The endoplasmic reticulum displays high polarity with low protein aggregation in human cells Xinwei Hu, Junlin Chen, Ping Liu, Huaiyue Zhang, Yu Liu, Xin Zhang, Lei Wang Communications Biology, 2026 Many physicochemical properties in the cellular milieu are important for cell function and survival. However, the polarity of different subcellular compartments and its role in protein condensate and aggregate formation within cells are less characterized. Here, we develop a method to compare the polarity in different subcellular compartments using the same polarity-sensitive solvatochromic fluorescent probe. Unexpectedly, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen displays a higher polarity and a more crowded environment than the cytosol in human cells. Polarity-decreasing and crowding-increasing hypertonic conditions induce condensate or aggregate formation of two intrinsically disordered proteins, with-no-lysine kinase 1 and Huntingtin gene (Htt) exon1 with an expanded polyQ stretch (Htt-polyQ), in the cytosol. However, targeting Htt-polyQ to the ER prevents its aggregation, suggesting that polarity but not crowding is more relevant to protein aggregation. Our results reveal the heterogeneity in subcellular polarity and crowding, and uncover previously unrecognized high-polarity in the ER lumen, which provides a unique environment for maintaining robust proteostasis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen displays a higher polarity and a more crowded environment than the cytosol in human cells, which provides a unique environment for maintaining robust proteostasis.
Amyloid-ID: photocatalytic profiling of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease tissue Huan Feng, Qun Zhao, Fangliang Guo, Jing Yan, Nan Zhao, Junbao Ma, Rui Sun, Kaini Shen, Yusong Ge, Xin Zhang, Lihua Zhang, Yu Liu Nature Communications, 2026 Deposition of amyloid proteins and their associated interactome is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other amyloidosis diseases, with their composition implying disease etiology. However, precise in-situ micro-dissection of amyloid deposits in AD brain tissue remains a challenge. In this work, we first divert the excited state energy of Thioflavin T from singlet fluorescence to triplet photocatalytic amyloid protein labeling through molecular engineering, while maintain its pan-amyloid binding affinity and selectivity. We further demonstrate that the amyloid labeling is catalyzed via type-I radical-based photosensitization with diverse residue modification sites. In female AD mouse brain tissue without homogenization, Amyloid-ID in-situ captures and profiles amyloid deposits, reliably reporting the often-lost tau biomarker. Finally, we provide comparative amyloidomics resources across 3 commonly used AD mouse models, revealing conjunct mitochondrial entangling pattern within amyloid deposits. Overall, we report a photocatalytic proteomics strategy (namely Amyloid-ID) to profile amyloid deposits directly from AD brain tissue. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. Here, Liu et al. develop a new method, Amyloid-ID, which uses light to label and analyze amyloid deposits in brain tissues, revealing their protein composition and associated molecules.
Distinct RNA Physical Microenvironments Shape Unique Properties and Functions within Biomolecular Condensates Huan Feng, Yuening Yang, Yulong Bai, Zhili Wu, Yanan Huang, Yifei Pan, Longchen Zhu, Yu Liu, Lu Xiao, Xin Zhang Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2026 Most of the biomolecular condensates form through multivalent interactions between proteins and RNAs. These multicomponent condensates create specialized physical microenvironments that are critical for cellular regulation. While physical microenvironments of proteins have been recently studied in condensates, the physical microenvironments of RNA remain less understood. Here, we develop a chemical method to quantitatively measure RNA physical microenvironments by integrating RNA-labeling chemistry with environmentally sensitive fluorophores and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. We show that RNAs exhibit distinct micropolarity and microviscosity from proteins while remaining miscible in condensates, in contrast to protein-protein systems that demix upon differing micropolarity. This behavior may be attributed to the formation of transient RNA-protein interactions, whose status is influenced by micropolarity compatibility. We further demonstrate that micropolarity differences between RNAs and proteins correlates to RNA partitioning and selective RNA distribution among condensates. In terms of RNA function, we show that elevated RNA micropolarity is associated with ribozyme catalytic activity. Taken together, these results reveal that RNA physical microenvironments play an active role in shaping RNA organization and function within biomolecular condensates.
