Eco-Friendly Ammonia Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Madhuca indica Leaves Charcoal and Optimization of Parameters by RSM-BBD: A Sustainable Zero-Waste Approach Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu M, Preety Ray, Parshuram Biswal, Brahmotri Sahoo, Chandradhwaj Nayak Langmuir, 2025 Ammonia separation from industrial effluents is a big concern for aquatic, plant, and human lives. Adsorption is best suited for separating ammonia from effluents due to its high effectiveness. In this paper, the activated Madhuca indica leaves charcoal (AMLC) adsorbent was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) to know the characteristics of the adsorbent before and after adsorption. Further, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis were performed on the AMLC adsorbent, and a very high surface area of 964.252 m2/g was observed. The AMLC was utilized for adsorption experiments, and the adsorption parameters were optimized using response surface methodology-Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The optimized parameters reported using RSM-BBD are a contact time of 123.19 min, an adsorbent dosage of 29.1 g/L, a pH of 10.33, an initial ammonia concentration of 312.28 mg/L, and a shaker speed of 82.70 rpm that gives the maximum ammonia removal efficiency of 100%. The adsorption equilibrium studies were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin isotherms, with the Langmuir isotherm being the best fit for the data. The adsorption kinetics were modeled with pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) models, indicating that PSO best describes the rate of kinetics. In addition, adsorption thermodynamics is also studied. The change in enthalpy (ΔH) was positive, suggesting that the adsorption is an endothermic process. The negative energy of entropy (ΔS) indicated complex formation with the AMLC adsorbent. In contrast, the positive change in Gibb’s free energy showed that adsorption was not spontaneous. The present study supports UN SDG Goal 6 by providing sustainable and cost-effective solutions to water treatment. It also promotes biomass use and reduces chemical usage toward an eco-friendly water purification process.
Effect of Diethyl Ether on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with a Light Fraction of Waste Cooking Oil Aravind Samraj, Debabrata Barik, Metta Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, Sachindra Kumar Rout, Badreddine Ayadi, Walid Aich, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Lioua Kolsi Processes, 2023 In this study, a diesel engine was used to operate with blends of light fraction waste cooking oil (LFWCO) with diethyl ether (DEE). DEE was blended as an additive in the 5% to 20% ratio in steps of 5% each. The test indicates that LFWCO+15-DEE produced optimum results regarding performance and emission. The BSFC for LFWCO+15-DEE was found to be higher by about 28.9%, and the BTE was lower by about 7.6%, in contrast to diesel, at 100% operating load, respectively. For LFWCO+15-DEE the EGT was lower by about 11.9%, in contrast to neat diesel, at 100% operating load. The various emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), and smoke opacity for LFWCO+15-DEE were found to be lower by about 32.9%, 25%, and 29.4%, but the NO release was more than other blends and it was about 36%, in contrast to diesel at 100% operating load, respectively.
Preparation of Breadfruit Leaf Biochar for the Application of Congo Red Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution and Optimization of Factors by RSM-BBD M. Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, P. S. Athira, Neethu Jayan, Debabrata Barik, Milon Selvam Dennison Adsorption Science and Technology, 2023 In this work, biochar produced from breadfruit leaves was utilized to remove the toxic Congo red dye. XRD, FTIR, and FESEM-EDX were implemented to characterize the biochar. Response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD) techniques were used to evaluate Congo red’s optimum adsorption efficiency. The adsorption of Congo red was studied by varying dye concentrations (5–50 mg/L), times (30–240 min), pH (6–9), and dosages (0.5–2 g/100 mL). X-ray diffractometer results show that the structure of biochar is amorphous. The biochar exhibited unbounded OH, aliphatic CH group, and C=O stretch, as shown by the band peaks at 3340 cm−1, 2924 cm−1, and 1625 cm−1 intensities. RSM-BBD design results showed maximum removal efficiency of 99.96% for Congo red at pH 6.37, dye concentration 45 mg/L, time 105 min, and dosage 1.92 g, respectively. The adsorption of Congo red by biochar was successfully modeled using the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model. The biochar produced from breadfruit leaves exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 17.81 mg/g for Congo red adsorption. It suggests that the adsorption is both homogenous monolayer and physicochemical.
