Dr Anup Naha
@manipal.edu
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
RESEARCH INTERESTS
Nanotechnology, Novel Drug Delivery System, Sports Pharmacy
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Annamalai Rama, Induja Govindan, Anjana A. Kailas, Thamizharasan Annadurai, Shaila Angela Lewis, Sreedhara Ranganath Pai and A. Naha
This article explores the physiological and pharmaceutical barriers influencing drug bioavailability for the oral route of administration, as well as the different pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery systems that have been explored to enhance oral drug absorption. The manuscript also examines the advantages and limitations of drug delivery to the lymphatic system and presents the future directions and challenges associated with this approach. Specifically, the manuscript highlights that drug delivery to the lymphatic system holds promise for improving drug bioavailability and efficacy. It emphasizes the advantages of delivering drugs to the lymphatic system, including enhanced drug solubility, stability, lymphatic transport, and the ability to target specific lymphatic vessels. The manuscript further explores future directions in this field, such as developing novel formulations, targeting specific lymphatic vessels, and combination therapy. However, the manuscript acknowledges significant challenges for the clinical translation of lymphatic drug delivery approaches. Regulatory hurdles, safety concerns, and cost and scalability are vital obstacles to address. The manuscript concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing these challenges and fostering further research and collaboration to optimize the clinical translation of lymphatic drug delivery.
Akhilesh Dubey, Amitha Shetty, Chaithra R. Shetty, Namdev Dhas, Anup Naha, Pratika Bhandary, and Srinivas Hebbar
Open Science Publishers LLP
The ultra-flexible lipid gel system (UFLGS) consists of bilayer lipid membranes, responsible for highly elastic and deformable vesicles compared to conventional topical systems. Varicose veins are abnormal, dilated blood vessels resulting from weakening in the wall of the blood vessels. A flavonoid diosmin is highly potential to alleviate circulatory issues by altering blood veins’ elasticity and suppleness. Schrodinger 2023-1 suite device was used for molecular docking study. Ultra-flexible lipid nanosuspension (UFLNS) was developed and optimized. Then, they are characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, entrapment efficiency, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and turbidity measurement studies. After incorporating into the aqueous gelling agent Carbopol 934, Diosmin UFLGS (DUFLGS) was compared with the diosmin conventional gel system (DCGS) for its physicochemical properties. The docking score was –8.507, representing good interaction and binding affinity for nuclear factor-kappaB-inducing kinase. The particle size, polydispersity index, and surface charge of optimized diosmin-loaded UFLNS (DUFLNS) were found to be ideal values 144.56 ± 5.1 nm, 0.397 ± 0.13, and –24 ± 0.9 mV, respectively. The results of DUFLNS, DUFLGS, and DCGS showed skin retention values of 55.5% ± 13%, 83.44% ± 12%, and 66.39% ± 14%, respectively. The sustained release of the DUFLGS is owing to the elasticity of the ultra-flexible lipids, thereby the penetration enhanced compared to DCGS.
Shanthi Lysetty, Anup Naha, Usha Yogendra Nayak, Virendra S. Ligade, Bhavana B. Bhat, and Usha Ran
Open Science Publishers LLP
Annamalai Rama, Induja Govindan, Srinivas Hebbar, Abhishek Chaturvedi, Usha Rani, and Anup Naha
F1000 Research Ltd
Introduction: Posaconazole is a widely used antifungal drug, and its accurate quantification is essential for quality control and assessment of its pharmaceutical products. This study aimed to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method for quantifying Posaconazole in bulk and dosage form. Methods: The HPLC method was developed and validated based on International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The developed method was then applied to quantify Posaconazole in a marketed tablet formulation. The method's specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and stability were evaluated. Results: The developed HPLC method showed good linearity over a 2-20 μg/mL concentration range. The percentage recovery of Posaconazole from the bulk and marketed formulations was found to be 99.01% and 99.05%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 1%, and the method was stable under different conditions. The HPLC method was successfully applied to quantify Posaconazole in the marketed formulation. Conclusion: The developed and validated HPLC method is reliable and efficient for analyzing Posaconazole in bulk and dosage forms. The method's accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, robustness, and stability demonstrate its effectiveness. The method can be used for the quality control and assessment of Posaconazole-containing pharmaceutical products.