Time-Resolved Genetically Encoded Indicators toward Quantitative Imaging of Calcium Dynamics in Living Cells Zizhu Tan, Yadan Hou, Yanan Huang, Kairan Zhang, Peilong Lu, Xin Zhang ACS Sensors, 2026 Quantitative imaging of dynamic concentrations of cellular ions and metabolites is fundamental to understanding signaling networks. However, applications of intensity-based biosensors are fundamentally confounded by their dependence on probe concentration and excitation intensity. To address this challenge, we report a class of time-resolved genetically encoded calcium indicators (tr-GECIs)tr-CCaMP, tr-GCaMP, and tr-RCaMP. These sensors convert calcium levels into changes in fluorescence lifetime, a photophysical parameter intrinsically insensitive to variations in probe concentration or excitation light intensity. Our design maintains high brightness in both Ca 2+ -bound and Ca 2+ -free states, enabling robust detection via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Engineering key residues near the chromophore and optimizing linkers yielded broad lifetime dynamic ranges: 2.14 ns for tr-CCaMP, 1.32 ns for tr-GCaMP, and 1.57 ns for tr-RCaMP. The sensors cover complementary Ca 2+ affinity ranges with K d values from 23.8 nM to 416 nM at 37 °C, allowing concentration determination from tens of nanomolars to micromolars. We applied tr-GECIs to map resting Ca 2+ in proximity to multiple organelles and uncovered localized microdomains near organelle membranes, suggesting sites of active Ca 2+ exchange. Unlike ratiometric or FRET sensors, tr-GECIs require only a single optical channel, simplifying multiplexed imaging. This work establishes a generalizable platform for developing lifetime-based biosensors, facilitating quantitative analysis of cellular signaling events with high spatial precision.
Photo-Catalyzed Labeling of Amyloid Deposits in Human Tissue to Proteotype Amyloidosis Diseases Huan Feng, Fangliang Guo, Yan Wang, Meng You, Qiuxuan Xia, Wang Wan, Di Shen, Kaini Shen, Xin Zhang, Wei Li, Yu Liu Aggregate, 2026 Over 40 amyloidogenic proteins have been identified to cause amyloidosis diseases in clinics. Tissue deposition of amyloid proteins entangled with interacting partners is a characteristic pathological hallmark of amyloidosis diseases. However, the proteomic complexity of co‐aggregated amyloid deposits poses a clinical challenge to diagnose the exact disease‐causing pathogenic proteins in patients’ biopsied tissue. Herein, we present a photocatalytic proteomic method, named Amyloid‐ID, as a promising approach to identify the composition of amyloid deposits for clinical proteotyping of amyloidosis diseases. Amyloid‐ID is enabled by a photosensitized probe analogous to a pan‐amyloid sensor, Thioflavin T. We show this probe photocatalyzes protein labeling via reactive oxygen species and demonstrate its applicability in both AD mouse models and human laryngeal samples. Next, we exemplify its utility by proteotyping the pathogenic protein underlying the rare laryngeal amyloidosis (LA). Using patients’ biopsied tissue sections, we label, enrich, and profile the amyloid deposits. Proteomics analysis top‐ranks fibrinogen as a potential pathogenic protein. Biochemical and biophysical characterizations confirm that fibrinogen can aggregate into amyloid fibrils. Intriguingly, we observe that fibrinogen's fibrillation is sensitive to mechanical forces, particularly impacted by sonication. Such observation coincides with its primary larynx deposition, where frequent vocal cord friction occurs. Overall, given the photocatalytic properties, our Amyloid‐ID serves as a promising clinical proteotyping method for amyloidosis diseases.
