Ana Sofia Correia dos Santos
@ulisboa.pt
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Ana Sofia Santos, L. Garcia-Marques, T. A. Palma, and J. Reese
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractPerceived variability is the extent to which individuals perceive group members as being similar to one another. Previous research has focused on how: group variability is perceived (and measured); information indicative of group heterogeneity can lead to reductions in stereotypicality; or how stereotype-inconsistent information can result into increased perceived variability. The present combines the three lines of research into a single research venue. In previous studies the stereotypicality of a group representation was influenced by priming stereotype-unrelated traits in an unrelated-context, prior to stereotype measurement; but priming counter-stereotypic traits had no effect on stereotypicality, although it boosted perceptions of group's variability. The present study examines whether highlighting dissimilarities among members of the same professional groups results in subsequent changes in the reported stereotype for a, not yet mentioned, group. The more the dissimilarity among group members, the more likely individuals were to incorporate counter-stereotypic information into the targeted-group, described as less stereotypic, even in central tendency measures. Importantly, the generating mechanism may involve a modification of participants' overall perception of variability. When members within professional groups are perceived as dissimilar, the well-known resistance of stereotypes to counter-stereotypic information is lessened making the group representations more flexible and less biased.
A. S. Santos, J. McGarrigle, C. Barros, I. Albert, and E. Murdock
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
A. S. Santos, J. McGarrigle, C. Barros, I. Albert, and E. Murdock
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractExisting literature has highlighted solidarity across generations as a crucial mechanism for transfers and maintaining cohesion within families. However, researching solidarity across generations among transnational families is still an underexplored area, especially from the viewpoint of highly skilled female migrants. This study explored the way highly educated Portuguese adult daughters, living transnationally, perceive the existing solidarity ties with their parents, in times of transition, such as during the process of migration. By using a cluster analysis approach to explore the statistical associations between ambivalence and intergenerational solidarity dimensions, this study provides insight into the migrant solidarity types incorporating the role of ambivalence in forging a typology of transnational intergenerational relationships. The sample comprised 248 daughters who volunteered to provide information in an online survey. Participants gave their full consent to partake in this study, and this study was approved by the ethical committee of the authors’ institution. Measures of intergenerational solidarity dimensions, perceived ambivalence, sociocultural adaptation, acculturation, and social well-being in the destination country were included in the survey. Model-based cluster analysis resulted in three clusters: low ambivalence with strong cohesion, autonomous with affection and low ambivalence, and ambivalent functional ties with low affection. These clusters differed significantly in terms of intergenerational solidarity dimensions, perceived ambivalence, and in several other measures addressed. Perceived high parent-daughter ambivalent ties were associated with high levels of functional contacts and financial exchange. That pattern was also associated with lower levels of affection and consensus, being most frequently found in older daughters, mostly when single, economically inactive, or unemployed. Low perceived ambivalent parent-daughter ties were the most frequently found (around 80%), with two different types of intergenerational relationships being revealed, namely the low ambivalence with strong cohesion type and the autonomous with affection and low ambivalence type. Half (50%) of the daughters that perceived low parent-daughter ambivalent ties have associated the highest intergenerational solidarity, being, in general, better adapted to the migration context and slightly younger on average. The other half, less well acculturated, living abroad for longer, in countries with stronger welfare state systems and less reliance on families as providers of care, are more associated with an autonomous relationship type with low solidarity, but high affection. These results suggest that there might be a spillover effect: those who fare well in the country of migration, have better relations with their families at home—either being very interdependent or very independent, but always with good affective quality and low ambivalence.
Jonathan Reese, Ana Sofia Santos, and Tomás A. Palma
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractIndividuals generally hold multiple, and sometimes stereotypically contrasted, group memberships which may change depending on uncontrollable contextual factors. For instance, if someone is a foreigner, there exist certain social stereotypes regarding their nationality which may influence others’ conceptualizations. However, how might an intersection of memberships, such as being both foreign and gay, affect natives’ perceptions of them when these stereotypes may not converge? Across four experiments, the stereotypes attributed to generalized and specific groups were examined to better understand intersectional prototypicalities. Results indicated certain cases in which immigrants may be “de-immigrantized”, or, perceived as less stereotypically immigrant. More specifically, Portuguese participants viewed gay immigrants as less prototypically immigrant, but did not view lesbian immigrants as less prototypically immigrant, bringing into question the complexity of double minority conceptualizations. Additionally, individuals from nationalities with a higher perceived percentage of gays or lesbians in their population (e.g., Brazil and France) were generally viewed as less prototypically immigrant than individuals from nationalities with a lower perceived percentage of gays or lesbians in their population (e.g., India and Japan). Conclusions provide support for intersectional theories and yield additional insights into the categorization of multiple minority groups on the basis of sexuality and nationality.
