Exploring eco-engineering methods to mitigate glyphosate residue risks in agricultural systems Mohammad Mehdizadeh, Duraid K. A. Al-Taey, Anahita Omidi, Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar, Atun Roy Choudhury, et al. Environmental Engineering Research, 2025 Ongoing scientific and regulatory evaluations scrutinize glyphosate’s health and environmental risks, despite its economic benefits in weed control, requiring evidence-based approaches to address persistent controversy. This systematic review synthesizes 42 studies (2000–2024) from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate glyphosate residue risks and mitigation strategies in agricultural systems. Glyphosate, a cost-effective herbicide, shows global residue contamination, with concentrations ranging from 0.003 mg kg-1 in Italian vegetables to 5.06 mg kg-1 in Thai soybeans. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) achieved detection limits as low as 0.002 mg kg-1, yet adjuvant synergism (e.g., polyethoxylated tallow amine-induced DNA damage in A549 cells) was understudied. Eco-engineering methods, including adsorption (92% removal via graphene oxide) and microbial degradation (85.8% efficiency by Pseudomonas aeruginosa), showed promise but lacked scalability. Critical regulatory gaps persist, such as inconsistent monitoring of persistent metabolites like AMPA and inadequate assessment of chronic low-dose exposure risks. This study advances a holistic framework integrating precise detection, adjuvant toxicity evaluation, and scalable bio-remediation, emphasizing harmonized global standards and reduced glyphosate reliance. By bridging agricultural productivity with environmental stewardship, it offers novel insights into reconciling weed management efficacy with planetary health imperatives.
Effect of cytokinin application on productivity parameters of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars RAFID S. AL UBORI, SAFAA ABD AL-HASSAN AL-ZUBAIDY, AMMAR AL-ZUBADE, DURAID K.A.AL-TAEY Research on Crops, 2025 Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a crucial role in modulating crop growth and development, with cytokinin being one of the most significant hormones affecting yield parameters in cereals. Despite advancements in wheat breeding, a significant portion of genetic variation influencing yield remains untapped. Cytokinin regulates cell division, resource allocation, and grain-filling processes, yet its field applications remain underexplored. This study was carried out during the growing seasons of 2023-24 at Al Qasim-Green University, college of Agriculture, plant production research field, Iraq to investigate the effect of spraying the cytokinin on four winter wheat cultivars. Cytokinin application implemented at concentrations of (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) noted as (T1, T2, and T3). Cultivars as a second factor included (Iba99, Baghdad, Bohuth22 and Abu Ghraib). The treatments were applied at both the green-up and flowering stages. Baghdad cultivar treated with 100mg\\L of cytokinin exceeds other cultivars in most characteristics of study, such as: average tillers number, 1000 kernel weight, number of grains per spike and grain yield. Future research should focus on optimizing cytokinin application rates and time to maximize these benefits in different environmental conditions and wheat cultivars.
The Effect of Bentonite, Zytonic-M, and Chemical Fertilizer on the Flowering of Rose Plants (Rosa sp.) Under Salt Stress Duraid K. A. Al-Taey, Raghda’a Ali Al-Khafajy, Janan Kassim Hussein Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 The objective of the present investigation was to find the impact of Bentonite and Zytonic-M, as well as their combined effect with the chemical fertilizer NPK, on the floral growth of the Rosa damascene plant in the presence of local stress. The experiment was conducted in a split-plate system with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three salinity concentrations of 1.6 dsm−1. The experiment employed nine configurations of agents, including 1, 3, and 6 dsm−1. The flowering of plants was adversely affected by salinity, as the 6 dsm−1 treatment with saline water resulted in the lowest values for flower diameter, floral age, and average flower weight. The number of flowers and the percentage of dried matter in the flowers were the lowest values in the 3 dsm−1 treatment, while the water treatment excelled. In comparison to the other therapies, fresh water achieved the highest values. The interaction between the Bentonite and Zytonic-M treatments and NPK fertilizer had a substantial impact, surpassing the comparison treatment.
The Function of Brassinolide in Alleviating the Adverse Impacts of Salt Stress on the Growth Parameters of Potato Shoots in Vitro Duraid K. A. Al-Taey, Mohammed J. H. Al-Shareefi, Emad J. Ch. Al-Naylle Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 This investigation was conducted in 2023 at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering. The experiment looked at how Brassinolide affected the growth and chemical signs of the Borin cultivar of potato plant when it was exposed to salt stress in a lab setting. Sodium chloride was used at four different concentrations (0, 50, 75, 100) mmol. L−1, and Brassinolide was used at three different concentrations (0, 0.4, 0.6) mg. L−1. The results showed that sodium chloride adversely affected most of the investigated traits, with the concentration (100 mmol. L−1) causing a reduction in vegetative growth. Additionally, the results indicated that the addition of Brassinolide to the nutritional medium had a substantial impact on the evaluated traits. There were 3.427 shoots made in the treatment (NaCl 0 mmol. L−1 + Brassinolide 0.6 mg. L−1). This was the best combination of sodium chloride and Brassinolide because it led to the most shoots, the longest shoots, and the highest percentage of dried weight. The treatment (NaCl 100 mmol. L−1 + Brassinolide 0.6 mg. L−1) achieved the highest rate of proline in the shoots, resulting in a dry weight of (1.1777) mg. g−1. The sodium element reduced to 3.388%, while the plant−1 and shoot−1 reached 6.987 cm and 19.268%, respectively.
The Impact of Melatonin on the Biochemical Indicators of Tomato Plant Seedlings that are Growing Under Salt Stress Conditions in Vitro Duraid K. A. Al-Taey, Mohammed J. H. Al-Shareefi, Zain Al-Abidin Aqeel Jassim Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 2025 The Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory under the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at Al-Qasim Green University’s College of Agriculture performed this study from 2023 to 2024. Two molecules of melatonin were used in the experiment, with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.2 mg/L, and 50, 100, and 50 mmol/L of sodium chloride. The goal was to find out how melatonin affected biochemical markers of the Mahavis cultivar tomato plant when it was stressed by salt. According to the results, the sodium chloride intervention therapy (100 mmol/L + 0 melatonin) worked better to raise proline levels, peroxidase enzyme activity, and catalase enzyme activity in the shoots. These values were 40.700 absorption units per minute, 11.99 absorption units per minute, and 0.590 mg/g dry weight, respectively. These values exceeded the comparative concentration, which demonstrated the lowest rate of absorption. recorded the lowest rate. The treatment (0 sodium chloride + 0.4 mg/L melatonin) considerably affected the nitrogen and protein percentages in the seedlings, resulting in values of 1.484% and 9.280%, respectively.