Namdev Dhas, Hosadurga Shantharam Preetha, Akhilesh Dubey, Gundawar Ravi, Induja Govindan, Annamalai Rama, Anup Naha, and Srinivas Hebbar
Open Science Publishers LLP
This study investigated the in-vitro comparison between Asiatic acid (AA) liposomes and surface-modified liposomes of AA (coated by chitosan and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy(polyethylene glycol (DSPE MPEG) separately) to treat Alzheimer’s disease. The optimized formula was obtained using Design-Expert software, and liposomes were formulated as per the thin-film hydration method. Chitosan-coated AA liposomes and stealth AA liposomes were fabricated using electrostatic interaction. The prepared formulations were evaluated for compatibility, liposomal vesicle size, drug entrapment, drug content, dispersibility index, and surface morphology (transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy). Compared to AA, AA liposome (AAL), and stealth AA liposome (SAAL) demonstrated sustained-release and improved drug release rates, with 97.00 ± 0.56% and 86.42 ± 0.38% released in 18 hours, respectively. Chitosan-coated AA liposome (CAAL) showed an 85.45 ± 0.43%, better than the drug release rate in 24 hours. The ex -vivo AA permeation from CAAL was better than the other two forms of liposomes. The stability data, which signifies the vesicle size of the liposomes, drug content, and %EE of CAAL and SAAL, were consistent and showed that CAAL was more stable in simulated gastric fluid. This study suggested that chitosan-coated AA liposomes showed better stability and sustained drug release than AAL and SAAL . force microscopy the percentage of in-vitro drug release, drug permeation studies, and stability evaluation. conventional liposome of AA. The preliminary solubility test was conducted with organic solvents. The solvent
Raghavendra Udaya Kumar Shenoy, Annamalai Rama, Induja Govindan, and Anup Naha
Elsevier BV
Natasha Verma, Annamalai Rama, Adrija Jha, Bhautik Ladani, Induja Govindan, Sivakumar Kannan, Srinivas Hebbar, and Anup Naha
A and V Publications
The emergence of nanotechnology paves the way for improving disease therapy strategies. An investigation into the progression of the release of the medication targeting the specified predetermined location is a significant factor to consider. Due to the ability to advance existing products and to develop new products in a variety of applications, the nanotechnology industry is considered an evolving technology. Cyclodextrin-based porous nanoparticles or unique nano-sponges (NSs) which have recently been used in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetic industries are the main elements of this growth. This superior technology can circumvent the defects of current techniques by its ability to attack and visualize tumour sites. A biodegradable and biocompatible feature along with a built-in high surface area resulting in enormous amounts of drug loading and biomimetic design, and the ability to control nanoparticles size are just a handful of good attractive attributes that find this technique as an overwhelming advantage in the field of nanomedicine. This review article is organized such that we first explored the unique features of these nanosponges and the diverse methods for synthesizing, followed by the drug loading and release principle and application based on drug delivery, targeting, boosting solubility of BCS Class II and IV drugs, others in biomedicine and more. Finally, the recent progress on the use of biomimetic nanosponge as a pandemic tool due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus briefly comes into line.
Gottipati Naga , Haritha, Anup Naha, Usha Rani, and Annamalai Rama
Open Science Publishers LLP
This study aims to assess medical and dental postgraduates’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and compare the KAP between the medical and dental postgraduates. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on 208 postgraduates (medical and dental postgraduates combined). The medical postgraduates belong to a tertiary care teaching hospital that is 2,000 bedded, serving a population of 1,177,361 in the southwest part of Karnataka, whereas the Dental postgraduates belong to teaching Dental hospitals from the same region as the above hospital received their accreditation by the Dental Council of India in 1970. Both the postgraduates had low KAP about the reporting system of ADRs and the ADR reporting system situated in this hospital. This study also found that the majority of the postgraduates had not attended the training sessions regarding the reporting of ADRs. This study concludes that the ADR reporting is crucial for all healthcare providers so that it initiates the exact actions by healthcare providers through which adverse events can be prevented, and will help in better drug management and thus the reputation of the hospital can be upgraded.
Vidi Mehra, Swarnabh Chatterjee, Aravinda Pai, K. S. Chandrashekar, Anup Naha, and Venkatesh Kamath B.