Joana Quarenta, Tomás A. Palma, Joshua Correll, Ana Sofia Santos, and Balbir Singh
Wiley
ABSTRACTThe cross‐race recognition deficit (CRD) involves poorer recognition of faces perceived as cross‐race compared to faces perceived as the same race. In this literature, research has examined social and perceptual encoding in the CRD separately. Recent research comparing these strategies shows that encoding faces based on social information (personality traits) enhances face recognition relative to encoding faces based on perceptual information (facial features), with a similar effect for both same‐race and cross‐race faces. Expanding on this research, we conducted three experiments (one pre‐registered), manipulating the perception of face race within participants and using different social and perceptual encoding questions to examine their impacts on the CRD. Results showed that social encoding equally facilitated the recognition of faces perceived as same‐race and cross‐race replicating previous research (Experiment 1). However, perceptual encoding divergently impacted face recognition, improving cross‐race but disrupting same‐race (Experiment 2) or having comparable effects to standard encoding (Experiment 3). We discuss these findings and their implications for existing CRD theories.
Carlos Barros, Peter Hanenberg, and Ana Sofia Santos
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractMigratory research projects are increasingly concerned with bringing together those ‘who go’ and those ‘who stay’, considering the impact of living in transnational family relationships. The perception and use of space have moved between digital and face-to-face spaces in the management of these dynamics. Considering that Portugal has both a high rate of ageing and a high number of young adult emigrants, it is important to explore how parental figures in Portugal and young adult children abroad re-signify their presence. In this paper, we intend to reflect on how parental figures in Portugal use digital and face-to-face presence to connect with their emigrated children and how that might re-signify the space with the community where they live. Using a post-positivist paradigm and semi-structured interviews, we developed a qualitative study with parental figures living in Portugal and their adult children living abroad (N = 20, age M = 60, 83; DP = 9, 15). We analysed the data using the software N-Vivo (ed. 14). The general results point to the inclusion of digital space as a dimension for the negotiation of space–time within family rituals. In this sense, digital platforms and devices gain importance in the maintenance of communication and the planning of routines or celebrations. The dynamics of these family groups are influenced by the perception of social values and norms. The presence established between the digital and the physical seems to be important in (a) decreasing the impact of isolation and increasing participants’ sense of belonging, (b) promoting cross-cultural values, and (c) encouraging participants to use digital tools to connect with other groups in their communities.
Paulo Nascimento, Magda Sofia Roberto, Maria Lemos, Maria Caetana Poole-da-Costa, and Ana Sofia Santos
Informa UK Limited
Jonathan Reese, Ana Sofia Santos, Tomás A. Palma, and Magda Sofia Roberto
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractHiring managers may consider hundreds of applicants for one position, leading to rapid decisions based on minimal information which may discriminate against certain individuals. However, past research shows that individuals belonging to multiple minority groups may, in fact, benefit from their intersectional status in certain contexts. First, to identify possible types of prejudice, the Attitudes Toward Gay Men (ATG) and Attitudes Toward Brazilian Men (ATB) explicit measures were created and paired with implicit association tests (IATs). Whereas participants did not show signs of explicit negative attitudes toward outgroup members, they did exhibit implicit preferences toward ingroup members. Using another sample from the same sociocultural context, potential discrimination faced by straight or gay Brazilian applicants in Portugal was examined in high or low competence scenarios, drawing inspiration from the stereotype content model. Results indicated, compared to ingroup applicants, straight and gay outgroup members were perceived alike in competence and were offered statistically similar salaries when competence was triggered; in contrast, only straight outgroup members were perceived as less competent and were offered statistically lower salaries when competence was not triggered. Findings suggest that multiple minority status may protect certain individuals from hiring discrimination, particularly in contexts where competence is not assumed.
Paulo Nascimento, Magda Sofia Roberto, Maria Caetana Poole-da-Costa, Maria Lemos, and Ana Sofia Santos
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Paulo Nascimento, Magda Sofia Roberto, and Ana Sofia Santos
Associacao Portuguesa de Psicologia
Social network changes may occur during disruptive events (e.g., COVID-19), especially with immigrants who need to rebuild networks, undermining their mental health. Study 1 (N =18) investigates immigrants' perceived changes before and during the pandemic in their networks, mental health, social support and social capital. Study 2 (N =53) examines the same in a sample of non-migrants. Convenience samples were collected online between July and November 2020, addressing participants' perceived health networks and mental health through name generators (alters’ names), name interpreters (attributes), position generator (social capital), and the Mental Health Inventory-5. E-net software assessed the network's efficiency and homophily. Study 1 results revealed immigrants reduced their mental health, and network changes by decreasing social support, efficiency and social capital. In study 2, non-migrant network changes were small, not compromising their efficiency and social capital. Contributions suggest the importance of health crisis management with actions to support migrant social networks.
