Joaquim Antonio dos Reis Silva Simao

@fct.unl.pt

Earth Sciencies Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA)
NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA)

Joaquim Antonio dos Reis Silva Simao


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https://researchid.co/joaquimsimao

EDUCATION

2003 - Ph.D. in Geology (speciality Petrology and Geochemistry), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (UNL).

RESEARCH INTERESTS

• Mineralogy, Petrology, Geochemistry.
•.Experimental alteration of igneous and metamorphic rocks in order to determine their use as natural stone.
• Tests of laboratorial alteration of rocks simulating polluted atmospheres, acid rains, pollutant particles and saline atmospheres.
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Scopus Publications

Scopus Publications

  • Hydrophobic Coatings’ Efficiency and Limestones’ Resistance to Salt Crystallisation
    Carla Lisci, Carlos Galhano, Joaquim Simão, Vera Pires, Fabio Sitzia, et al.
    Sustainability Switzerland, 2024
    Stone deterioration is significantly influenced by the process of salt crystallisation. The expansion of salt crystals on a porous framework exerts pressure on the solid fraction, causing the stone to deteriorate when the internal pressure of salt surpasses the stone’s strength. Protective coatings are employed to effectively hinder or substantially reduce the penetration of water and saline solutions. This study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness and long-term durability of limestones protected with hydrophobic coatings, focusing on their resistance to salt damage. The investigation followed the specifications set by the standard EN 12370:2019 and EN 14147:2003, which assesses the resistance of natural stone to salt crystallisation. The findings of this study indicate the conservation of physical–mechanical properties after ageing tests. In parallel, measurements of the static contact angle and the measurement of quality indexes revealed that the coatings maintained a certain level of hydrophobicity even after undergoing salt weathering tests, maintaining the good quality of the stones.
  • Decay products of historical cements from the Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece
    Fernanda Carvalho, Maria Margarida R．A． Lima, Elissavet Kavoulaki, Nuno Leal, Joaquim Simão, et al.
    Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2023
  • The Susceptibility to Salt Fog Degradation of Stone Cladding Materials: A Laboratory Case Study on Two Limestones from Portugal
    Vera Pires, Luis G. Rosa, Pedro M. Amaral, Joaquim A. R. Simão
    Heritage, 2023
    The evaluation of stone cladding material suitability can be a challenge due to the way that stone physical and mechanical properties, and characteristics such as mineralogy, might influence stone performance as a cladding element in a ventilated facade application. Salts can affect natural stone performance, and one of the experimental methods available to study and predict it is through accelerated aging tests such as salt fog chamber cycles. Aging test results should include the analysis of critical stone physical–mechanical properties to fully understand decay effects. The aim of this study was to reduce the lack of knowledge regarding the implications of salt fog on certain fundamental characteristics of stone cladding requirements, such as elastic properties and flexural strength, because these are particularly important properties for ventilated facade systems. A systematic methodology based on artificial salt fog cycles in a climatic chamber, microscopic analysis, weight measurement, flexural strength, and dynamic elastic modulus was performed on two limestones from Portugal: Moleanos (MO) and Semi-Rijo (SR). This study aims to contribute to improved selection stone methods linked to more sustainable stone facades, and the experimental methodology can be further applied to other stone types, particularly the ones most selected for stone cladding applications near coastal areas. In this work, results of salt fog decay cycles are presented and discussed considering their direct contribution for a better stone-cladding dimensioning process.
  • Physico-chemical properties and alteration of Lixus historical monuments building rocks (Larache–Morocco)
    H. Ouacha, A. Ben Moussa, J. Simao, Y. El Kharim, B. Baghdad
    Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 2022
  • Exploring High-Resolution Chemical Distribution Maps of Incompatible and Scarce Metals in a Nepheline Syenite from the Massif of “Serra de Monchique” (Portugal, Iberian Peninsula)
    Sofia Barbosa, António Dias, Diogo Durão, José Grilo, Gonçalo Baptista, et al.
    Minerals, 2022
    In this case study, 2D micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µ-EDXRF) surveys were performed in the nepheline syenite (NS) of “Serra de Monchique” located in the southwest region of Portugal (Algarve, Iberian Peninsula). The results allow the identification in the mineral matrix of certain elements classified as critical raw materials (CRMs). Due to substitution effects, some scarce transition elements, such as Zn and Ni, are present and camouflaged in alkali silicate minerals, while others, such as Co, are included in ferromagnesian mineral phases. As expected, incompatible elements are preferably distributed on the surface of aluminosilicate mineral phases such as Rb and Ga, or exclusively in K-bearing feldspar phases, as it is the case of Sr. Interesting CRMs such as Ti, Zr, and Nb are well individualized in oxides, as well as in sphene and apatite. The detected antagonistic chemical distribution between Ti and Fe, and the good spatial relation between Ti and Ca confirms that Ti is present as sphene and, in areas with absent Si, probably occurs as rutile. Nb has a distribution pattern quite similar to Zr and occurs due to substitution effects. It was possible to conclude that there is probable co-existence of Zr-REE-Nb in specific mineral phases such as apatite, zircon, and other Zr-oxides. These results evidence and confirm NS as a potential source of multiple industrial minerals and distinct scarce elements which are incorporated in oxide or phosphate phases that can be more effectively separated in the beneficiation process.
