd Belal Haider, Mata Mani Tripathi, Zakir Hussain, and Rakesh Kumar
Springer International Publishing

Light-weight thermal insulating fly ash cenosphere ceramics
Yogesh Urunkar, Aniruddha Pandit, Parag Bhargava, Jyeshtharaj Joshi, Channamallikarjun Mathpati, Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran, Dheeraj Jain, Zakir Hussain, Shirish Patel, and Venumadhav More
Wiley
AbstractLight weight fly ash cenosphere (FAC) ceramic composites were developed by simple slip casting method. Thermal properties, Bulk density, Microstructure, flexural strength, and phase analysis of the FAC ceramic composites were measured. The results proved that the FAC have ability to lower bulk density and thermal conductivity effectively. The lowest thermal conductivity achieved for FAC ceramic composites (0.27 W/m.K) was further reduced 0.21 W/m.K by adding combustible additives ie activated charcoal and corn starch. The flexural strength, bulk density and thermal conductivity of FAC ceramic composites reduced consistently with an increase in FAC content. The maximum flexural strength of 13.45 MPa was achieved with 50% FAC and the minimum flexural strength of 4.07 MPa was obtained with 80% FAC. The open porosity increased from 35.51% to 43.76% and 38.19% with an addition of 15% activated charcoal and corn starch, respectively, when compared to no additives. The bulk density of 699, 619, and 675 kg/m3 was achieved with 80% FAC, 80% FAC with the addition of 15% activated charcoal and corn starch, respectively. The 80% FAC ceramic composite shows low thermal expansion coefficient 6.54 × 10−6/°C at the temperature of 50°C then it varies between 3.7 and 5 × 10−6/°C in the temperature range above 100°C. These results prove that the developed light weight FAC ceramic are excellent low‐cost thermal insulating materials.

Esterification of free fatty acids: experiments, kinetic modeling, simulation & optimization
Zakir Hussain and Rakesh Kumar
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT The development of the process which can mitigate the drawbacks of catalytic esterification and handles high free fatty acid (FFA) containing oils is the highly focused area in biodiesel production. In view of attaining the cleaner biodiesel production, the present research efforts are focused on studying the methyl esterification of FFA present in Karanja oil non-catalytically in a batch reactor. Kinetics of the reaction was modeled as the pseudo first order in the forward direction & second order bimolecular type in the backward direction to deduce kinetic parameters. The obtained parameters were used to simulate the process in Aspen plus®. Experimental results show that 96% conversion of FFA can be achieved at 220°C and 1:6 (w/v) oil to methanol ratio. The calculated activation energy and rate constant are 48.53 kJ/mol and 0.641 min−1, respectively, for the forward reaction and 18.74 kJ/mol and 4.18E−4 (g)/(mgKOH.min) respectively, for the backward reaction. Simulation results showed a little higher conversion (99.85%) of oleic acid compared to the experimentally observed conversion (96%) at similar reaction conditions. The optimal process parameters were estimated using sensitivity analysis of Aspen Plus along with heat integration.

Synthesis and characterization of novel corncob-based solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production
Zakir Hussain and Rakesh Kumar
American Chemical Society (ACS)
In the present study, highly efficient catalysts based on corncob were synthesized for the esterification process. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, and FT-IR. The effect of catalyst impregnation, carbonation, and sulfonation was studied in detail. The highest conversion of oleic acid (∼94.4%) was observed using a catalyst synthesized at H3PO4 impregnation ratio = 1 and time = 5 h; carbonization temperature = 723 K and time = 8 h; sulfonation temperature = 393 K and time = 15 h. Further, the performance of the catalyst was studied for the esterification of fatty acids (FAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) present in Karanja oil. The catalyst showed ∼90% conversion of FAs/FFAs within 2 h at 338 K using a molar ratio of 1:10 (FA to methanol)/1:20 (Karanja oil to methanol) and a catalyst loading of 10 wt %. Furthermore, the reusability test of the catalyst revealed that it can be used for 20 times in a batch reactor to give ∼90% conversion of the oleic acid.