Carlos Barros, Jennifer McGarrigle, Ana Sofia Santos, Isabelle Albert, and Elke Murdock
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AbstractMotivations for migratory movements tend to be contextualised at an individual level and refer to opportunities related to the country of destination. In the Portuguese context, this view is increasingly limited when we analyse the emigration of young adults since this process directly involves family figures in the country of origin, as they tend to be the first source of support. This paper aims to explore the dimensions of intergenerational solidarity, analysing conflict as transversal dimension and the presence of ambivalence, for a proposal of behaviour typologies in Portuguese transnational families. Using a qualitative approach, young Portuguese adults who emigrated in the European space and Schengen area (N = 22) were interviewed addressing questions about their migratory projects, as well as their dynamics with their parents in Portugal. A thematic analysis was carried out with the support of the NVivo software. The results indicate four behaviour typologies: (1) high cohesion and dependence, (2) full solidarity tested with resilience, (3) affective and functional solidarities, with normative and value divergences, and (4) no solidarity and irreconcilable differences. The findings suggest the impact of intergenerational norms and values, as they may be at the origin of communicational patterns that increase well-being and resilience in migration projects.
Joana Quarenta, Tomás A. Palma, Ana Sofia Santos, and Joshua Correll
ISPA - Instituto Universitario
In social psychology research, there are several kinds of stereotypical materials that can be used – faces, videos, lists of words, attributes. However, when it comes to behavioral sentences, there is a lack of pre-tested racial stimuli available in the literature. To fill the gap, this paper provides two lists of 154 short behavioral sentences, with stereotypicality (white to black) and valence (negative to positive) ratings. The first list was pre-tested with an American sample (Study 1), while the second list was pre-tested with a European Portuguese sample (Study 2). Importantly, this paper focuses on the broader meaning of black stereotypes’ and not just the narrower definition of the African American stereotype, whose differences are discussed. T-tests identified 73 and 118 stereotypical behavioral descriptions, for future use, respectively for the American and European Portuguese samples. Additional comparisons within and between samples are also provided. Full behavioral descriptions, along with pertinent statistical data, are available to the reader, as a useful working instrument for future research.
Francisco Cruz, Tomás A. Palma, Emil Bansemer, Joshua Correll, Sara Fonseca, Patrícia Gonçalves, and Ana Sofia Santos
Elsevier BV
Paulo Nascimento, Magda Sofia Roberto, and Ana Sofia Santos
Associacao Iberoamericana de Diagnostico e Avaliacao Psicologica
The perceived overqualification has been the subject of debate over the years. Although relevant in the context of migrations, due to the risks of the migratory experience, studies that focus on it are scarce. Study 1 validates the Perceived Cognitive Overqualification Questionnaire (PCOQ) for the Portuguese context through a convenience sample (N=142). Study 2, with a qualitative approach, explores the relationships between perceived overqualification, job satisfaction, and organizational justice between immigrants and non-migrants through semi-structured interviews (convenience sample, N=27). The results suggest an adequate one-factor structure for the QSCP, with good internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. In study 2, immigrants show more job satisfaction when there is voluntary perceived overqualification, they identify themselves with the host country, and have resided there for more than ten years. Future studies should explore the theoretical model proposed for the context of migration and its moderators.
Paulo Nascimento, Magda Sofia Roberto, and Ana Sofia Santos
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Summary Objectives The Personal Social Capital Scale 16 (PSCS-16) is a self-report measure used to assess social capital, as a social determinant of health. To guarantee validated measures of this construct, the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the PSCS-16 were studied. Methods The PSCS-16 comprises 16 items, organized in two scales: bonding and bridging social capital. A convenience sample of 280 participants was collected through an online survey. For construct validity, we used confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and discriminant validity through the average variance extracted (AVE) and correlations. For reliability, we used: The Spearman–Brown split-half and the omega hierarchical coefficient. Correlations were made between the PSCS-16 and socio-demographic variables. Results A first-order model depicting two oblique factors was supported, suggesting the use of the two scales. Evidence of convergent validity was achieved: acceptable AVE and associations between social capital and emotional self-disclosure. For discriminant validity, the AVE values surpassed the squared correlation between bonding and bridging, and associations with sexual health were found to be absent. Reliability was good. Additional correlations: A positive association between the education level and bridging social capital and participants with an immigrant status having more bridging social capital. Conclusions Preliminary findings support the Portuguese version of PSCS-16 as suitable to evaluate social capital. Contributions are highlighted: the need to study correlates of social capital, particularly crossing migrations, social capital and mental health; and confirming the structure found by measuring its invariance.