Dexter Energy Transfer Photocatalytic Microdissection of Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease Rui Sun, Jintai Deng, Di Shen, Jing Yan, Yanan Huang, Huan Feng, Man Li, Yusong Ge, Xin Zhang, Yu Liu Jacs Au, 2026 Amyloid plaque is a pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain with its composition associated with disease etiology. Here, we report a photocatalyst, namely, AmyCAT, that selectively binds to amyloid fibrils in AD brain tissues and undergoes Dexter energy transfer (DET) to catalyze carbene production for amyloid proximity labeling. First, we designed the AmyCAT photocatalyst to universally bind different types of amyloids. Second, we energetically match the DET effect in a 12 × 4 photocatalyst-substrate array to activate the diazo substrate into reactive carbene species by visible green light (530-545 nm). Further, we demonstrate that the optimal AmyCAT probe catalyzes pan-amyloid protein labeling with a 30-fold selectivity over folded counterparts. Mechanistic studies confirm that the photocatalytic labeling is indeed via the DET process, which tailors the proximity effect for spatially confined amyloid labeling. Finally, we employ the AmyCAT photocatalyst to label, enrich, and profile amyloid plaques in AD brain tissues, identifying key proteins and pathways associated with AD pathological deposition and etiology. The small-molecule-based strategy reported herein dispenses with the antibody, genetic modification, or microscopes to dissect and profile amyloid deposits from AD tissues.
Congo Red Derived Covalent Proteotyping Sensor for Amyloid Deposits in Alzheimer’s Disease Huan Feng, Rui Gao, Fangliang Guo, Wang Wan, Di Shen, Jing Yan, Yusong Ge, Kaini Shen, Xin Zhang, Yu Liu ACS Sensors, 2026 Congo Red (CR) is the histochemical staining sensor used to diagnose amyloid tissue deposition in current clinical practice. Its characteristic aryl azo linkage is generally considered to be chemically stable. Here, we discovered by serendipity that neutral borate buffer can activate the inert azo bond in CR to covalently modify amyloid proteins at ambient temperature. Such chemistry allowed us to develop a covalent amyloid sensor to image, enrich, and proteotype amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) tissue. We first pinpointed the boronic acid in borate buffer triggers such amyloid bioconjugation and found that ultraviolet-light-induced azo trans -to- cis isomerization further enhanced labeling efficiency. Leveraging this boron-azo bioconjugation chemistry, we developed a covalent sensor based on CR for selective detection and microdissection of amyloid deposits from AD mouse brain tissues. By incorporating an alkyne handle into the CR scaffold, we enabled click-chemistry-assisted enrichment of amyloid aggregates, followed by proteotyping via LC-MS/MS. The covalent amyloid sensor proteotyped a complex network of protein interactors including the AD biomarkers Tau and ApoE within amyloid deposits. Overall, this work establishes a borate-activated azo-based covalent sensor for selective imaging, dissecting and proteotyping of amyloid deposits in AD tissues.
Carbon nitride nanothread crystals derived from pyridine Xiang Li, Tao Wang, Pu Duan, Maria Baldini, Haw-Tyng Huang, Bo Chen, Stephen J. Juhl, Daniel Koeplinger, Vincent H. Crespi, Klaus Schmidt-Rohr, Roald Hoffmann, Nasim Alem, Malcolm Guthrie, Xin Zhang, John V. Badding Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018
Navigating condensate micropolarity to enhance small-molecule drug targeting J Ouyang, J Chen, Z Wu, K You, T Chen, YQ Gao, P Li, X Zhang, T Li Nature chemical biology 22 (4), 593-603 , 2026 2026 Citations: 7
Time-resolved fluorescent proteins expand fluorescent microscopy in temporal and spectral domains Z Tan, CH Hsiung, J Feng, Y Zhang, Y Wan, J Chen, K Sun, P Lu, J Zang, ... Cell 188 (24), 6987-7005. e28 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Small molecules influence the physical microenvironment of biomolecular condensates Y Pan, J Lei, S Mou, Z Wu, L Zhu, L Zeng, F Luo, Y Ding, Y Liu, X Zhang Journal of the American Chemical Society 147 (26), 22686-22696 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Microphase separation produces interfacial environment within diblock biomolecular condensates AP Latham, L Zhu, DA Sharon, S Ye, AP Willard, X Zhang, B Zhang Elife 12, RP90750 , 2025 2025 Citations: 24