Desalination studies on two single-sloped solar stills with heat-absorbing materials as coating material on aluminum basin

Kinetics & simulation of non-catalytic esterification
Zakir Hussain and Rakesh Kumar
Elsevier BV

Esterification of free fatty acids in karanja oil using novel corncob derived solid acid catalyst
Zakir Hussain and Rakesh Kumar
Elsevier BV

Kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption process using a spent-FCC catalyst
Zakir Hussain, Rakesh Kumar, and Deepa Meghavathu
Science Publishing Corporation
Adsorption is potentially an attractive technique for the treatment of wastewater containing dyes. In the present work, spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (SFCC), a petroleum refinery waste was explored as a novel adsorbent and report its adsorption capability for the first time in the literature. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to remove methylene blue (MB) dye using SFCC. The equilibrium data was modeled using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. Also, the van’t Hoff equation was used to obtain the thermodynamic contributions of the process. Results show that the plot of intraparticle diffusion model (considering only film diffusion) has less R2 value (0.887); it seems that the plot is nonlinear. Hence, the data points were represented by a double linear set of equations (lines) considering both pore & film diffusion. In the first straight line, the sudden increase in slope signifies that the dye molecules were transported to the external surface of the adsorbent through film diffusion. The second straight line signifies that the dye molecules diffused through the pores. The portion which does not pass through the origin indicates that the pore diffusion is the only rate-determining step for the transport of MB onto SFCC.

Glimpses of dynamic biodiesel product pricing model
Zakir Hussain, Deepa Meghavathu, and Rakesh Kumar
Science Publishing Corporation
Entrepreneurship development, energy crisis, rising fossil fuel prices, increasing greenhouse gas emission and waste management are the key issues which concern the government to tackle them sustainably. The advent of biodiesel as a fuel paves the pathway to handle these issues and together it creates an opportunity to develop a small/medium to large-scale biodiesel production units. Current research is mainly focused on creating the roadmap to solve the feedstock scarcity issue faced by Indian biodiesel industries through the field survey. It also presents a robust model framework to fix the minimum selling price of biodiesel through energy input-output and cost input-out analysis in producing a unit volume of biodiesel. The results show that the surveyed area may have the potential to supply on an average of 129 liters/day waste vegetable oil. Energy analysis shows that the highest share of energy 71.84% was from waste vegetable oil followed by 25.99% corresponds to alcohol. Others are being at 0.85% due to the catalyst, 0.44% due to electricity, 0.68% due to machinery and 0.2% due to human labor. Cost analysis shows that the highest share of cost 52.13% was due to alcohol followed by 39.34% due to waste cooking oil.

Effect of quaternary ammonium salt addition to conventional biodiesel production process
Zakir Hussain, Deepa Meghavathu, and Rakesh Kumar
Science Publishing Corporation
Biodiesel on a commercial scale is largely produced by transesterification using a conventional homogeneous catalyst like KOH and NaOH. The major problem associated with conventional homogeneous transesterification process is that it is prone to water & FFA content. This problem can be mitigated with some process modification using quaternary ammonium salts. In the present study, the reaction between waste palm oil & methanol was carried in a batch reactor at 65oC & various molar ratios of oil to methanol. Further, the effect of various dosages of tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB) addition to this reaction was studied. Results show that there is a strong influence of TMAB (a phase transfer catalyst) on the methanol requirement during the reaction and also on the washability characteristics of the produced biodiesel. It was observed that there is a considerable decrease in the molar ratio of methanol to oil requirement during the reaction. Moreover, the addition of TMAB has enhanced the washability of the final biodiesel product by forming less foam. This has a direct advantage of decreasing the water requirement during the purification process.

CO<inf>2</inf> absorption and kinetic study in ionic liquid amine blends
Md. Belal Haider, Zakir Hussain, and Rakesh Kumar
Elsevier BV

Experimental study on non sporulating Escherichia Coli bacteria in removing methylene blue

Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on Escherichia coli bacteria in removing dyes
Balraj Bandary, Zakir Hussain, and Rakesh Kumar
Elsevier BV

UsageSpecific Biodiesel Production with and without catalytic booster
Zakir Hussain, Belal Haider Mohammad, and Rakesh Kumar
Elsevier BV

Zakir Hussain

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Scopus Publications