Supercapacitor: Evolution and review S. Karthikeyan, B. Narenthiran, A. Sivanantham, Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, T. Maridurai Materials Today Proceedings, 2020
Computational fluid dynamics studies on microfluidic fuel cells: Insights and future directions B Sivasamy, A Kapoor, LD Bhatlu, BK Srihari, AK Rathoure, DB Pal Smart Energy Technologies Towards a Sustainable Future, 213-231 , 2026 2026
Microbiome as a green technology to treat wastewater for sustainable development D Loganathan, MLD Bhatlu, AN Shree Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbiome in … , 2026 2026
An in-depth comparative analysis of fuel evolution: tracking physico-chemical characteristics in conventional diesel, e-diesel, biodiesel, and aged biodiesel C Nayak, LD Bhatlu, VR Chelluboyana, SP Sahoo, SK Behera, T Bhaisal, ... Biofuels, 1-47 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Valorisation of PKM-2 Moringa oleifera leaves waste for adsorption of Titan Yellow dye from aqueous solution, modelling with RSM and ANN C Nayak, D Loganathan, K Saravanan, LD Bhatlu M Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 15 (16), 22919-22939 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Review on process intensification for adsorptive wastewater treatment: focus on bed geometries S Balasubramanian, A Kapoor, E Nakkeran, K Murugasen, ... Adsorption 31 (4), 64 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Eco-Friendly Ammonia Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Madhuca indica Leaves Charcoal and Optimization of Parameters by RSM-BBD: A … LD Bhatlu M, P Ray, P Biswal, B Sahoo, C Nayak Langmuir 41 (13), 8480-8496 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Optimization of process parameters by RSM-BBD for the removal of titan yellow dye from aqueous solution by acid-treated Phyllanthus acidus leaves C Nayak, B Babu, V Manoj, CV Raghunath, MLD Bhatlu, P Pandey Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14 (18), 23125-23141 , 2024 2024 Citations: 19
Novel sun flower-like ZnO nanoflower synthesized by spin coating technique and application in Perovskite Solar Cell LDB Metta, C Nayak, R Ramamoorthy, N Kumari AIP Conference Proceedings 3122 (1), 060007 , 2024 2024
Optimization of process parameters by RSM-BBD for the removal of titan yellow dye from aqueous solution by acid-treated Phyllanthus acidus leaves. Biomass Convers Biorefin 14 … C Nayak, B Babu, V Manoj, CV Raghunath, MLD Bhatlu, P Pandey 2024 Citations: 3
Process optimization by response surface methodology-central composite design for the adsorption of lead by green synthesized TiO2 using Phyllanthus acidus extract N Jayan, LDB Metta Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14 (1), 825-845 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
Effect of diethyl ether on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with a light fraction of waste cooking oil A Samraj, D Barik, MLD Bhatlu, SK Rout, B Ayadi, W Aich, ... Processes 11 (9), 2613 , 2023 2023 Citations: 4
Green synthesis and characterization of zinc and copper oxides nanocomposite using Phyllanthus emblica extracts and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties N Kumari, V Sudharsan, TM Kutty, N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu Materials Today: Proceedings , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
Preparation of breadfruit leaf biochar for the application of Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution and optimization of factors by RSM-BBD M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, PS Athira, N Jayan, D Barik, MS Dennison Adsorption Science & Technology 2023, 7369027 , 2023 2023 Citations: 35
Potential Application of Carbon AK Pandey, MLD Bhatlu Advances in Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering, 429 , 2022 2022
Central Composite Design for Adsorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) Metals on PKM-2 Moringa oleifera Leaves N Jayan, LD Bhatlu M, ST Akbar ACS omega 6 (39), 25277-25298 , 2021 2021 Citations: 44
Potential Application of Carbon Nanotubes Membranes in Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review AK Pandey, M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu International Conference on Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering, 429-442 , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Evolution and review S Karthikeyan, B Narenthiran, A Sivanantham, LD Bhatlu, TS Maridurai Mater. Today Proc 46, 3984-3988 , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticle by eco friendly method (green synthesis)—a review P Praveen Kumar, M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, K Sukanya, S Karthikeyan, ... Mater. Today Proc 37, 3028-3030 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
Central composite design for adsorption of Pb (II) and Zn (II) metals on PKM-2 Moringa oleifera leaves. ACS Omega 6: 25277–25298 N Jayan, L Bhatlu, S Akbar 2021 Citations: 2