Rasayan Journal of Chemistry
A robust, sound, and comprehensive waste management system is a fundamental aspect to achieve environmental sustainability and development. Though as individuals, people are aware and conscious of this particular aspect of waste management, there have not been any concrete steps taken to tackle the issue. As per a statistical report from World Bank on waste, about 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated annually at a global scale out of which about one-third of it is not managed in an environmentally safe manner. Keeping in mind the UN General Assembly goals with respect to sustainable development for the benefit of all by 2030, it is imperative to act in ways to manage and come out with ways to treat solid waste in particular. Keratin is a key structural protein that can be found in a variety of forms in nature, including hair, feathers, nails, horn, hoofs, scales, and wool. It is also found in several hard tissues that protect the organ by providing blockage with the surroundings. Keratin, a protein, fibrous in nature has solubility issues. Keratin is tolerant towards protease enzymes like pepsin, and trypsin is due to its structure, which is protected by bonds such as disulfide and hydrogen. The waste consisting of keratinous residues, like feathers, provides carbon, nitrogen, and Sulphur source that are transformable to certain products. Keratin-rich waste possesses a high content of amino acids and, if not correctly managed, can harm the environment, water supplies, and soil. This form of waste, on the other hand, can be used for less-cost amino acid sources, can be turned into animal feeds, or used as a fertilizer. This necessitates a thorough understanding of feather structure and properties. Feathers are composed of β- keratin and melanin pigments. In addition, to strategize their control and degradation, there is a necessity to differentiate α- keratin from β-keratin. The present article summarizes the various methods of waste treatment of compounds possessing keratin, limitations of conventional methods, ecological implications, the role of microbes in Bioconversion, and ways to improve enzyme production which can ultimately be used for the management of keratinous substances. This would also cater to Sustainable development goal number 12 which includes responsible consumption as well as production including the major focus on environmentally sound ways to manage waste through either its prevention, reduction, recycling, or reuse of such solid wastes including keratin.
Shanthi Lysetty, Siva Kumar Kannan, Anup Naha, Usha Yogendra Nayak, and Virendra Ligade
EManuscript Technologies
Skill industries, such as manufacturing and services, are growing at a rapid rate. It is estimated that there is a huge demand for skilled employees in the future. But India’s skilled workforce is very low. The country is currently facing a dual dilemma of the extreme shortage of highly-trained, high-quality work yet as non-employment of large parts of educated people with very few or no job skills. The issue of skill development in India is so relevant to demand and supply levels. The pharmaceutical sector is developing at a rapid pace, but challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industries are outdated skilled workforce. This is due to the outdated curriculum followed in the majority of universities and lack of industrial exposure, limited industry interfaces, lack of appropriate skills and education. Thus there is a need to develop a skill development module and incorporate it as a training program. Total quality management and innovation ecosystem to be introduced in pharmacy to improve the current situation. This article emphasizes on skill gap requirements, developing skill modules for pharmacy students, design of a curriculum, introduction of practice school, various strategies and pedagogical techniques to be introduced to develop the skills of the students and make them ready for specialised job roles.
Annamalai Rama, Anuja Pai, Divya Rosa Barreto, Siva Kumar Kannan, and Anup Naha
A and V Publications
Virus-Like Particles (VLP) mimics virions immunologically which induces high titers of neutralizing antibodies to conformational epitopes due to the high-density display of epitopes, present multiple proteins which are optimal for uptake by dendritic cells and are assembled in vivo. VLP triggers the immune response of the body against the diseases and is broadly two types like non enveloped VLP’s and Enveloped VLP’s. The present review discusses the production, analysis, and mechanism of action of virus-like particles. Various applications, the Indian Scenario of VLP, Limitations, and future scopes are briefly reviewed and discussed. VLPs imitate authentic viruses in antigenic morphology and offer a stable alternative to attenuated and inactivated viruses in the production of vaccines. It can effectively deliver foreign nucleic acids, proteins, or conjugated compounds to the system, or even to particular types of cells, due to their transducing properties. It retains the ability to infiltrate and render cells useful for a wide range of applications. Used as a tool to increase the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic antigens, VLP therapeutics can be developed and manufactured in a way that would be sufficiently cheap to be seen globally in many countries. The ability to mass-produce them cost-effectively improves their possibility of being introduced to undeveloped countries.
Akhilesh Dubey, Namdev Dhas, Anup Naha, Usha Rani, Ravi GS, Amitha Shetty, Chaithra R Shetty, and Srinivas Hebbar
F1000 Research Ltd
Background: Asiatic acid (AA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid derivative of Centella asiatica (CA) with neuroprotective effect. The study aimed to design an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) and develop chitosan-embedded liposomes comprising an extract of CA (CLCAE) and compare them with the chitosan-coated liposomes of asiatic acid (CLAA) for oral delivery to treat the initial phases of AD. Methods: The solvent evaporation technique was used to develop CLCAE and CLAA, optimised with the experiment's design, and was further evaluated. Results: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies confirmed coating with chitosan. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the successful formation of CLCAE and CLAA. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) confirmed the drug-phospholipid complex. Furthermore, the rate of in vitro release of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 69.43±0.3 % and 85.3±0.3 %, respectively, in 24 h. Ex vivo permeation of CLCAE and CLAA was found to be 48±0.3 % and 78±0.3 %, respectively. In the Alcl3-induced AD model in rats, disease progression was confirmed by Y-maze, the preliminary histopathology evaluation showed significantly higher efficacy of the prepared liposomes (CLCAE and CLAA) compared to the Centella asiatica extract (CAE) and they were found to have equivalent efficacy to the standard drug (rivastigmine tartrate). The considerable increase in pharmacodynamic parameters in terms of neuronal count in the CLAA group indicated the protective role against Alcl3 toxicity and was also confirmed by assessing acetylcholine (Ach) levels. The pharmacokinetic study, such as Cmax, Tmax, and area under curve (AUC) parameters, proved an increase in AA bioavailability in the form of CLAA compared to the pure AA and CLCAE forms. Conclusion: The preclinical study suggested that CLAA was found to have better stability and an ideal oral drug delivery system to treat AD.