Time-resolved fluorescent proteins towards fluorescence microscopy in the temporal and spectral domains Z Tan, CH Hsiung, J Feng, Y Zhang, J Chen, K Sun, P Lu, J Zang, W Yang, ... bioRxiv, 2024.12. 16.628778 , 2024 2024
Chemical control of fluorescence lifetime towards multiplexing imaging J Ma, F Luo, CH Hsiung, J Dai, Z Tan, S Ye, L Ding, B Shen, X Zhang Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63 (25), e202403029 , 2024 2024 Citations: 53
Ionic effect on the microenvironment of biomolecular condensates L Zhu, Y Pan, Z Hua, Y Liu, X Zhang Journal of the American Chemical Society 146 (20), 14307-14317 , 2024 2024 Citations: 68
Micropolarity governs the structural organization of biomolecular condensates S Ye, AP Latham, Y Tang, CH Hsiung, J Chen, F Luo, Y Liu, B Zhang, ... Nature chemical biology 20 (4), 443-451 , 2024 2024 Citations: 124
NRhFluors: quantitative revealing the interaction between protein homeostasis and mitochondria dysfunction via fluorescence lifetime imaging Y Huang, M Chang, X Gao, J Fang, W Ding, J Liu, B Shen, X Zhang ACS Central Science 10 (4), 842-851 , 2024 2024 Citations: 25
A Highlights from MBoC Selection: Detecting protein− protein interaction during liquid− liquid phase separation using fluorogenic protein sensors Y Huang, J Chen, CH Hsiung, Y Bai, Z Tan, S Ye, X Zhang Molecular Biology of the Cell 35 (3) , 2024 2024
Detecting protein− protein interaction during liquid− liquid phase separation using fluorogenic protein sensors Y Huang, J Chen, CH Hsiung, Y Bai, Z Tan, S Ye, X Zhang Molecular Biology of the Cell 35 (3), ar41 , 2024 2024 Citations: 8
Design and application of fluorescent probes to detect cellular physical microenvironments J Ma, R Sun, K Xia, Q Xia, Y Liu, X Zhang Chemical reviews 124 (4), 1738-1861 , 2024 2024 Citations: 344
Installing hydrogen bonds as a general strategy to control viscosity sensitivity of molecular rotor fluorophores: Special Collection: Aggregation‐Induced Processes and Functions B Shen, L Liu, Y Huang, J Wu, H Feng, Y Liu, H Huang, X Zhang Aggregate 5 (1), e421 , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Seeing Is Believing: Advances in Biological Imaging X Zhang, SJ Booker ACS Bio & Med Chem Au 4 (1), 1-3 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
High-Fidelity Assay Based on Turn-Off Fluorescence to Detect the Perturbations of Cellular Proteostasis C Hoelzel, Y Bai, M Wang, Y Liu, X Zhang ACS bio & med Chem Au 4 (2), 111-118 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Measuring Solvent Exchange in Silica Nanoparticles with Rotor‐Based Fluorophore X Cheng, Y Pu, S Ye, X Xiao, X Zhang, H Chen Advanced Materials 36 (3), 2305779 , 2024 2024 Citations: 7
Navigating the terrain of protein aggregation and phase separation-A chemical biology perspective C Liu, X Zhang Current opinion in chemical biology 77, 102386 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Chemical regulation of fluorescence lifetime J Dai, X Zhang Chemical & Biomedical Imaging 1 (9), 796-816 , 2023 2023 Citations: 61
Advanced techniques for detecting protein misfolding and aggregation in cellular environments Y Bai, S Zhang, H Dong, Y Liu, C Liu, X Zhang Chemical Reviews 123 (21), 12254-12311 , 2023 2023 Citations: 62
Carotenoid assembly regulates quinone diffusion and the Roseiflexus castenholzii reaction center-light harvesting complex architecture J Xin, Y Shi, X Zhang, X Yuan, Y Xin, H He, J Shen, RE Blankenship, X Xu Elife 12, e88951 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Signal recognition particle: an essential protein-targeting machine D Akopian, K Shen, X Zhang, S Shan Annual review of biochemistry 82 (1), 693-721 , 2013 2013 Citations: 641