Review of heat transfer enhancement on helical coil heat exchanger by additive passive method E Gokulnathan, S Pradeep, N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu, S Karthikeyan Materials Today: Proceedings 37, 3024-3027 , 2021 2021 Citations: 24
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Supercapacitor: Evolution and review S Karthikeyan, B Narenthiran, A Sivanantham, LD Bhatlu, T Maridurai Materials Today: Proceedings 46, 3984-3988 , 2021 2021 Citations: 321
Synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticle by eco friendly method (green synthesis)–A review PP Kumar, MLD Bhatlu, K Sukanya, S Karthikeyan, N Jayan Materials Today: Proceedings 37, 3028-3030 , 2021 2021 Citations: 59
Central Composite Design for Adsorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) Metals on PKM-2 Moringa oleifera Leaves N Jayan, LD Bhatlu M, ST Akbar ACS omega 6 (39), 25277-25298 , 2021 2021 Citations: 44
Preparation of breadfruit leaf biochar for the application of Congo red dye removal from aqueous solution and optimization of factors by RSM-BBD M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, PS Athira, N Jayan, D Barik, MS Dennison Adsorption Science & Technology 2023, 7369027 , 2023 2023 Citations: 35
Review of heat transfer enhancement on helical coil heat exchanger by additive passive method E Gokulnathan, S Pradeep, N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu, S Karthikeyan Materials Today: Proceedings 37, 3024-3027 , 2021 2021 Citations: 24
Optimization of process parameters by RSM-BBD for the removal of titan yellow dye from aqueous solution by acid-treated Phyllanthus acidus leaves C Nayak, B Babu, V Manoj, CV Raghunath, MLD Bhatlu, P Pandey Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14 (18), 23125-23141 , 2024 2024 Citations: 19
Recovery of naringin from kinnow ( Citrus reticulata Blanco ) peels by adsorption–desorption technique using an indigenous resin MLD Bhatlu, SV Singh, AK Verma Sādhanā 42 (1), 85-94 , 2017 2017 Citations: 15
Process optimization by response surface methodology-central composite design for the adsorption of lead by green synthesized TiO2 using Phyllanthus acidus extract N Jayan, LDB Metta Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 14 (1), 825-845 , 2024 2024 Citations: 14
Green synthesis and characterization of zinc and copper oxides nanocomposite using Phyllanthus emblica extracts and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties N Kumari, V Sudharsan, TM Kutty, N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu Materials Today: Proceedings , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
Synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticle by eco friendly method (green synthesis)—a review P Praveen Kumar, M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, K Sukanya, S Karthikeyan, ... Mater. Today Proc 37, 3028-3030 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
Review on cooling tower nozzle types KG Somasundar, S Soorej, S Karthikeyan, N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu Materials Today: Proceedings 37, 3016-3018 , 2021 2021 Citations: 11
Nanovaccination: Evolution and review S Karthikeyan, MLD Bhatlu, K Sukanya, N Jayan J. Crit. Rev 7 (7), 971-5 , 2020 2020 Citations: 11
Pre-Harvest Dropped Kinnow ( Citrus reticulata Blanco ) Waste Management through the Extraction of Naringin and Pectin from their Peels using Indigenous Resin M Laxmi Deepak Bhatlu, P Katiyar, SV Singh, AK Verma Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 97 (3), 285-290 , 2016 2016 Citations: 10
Isolation and studies on zinc removal using microorganism from contaminated soil N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu Materials Today: Proceedings 44, 1892-1897 , 2021 2021 Citations: 9
Environmental effect and human responsibility: A review MLD Bhatlu, M Bhaumik, K Sukanya, N Jayan J. Crit. Rev 7 (7), 795-797 , 2020 2020 Citations: 7
Central composite design for adsorption of Pb (II) and Zn (II) metals on PKM-2 Moringa oleifera leaves, ACS Omega, 6 (39), 25277–25298 N Jayan, MLD Bhatlu, ST Akbar 2021 Citations: 6
Preparation of candy from Kinnow (citrus) peel LD Bhatlu, AK Yadav, SV Singh Global Sustainability Transitions: Impacts and Innovations, 152-154 , 2014 2014 Citations: 6
Evolution and review S Karthikeyan, B Narenthiran, A Sivanantham, LD Bhatlu, TS Maridurai Mater. Today Proc 46, 3984-3988 , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Heat transfer augmentation approach in double pipe heat exchanger N Jayan, M Bhatlu, K Sukanya, S Karthikeyan Journal of Critical Reviews 7 (7), 791-794 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
Energy management by using lithium-ion batteries, piezo materials, sensors and renewal energy system in the daily life: a review MLD Bhatlu, M Bhaumik, K Sukanya, S Karthikeyan J. Crit. Rev 7, 798-801 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5