Usha Rani, Leslie E. Lewis, Kiran Chawla, and Anup Naha
F1000 Research Ltd
Background: Globally, neonatal healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are known to cause high mortality. HAIs is a preventable condition related to the healthcare environment. The current study explored the contributors to neonatal HAIs in one of the largest tertiary care referral hospitals in South India. Methods: Neonates from December 2016 to June 2018 were observed for the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections and compared with the matched control group. Various observations on neonatal demography, maternal contributors, and medical procedures were made and recorded to explore and analyse the contributors to neonatal HAIs. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to find the contributors. The Odds ratio with 95% CI was also computed and reported. Results: Bloodstream infection (83%) was prevalent among neonates; the maternal contributor was only preterm labor (Odds ratio of 11.93; 95% CI; 6.47-21.98; p<.05) to acquire HAIs. On univariate analysis, mechanical ventilation for > 3days duration, NIV for > five days, and PICC line insertion procedure were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. IV cannulation for more than three times in four consecutive days was found in 100(85%) neonates considered being associated with neonatal HAIs. On multivariate analysis, NIV, PICC line, preterm labor, and low birth weight were significant (p<0.05) contributors to neonatal HAIs. Conclusion: The increased duration of invasive and non-invasive therapeutic devices and catheters contributes to neonatal HAIs. Neonates are acquiring bloodstream infections; low birth weight (LBW) neonates are more susceptible to acquiring HAIs.
Sivakumar Kannan, Anup Naha, Robindra Ramnarine Singh, Punit Bansal, Vinod C Nayak, Sandeep Goud, and Usha Rani
A and V Publications
Doping is termed as the use of banned drugs or methods to increase an athlete's performance and the concealment or attempted concealment of such use. Doping is a significant issue in the world of athletics. This study aims to assess doping knowledge among school physical education teachers (PET) of one sample district of Karnataka, India. Descriptive research was conducted using a cross-sectional, complete enumeration approach with 308 PET The questionnaire developed by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was approved for use in testing doping knowledge. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to explain PET demographic variables and knowledge assessment. Out of 308, one hundred ninety-three (62.66%) are males with an average age of 45.61 ± 8.33 and One hundred fifteen (37.34%) respondents were females with a mean age of 44.69 ± 8.36 years. 268 PET has Poor knowledge (87%), 27 PET has Intermediate knowledge (9%), and 13 High knowledge (4%) of doping. The current study findings highlighted a lack of knowledge of PET in the aspect of Doping. Physical Education Teachers play a vital role to train and mentor younger children at sports in schools. Training physical education teachers in Doping will help create awareness and sustainable education about anti-doping practices among children.
Adrija Jha, Annamalai Rama, Bhautik Ladani, Natasha Verma, Sivakumar Kannan, and Anup Naha
Open Science Publishers LLP
With the advancement of technology and the evolution of modern healthcare systems, the focus is shifting from conventional drug delivery vehicles to novel, nanosized carriers. Nanogels are an example of such nanosized drug delivery systems that have been researched at length. They can be designed to be sensitive to a multitude of physical and chemical stimuli and this endows them with the capability to deliver the drugs they carry in a site-specific manner. These intelligent drug delivery systems are biocompatible and capable of loading copious quantities of the drug. pH is a major chemical property and temperature is a major physical property of a biological system. So nanogels responsive to either pH or temperature or a combination of both, possess immense biomedical potential. This review encompasses synthetic techniques and evaluation tests to confirm the responsiveness of single pH-responsive nanogels and thermoresponsive nanogels as well as dual pH/thermoresponsive nanogels. A closer look is also taken at their biomedical applications.