Margarida Cipriano, André Ribeiro Vaz, Jéssica Rolho, Ana Sofia Santos, and Paula Carneiro
ISPA - Instituto Universitario
When it comes to the study of stereotypes, plenty of material can be of use. While personality traits tend to be the most commonly adopted, behavioral information can also be relevant, both in the study of stereotypes, as well as in other research fields (e.g., illusory correlations, memory and judgement and decision making). The purpose of this paper was to create a readily available list of behavioral sentences with stereotypicality ratings for both age (young to old) and gender (woman to man) categories, to be used in future studies. In two studies, participants judged age and gender stereotypicality of more than two hundred sentences in European Portuguese. Results were stable across both studies, using different methodologies (three alternative forced-choice task, in Study 1; bipolar rating scale, in Study 2). Relative frequencies for each choice, as well as average ratings, per behavior, are provided at the end.
Miguel F. Benrós, André R. Vaz, Hugo Assunção, Ana Sofia Santos, Tomás A Palma, and Leonel Garcia-Marques
ISPA - Instituto Universitario
Somos frequentemente confrontados com pessoas que fazem parte de múltiplas categorias, por vezes com implicações que conflictuam no que respeita aos estereótipos que lhes estão associados. Investigação anterior demonstra que, quando são gerados atributos para estereótipos compósitos, são criados os chamados atributos novos e emergentes. Estes parecem derivar do conhecimento acerca das categorias constituintes, mas também do conhecimento acerca do mundo em geral (e.g., Hastie, Schroeder, & Weber, 1990; Kunda, Miller, & Claire, 1990). O presente trabalho, de forma semelhante a investigação anterior de Kunda e colaboradores (1990), testa categorias profissionais compósitas, e as suas constituintes simples, numa amostra Portuguesa. De acordo com o nosso conhecimento, não existe evidência anterior, em língua Portuguesa, de que as categorias compósitas conduzam à geração de propriedades emergentes. Neste artigo, explora-se empiricamente o tipo de conteúdos que são gerados, e como é resolvido o conflito entre constituintes. No Estudo 1, os participantes descrevem 24 pares de categorias compósitas e cada um dos constituintes. No Estudo 2, refinamos a identificação dos atributos emergentes solicitando aos participantes que avaliem cada atributo previamente gerado numa escala de avaliação, para cada categoria, constituinte ou compósita, num desenho experimental entre-sujeitos. Os resultados fornecem evidência de que atributos emergentes foram gerados e revelou uma avaliação média para as categorias compósitas diferente daquela obtida nas categorias constituintes. Discute-se a contribuição destes resultados para investigação futura que pretenda explorar o tipo de processos que estão na base da criação de estereótipos compósitos, assim como a natureza da sua representação mental, quão estável é, e quão consensual, dadas as possibilidades de modelos e modos de resolução de conflito (e.g., Hastie et al., 1990; Kunda et al., 1990).
Diana Orghian, Filipa de Almeida, Sofia Jacinto, Leonel Garcia-Marques, and Ana Sofia Santos
SAGE Publications
In the present article, we investigate how a person’s power affects the way we infer traits from their behavior. In Experiment 1, our results suggest that, when faced with behavioral descriptions about others, participants infer both positive and negative traits about powerless actors, whereas for powerful and control (power irrelevant) actors, only positive but no negative traits are inferred, an effect we call the benevolence bias. In the second experiment, (a) we replicate this effect, (b) we show that it does not depend on the specific traits used in Experiment 1, and (c) we show that it is also detected when an implicit measure of inferences is used. Experiment 3 further shows that this effect generalizes to a more generic power manipulation. Theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed.
Tomás A. Palma, Ana Sofia Santos, and Leonel Garcia-Marques
Elsevier BV
Previous research has found that category representations are highly malleable knowledge structures, varying widely across different contexts and individuals. However, it has also been found that such malleability does not apply equally to all types of category information. The present research further investigates the representational malleability versus stability of natural taxonomic categories. Using perceptual fluency as means to induce malleability, we explored whether malleability is moderated by the degree of typicality of category information. In the first experiment, we found that fluency-based malleability only occurs for non-typical category information. In follow-up experiments, we investigated the boundary conditions under which such fluency-based malleability occurs. Namely, in Experiment 2, we showed that the effect of fluency on non-typical features disappeared when there is a sensory modality mismatch between study and test phases. Finally, in Experiment 3, we demonstrated that this effect reappears in the modality mismatch condition when participants are given a response deadline. The implications of these findings to current theories of category representation and the perceptual fluency literature are discussed.