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE), life and health H Wang, Q Li, P Alam, H Bai, V Bhalla, MR Bryce, M Cao, C Chen, ... ACS nano 17 (15), 14347-14405 , 2023 2023 Citations: 350
Design and application of fluorescent probes to detect cellular physical microenvironments J Ma, R Sun, K Xia, Q Xia, Y Liu, X Zhang Chemical reviews 124 (4), 1738-1861 , 2024 2024 Citations: 344
Modulation of fluorescent protein chromophores to detect protein aggregation with turn-on fluorescence Y Liu, CH Wolstenholme, GC Carter, H Liu, H Hu, LS Grainger, K Miao, ... Journal of the American Chemical Society 140 (24), 7381-7384 , 2018 2018 Citations: 216
A general strategy to control viscosity sensitivity of molecular rotor‐based fluorophores S Ye, H Zhang, J Fei, CH Wolstenholme, X Zhang Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60 (3), 1339-1346 , 2021 2021 Citations: 203
Mechanisms of transthyretin inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation in vitro X Li, X Zhang, ARA Ladiwala, D Du, JK Yadav, PM Tessier, PE Wright, ... Journal of Neuroscience 33 (50), 19423-19433 , 2013 2013 Citations: 173
Visualizing and manipulating biological processes by using HaloTag and SNAP‐Tag technologies CA Hoelzel, X Zhang ChemBioChem 21 (14), 1935-1946 , 2020 2020 Citations: 167
High‐order symplectic integration in quasi‐classical trajectory simulation: Case study for O( 1 D) + H 2 X Zhang, KL Han International journal of quantum chemistry 106 (8), 1815-1819 , 2006 2006 Citations: 153
AggFluor: fluorogenic toolbox enables direct visualization of the multi-step protein aggregation process in live cells CH Wolstenholme, H Hu, S Ye, BE Funk, D Jain, CH Hsiung, G Ning, ... Journal of the American Chemical Society 142 (41), 17515-17523 , 2020 2020 Citations: 148
Multiple conformational switches in a GTPase complex control co-translational protein targeting X Zhang, C Schaffitzel, N Ban, S Shan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (6), 1754-1759 , 2009 2009 Citations: 132
Micropolarity governs the structural organization of biomolecular condensates S Ye, AP Latham, Y Tang, CH Hsiung, J Chen, F Luo, Y Liu, B Zhang, ... Nature chemical biology 20 (4), 443-451 , 2024 2024 Citations: 124
Carbon nitride nanothread crystals derived from pyridine X Li, T Wang, P Duan, M Baldini, HT Huang, B Chen, SJ Juhl, ... Journal of the American Chemical Society 140 (15), 4969-4972 , 2018 2018 Citations: 118
A quantum wave-packet study of intersystem crossing effects in the O (P2, 1, 3, D21)+ H2 reaction TS Chu, X Zhang, KL Han The Journal of chemical physics 122 (21) , 2005 2005 Citations: 115
Fidelity of cotranslational protein targeting by the signal recognition particle X Zhang, S Shan Annual review of biophysics 43, 381-408 , 2014 2014 Citations: 114
AgHalo: a facile fluorogenic sensor to detect drug‐induced proteome stress Y Liu, M Fares, NP Dunham, Z Gao, K Miao, X Jiang, SS Bollinger, ... Angewandte Chemie 129 (30), 8798-8802 , 2017 2017 Citations: 112
The cation− π interaction enables a halo-tag fluorogenic probe for fast no-wash live cell imaging and gel-free protein quantification Y Liu, K Miao, NP Dunham, H Liu, M Fares, AK Boal, X Li, X Zhang Biochemistry 56 (11), 1585-1595 , 2017 2017 Citations: 97
Demonstration of a multistep mechanism for assembly of the SRP· SRP receptor complex: Implications for the catalytic role of SRP RNA X Zhang, S Kung, S Shan Journal of molecular biology 381 (3), 581-593 , 2008 2008 Citations: 95
Time-dependent quantum wave packet calculation for nonadiabatic reaction Y Zhang, TX Xie, KL Han, JZH Zhang The Journal of chemical physics 119 (24), 12921-12925 , 2003 2003 Citations: 95
Donor/acceptor vinyl monomers and their polymers: Synthesis, photochemical and photophysical behavior X Zhang, ZC Li, KB Li, S Lin, FS Du, FM Li Progress in polymer science 31 (10), 893-948 , 2006 2006 Citations: 78
A general strategy to enhance donor‐acceptor molecules using solvent‐excluding substituents CA Hoelzel, H Hu, CH Wolstenholme, BA Karim, KT Munson, KH Jung, ... Angewandte Chemie 132 (12), 4815-4822 , 2020 2020 Citations: 70