Evaluation on the Potential of Ganoderma lucidum Bioactive Compounds as Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Inhibitor: A Computational Study Faez Sharif, Amirul Khairullah Atan, Nur Hafizah Azizan, Azzmer Azzar Abdul Hamid, Che Muhammad Khairul Hisyam Ismail, et al. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2024 Introduction: Computational simulation study was carried out on bioactive compounds of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum). Methods: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. The input files for protein and ligands were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem database. Human maltase-glucoamylase (PDB ID: 3L4Y) is the protein (α-glucosidase enzyme). The ligands are thirteen compounds derived from G. lucidum together with acarbose and miglitol as controls. Results: Docking result showed the lowest binding energy is from Ganomycin B (-7.8 kcal/mol) compared to acarbose and miglitol (-5.0 kcal/mol and -4.4 kcal/mol) respectively. MD simulation showed interaction of 3L4Y-Ganomycin B achieved stable interaction and conformation as follows: root mean square deviation (RMSD) is ± 2.7 Å, average distance of ±1.8 Å and constant hydrogen bonds around 1 - 3. Conclusion: Ganomycin B was found to have good binding affinity, embarking its potential as a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor.
Bioreactor-grown exo- and endo-β-glucan from Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum: An in vitro and in vivo study for potential antidiabetic treatment Nur Raihan Abdullah, Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir, Nur Hafizah Azizan, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar, Faez Sharif Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022 This study aims to identify the roles of exo-β-glucan (EPS-BG) and endo-β-glucan (ENS-BG) extracted from Ganoderma lucidum (GL) in inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase enzyme, a target mechanism for postprandial hyperglycaemia regulation. Upscale production of GL was carried out using a 10 L bioreactor. The zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET) was carried out based on OECD guidelines. The hatching rate, survival rate, heart rate, morphological malformation, and teratogenic defects were observed and determined every 24 h from 0–120 h of post-exposure (hpe). For diabetes induction, adult zebrafish (3–4 months of age) were overfed and induced with three doses of 350 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) by intraperitoneal injection (IP) on three different days (days 1, 3, and 5). The oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT) and anti-diabetic activity of EPS-BG and ENS-BG were evaluated (day 7) using the developed model (n = 15). This study showed that EPS is the most potent compound with the highest inhibitory effect toward the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.1575 mg/ml compared to ENS extracts (IC50 = 0.3479 mg/ml). Both EPS-BG and ENS-BG demonstrated a strong inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity similar to the clinically approved alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose (IC50 = 0.8107 mg/ml). ENS-BG is non-toxic toward zebrafish embryos with LC50 of 0.92 mg/ml and showed no significant changes in ZE hatching and normal heart rate as compared to untreated embryos (161 beats/min). Teratogenic effects of ENS-BG (<1.0 mg/ml) on zebrafish embryonic development were not observed. The DM model of zebrafish was acquired after the third dose of STZ with a fasting BGL of 8.98 ± 0.28 mmol/L compared to the normal healthy group (4.23 ± 0.62 mmol/L). The BGL of DM zebrafish after 30 min treated with EPS-BG and ENS-BG showed a significant reduction (p < 0.0001). Both EPS-BG and ENS-BG significantly reduced DM zebrafish’s peak blood glucose and the area under the curve (AUC) in OSTT. Hence, EPS-BG and ENS-BG extracted from GL showed promising inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme and are considered non-toxic in ZE. Moreover, EPS-BG and ENS-BG reduced blood glucose levels and inhibited hyperglycemia in DM zebrafish.
SCREENING OF CATECHOL DIOXYGENASE GENE AMONG BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES ISOLATED FROM ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATED AREA IN PAHANG, MALAYSIA Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2022
Phytoremediation of Arsenic in Mine Wastes by Acacia mangium Ruhan A. Rosli, Zakuan A. S. Harumain, Muhammad F. Zulkalam, Azzmer A. A. Hamid, Mohd F. Sharif, et al. Remediation, 2021 This study explored the potential of Acacia mangium to remediate arsenic present in mine wastes and to determine the remediation mechanism of this plant for removing arsenic. A preliminary test using soil spiked with various arsenic concentrations showed that Acacia mangium was able to survive on arsenic‐contaminated soil with concentrations up to 500 mg kg−1 arsenic. Ex situ phytoremediation studies using mine wastes containing approximately 790 mg kg−1 arsenic also showed no toxicity effect on Acacia mangium throughout 5 months of treatment. Bioconcentration and translocation factors indicate that Acacia mangium utilizes phytostabilization as its main mechanism to uptake arsenic into the plant tissues. The use of the chemical lixiviants monoammonium phosphate and citric acid was also found to increase the translocation of arsenic from roots to stems of Acacia mangium with a 12‐ and six‐fold increase, respectively, compared with the un‐dosed plants. Further speciation analysis revealed that arsenic in the form of arsenate was the only arsenic species detected in the stems after being amended with monoammonium phosphate; thereby, suggesting a sensible strategy for more efficient targeted arsenic phytoremediation by Acacia mangium.
Molecular docking and dynamics (MD) simulation of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol against human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 2018
Molecular docking analysis of 6-paradol, zingerone and zerumbone against human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 2018