Tomás A. Palma, Ana Sofia Santos, and Leonel Garcia-Marques
Informa UK Limited
ABSTRACT Recent research has emphasised the role of episodic memory in both remembering past events and in envisaging future events. On the other hand, it has been repeatedly shown that judgments about past events are affected by the fluency with which retrieval cues are processed. In this paper we investigate whether perceptual fluency also plays a role in judgments about future events. For this purpose we conducted four experiments. The first experiment replicated recent findings showing that stimuli that are processed fluently tend to be wrongly recognised as having been encountered in the past outside the laboratory walls [Brown, A. S., & Marsh, E. J. (2009). Creating illusions of past encounter through brief exposure. Psychological Science, 20, 534–538. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02337.x]. Two follow-up experiments using Brown and Marsh’s [(2009). Creating illusions of past encounter through brief exposure. Psychological Science, 20, 534–538. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02337] task tested the influence of perceptual fluency on future judgments. The fourth and last experiment was designed to rule out a potential confounding factor in the two previous experiments. Across experiments, we found that people rely on fluency when making judgments about events that are yet to come. These results suggest that fluency is an equally valid cue for past and future judgments.
Leonel Garcia-Marques, Ana Sofia Santos, Diane M. Mackie, Sara Hagá, and Tomás A. Palma
Informa UK Limited
Author(s): Garcia-Marques, Leonel; Santos, Ana Sofia; Mackie, Diane M; Haga, Sara; Palma, Tomas A
Ana Sofia Santos, Tânia Ramos, Leonel Garcia-Marques, and Paula Carneiro
Wiley
What happens when people try to forget something? What are the consequences of instructing people to intentionally forget a sentence? Recent studies employing the item-method directed forgetting paradigm have shown that to-be-forgotten (TBF) items are, in a subsequent task, emotionally devaluated relative to to-be-remembered (TBR) items, an aftereffect of memory selection (Vivas, Marful, Panagiotidou & Bajo, 2016). As such, distractor devaluation by attentional selection generalizes to memory selection. In this study, we use the item-method directed forgetting paradigm to test the effects of memory selection and inhibition on truth judgments of ambiguous sentences. We expected the relative standing of an item in the task (i.e., whether it was instructed to be remembered or forgotten) to affect the truthfulness value of that item, making TBF items less valid/truthful than TBR items. As predicted, ambiguous sentences associated with a "Forget" cue were subsequently judged as less true than sentences associated with a "Remember" cue, suggesting that instructions to intentionally forget a statement can produce changes in the validity/truthfulness of that statement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an influence of memory processes involved in selection and forgetting on the perceived truthfulness of sentences.
Ana Sofia Santos, Filipa De Almeida, Tomás A. Palma, Manuel Oliveira, and Leonel Garcia-Marques
ISPA - Instituto Universitario
The purpose of the present work was to measure the stereotypic content of several professional groups, by determining the culturally shared stereotypic attributes, their accessibility and typicality. Study 1 used a spontaneous attribute-generation-task to collect the stereotypic content of 28 professional groups in a Portuguese samples. The frequency of generation was used to measure consensus on the attributes generated. The order of generated attributes was used to determine their accessibility. To further explore the link between attributes and the professional group, a new sample (Study 2) rated how typical each attribute was of the professional group. We map out the usefulness of studying professional stereotype's content.
Ana Sofia Santos, Leonel Garcia-Marques, Diane M. Mackie, Tomás A. Palma, Rui Soares Costa, and Filipa de Almeida
Guilford Publications
It has been shown that subtle contextual primes produce transient changes in stereotypes (Santos et al., 2012), an effect supposedly caused by both activation of the primed trait and failure of belief monitoring. The present research investigated people's ability to avoid the influence of primes. A first pilot experiment used a subliminal-priming paradigm and replicated the contamination found following subtle supraliminal priming (Santos et al., 2012). Experiment 1 made a previous episode of stereotypic assembling highly accessible, immediately before subliminal priming, and found that the primed information ceased to have an effect. Experiment 2 manipulated the diagnosticity of a previous stereotype-assembling episode for stereotype assessment. When the previous assembling episode was perceived as no longer diagnostic of one's beliefs, contamination occurred. The avoidance of mental contamination depends on the accessiblity of stereotypic beliefs but also on its assumed diagnosticity. The working stereo...