Manjot S. Punjabi, Anup Naha, Disha Shetty, and Usha Y. Nayak
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Lymphatic system is the secondary circulation system of the human body after the systemic circulation. Various problems, including the first-pass metabolism through oral administration of medicines, can be resolved by lymphatic targeting. Lymphatic absorption has been explored in detail, and studies reveal the improved bioavailability of medicines. In the case of cancer, AIDS, and various other health problems, lymphatic targeting has been focused on due to the fact that lymph nodes are involved greatly in tumor metastasis. This article reviews lymphatic absorption and its exploration in the treatment of various health problems. The physiology of the lymphatic system, the mechanisms of absorption, and the various formulation systems suitable for lymphatic absorption have been discussed. Some recent novel approaches like hydrodynamically driven device (HDD) and carbon nanotubes for lymphatic delivery have also been appraised.
Sivakumar Kannan, Anup Naha, Robindra Ramnarine Singh, Punit Bansal, Vinod C. Nayak, Sandeep Goud, and Usha Rani
A and V Publications
Dietary supplements play a crucial part of wellbeing and lifestyle. Better nutritionfacilitates abetter immune systems and results in lower risk of non-communicable diseases and ultimately longer lifespan. According to a grand view research report, the worldwide market size of dietary supplementsis expected to reach USD 20.73 billion by 2027, showing a compound yearly growth rate of 8.2 percent over the forecast period. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDA) describes a dietary ingredient as vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or any botanical dietary content for a human by increasing the overall consumption of food, or, metabolite, concentrate, extract, constituent or combined effect of the above substances. In comparison to medicinal products, supplements are not recommended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. In Sports, nutritional supplements products are primarily formulated and aimed at athletes to boost their nutritional intake, performance, and muscle mass. Each of the macronutrients needed in relatively large amounts has unique properties that affect health, but all of them are sources of energy.Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are important for several essential functions in the body and have to be consumed along with food, as the body cannot produce it.A large number of supplements contain banned substances and consumption of same leads to Doping. Sports Pharmacist playsa significant role to create awareness and counseling among the athlete with respect to safe consumption of dietary and nutritional supplements and medication.
Poornima D Adpekar, Annamalai Rama, U. Rani and A. Naha
Panyam Bhargavi, Anup Naha, Sivakumar Kannan, and Annamalai Rama
A and V Publications
The objective of the study is to formulate Solid Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) for improvement of solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug Lercanidipine Hydrochloride which has very less water solubility (0.000165mg/mL) and absolute bioavailability of 10%. The Liquid Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System concentrate was prepared using different oils, surfactants and cosurfactants which were screened based on saturation solubility studies. The SEDDS prepared using oil like peppermint oil, surfactant as propylene glycol, cosurfactant as PEG 400 showed very good self-emulsification property. The prepared SEDDS were subjected for evaluation of various parameters like self-emulsification property, FTIR studies, DSC studies, viscosity, globule size determination, zeta potential determination, robustness to dilution, thermodynamic stability studies. Liquid SEDDS showed good emulsification with globule size 357.2 nm and PDI 0.491. The optimized SEDDS formulation with 20% peppermint oil, 7% propylene glycol surfactant, 63% PEG 400 cosurfactant and 10% drug was used for the preparation of Solid SEDDS following physical adsorbent technique using Avicel PH 101 as an inert solid adsorbent in 1:4 ratio. The prepared solid SEDDS with free-flowing property were compressed as tablets and evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration and dissolution studies. The results of our study conclude that the Avicel PH 101 can be used for the preparation of solid SEDDS to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug Lercanidipine Hydrochloride.
Sivakumar Kannan, Anup Naha, Robindra Ramnarine Singh, Punit Bansal, Vinod C Nayak, and Sandeep Goud
A and V Publications
Alicia Menezes, Shanthi Lysetty, and Anup Naha
Revista de Chimie SRL
Lercanidipine has found to be effective in lowering blood pressure among the potent calcium channel blockers, through its action on L- type calcium channels. However, the major disadvantage associated with Lercanidipine is, it is a BCS class II drug having low solubility bioavailability is around 10% through oral route due of extensive first pass metabolism. The present study is aimed to prepare and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles of Lercanidipine using a combination of two bottom down techniques, High speed homogenizer and Probe sonication. Preformulation studies like, DSC, FTIR using surfactants such as Tween 80, Sodium Lauryl sulphate, Polyvinyl Alcohol, singely and in combination were used. A full factorial method was utilized to study the effect of various factors such as surfactant concentration, homogenization speed, sonication amplitude and sonication time on Lercanidipine nanoparticles in two levels. Optimized nanoparticles (with PVA as surfactant) showed an average particle size of 141 nm, PDI 0.248 and zeta potential +6.46. Formulation was further optimized using Design Expert 10 software. Optimized formulation was found to be stable during 3 months stability studies as per ICH guidelines.