  • Experimental Studies of the Effect of so 2 on the Mechanical Properties of Selected Cladding Natural Stones
    Vera Pires, L. G. Rosa, P. M. Amaral, A. Dionísio, J. A. R. Simão
    Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2022
  • Experimental procedure for studying the degradation and alteration of limestone slabs applied on exterior cladding
    V. Pires, P. M. Amaral, J. A. R. Simão, C. Galhano
    Environmental Earth Sciences, 2022
  • Mortars from the palace of Knossos in Crete, Greece: A multi-analytical approach
    Fernanda Carvalho, Pedro Sousa, Nuno Leal, Joaquim Simão, Elissavet Kavoulaki, et al.
    Minerals, 2022
    The study of building materials constituting cultural heritage is fundamental to understand their characteristics and predict their behavior. When considering materials from archaeological sites, their characterization can provide not only relevant information for a broader understanding of the site and its importance and significance but can also increase knowledge about ancient materials and their performance. The Palace of Knossos is a very important archaeological site in the European history context, and its preservation benefits from the characterization of the constituent materials. Samples of mortars from this monument were collected under the scope of the H2020 HERACLES project, where a multi-analytical approach was chosen using established protocols for the different sample typologies. Instrumental techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) were used for the chemical, mineralogical, and morphological characterization of these mortar samples. The results indicate that the majority are lime mortars, both aerial and hydraulic, but gypsum-based mortars were also identified. Differences in the chemical composition of the samples in distinct areas of the monument allowed us to reflect on the variety of materials used in the construction of the Palace of Knossos.
  • Study of the leaching alterability in soxhlet extractor of ceramic materials with incorporation of ashes resulting from the incineration of urban solid waste
    Carlos Galhano, João Elias
    Comunicacoes Geologicas, 2020
    Population expansion, especially in metropolitan areas, has led to an increase in the production of urban solid waste (USW) by domestic and commercial activity in urban centres. Reducing the production of these wastes is an extremely difficult task. However, the reduction processes, themselves, have the potential to produce a number of useful residues. This study focuses on the residues of incinerated USW, which produces ashes of varying compositions. This study investigates a mixture of two ashes, one resulting from the incineration of USW from LIPOR II (Intermunicipal Waste Management Service of Porto Region) and another from ValorSul (Valorisation and Treatment of Solid Waste of Lisbon and West Regions), both processed by EcoInCer (Ecological Innovations Ceramics company). Ashes from several samples of USW incorporating clays were tested to identify physical and mechanical characterisations, with a view to identifying useful ecological ceramic materials which could be used by the ceramics industry. Ceramic samples with 0%, 10% and 20% of ashes were incorporated in a clay matrix composed of 5% kaolin and 95% red clay, and submitted to leaching alterability in Soxhlet Extractor. The obtained results demonstrate the ways in which the ash percentage and the firing temperature can be important in the alterability of a ceramic material.
 Keywords: Ceramic materials, Leaching, Urban solid waste
  • Chemical mobility of major elements during lixiviation experiments, in magmatic ornamental stones from portugal
    Joaquim Simão, Nuno Leal, Carlos Galhano
    Key Engineering Materials, 2020
    Six Portuguese magmatic ornamental stones were submitted to Soxhlet experiments during 10,000 hours (approximately 416 days) in order to evaluate how the rain water affects the rock behavior as a dimension stone. Macroscopic alterations were observed in the rock fragments and chemical analysis of leaching water solutions revealed how major elements were mobilized from rock-forming minerals allowing to compare weathering susceptibilities between different natural stones.
  • Marine Aerosol Weathering of Mediterranean Calcarenite Stone: Durability of Ethyl Silicate, Nano Ca(OH)2, Nano SiO2, and Nanostructured Consolidating Products
    Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Paula Lopez-Arce, Karima Zoghlami, Nuno Leal, Joaquim Simão
    Studies in Conservation, 2019
  • Evaluation of Portuguese limestones’ susceptibility to salt mist through laboratory testing
    Cristina Carvalho, Zenaide Silva, Joaquim Simão
    Environmental Earth Sciences, 2018
  • Surface alteration on limestones exposed to salt mist
    Comunicacoes Geologicas, 2018
  • Mineralogy teaching and dissemination through virtual geocollections, using databases: The portuguese mineralogy collection of the geological museum
    Comunicacoes Geologicas, 2018
  • Experimental characterization of a Madeira Island basalt traditionally applied in a regional decorative mortar
    Raul Alves, Paulina Faria, Joaquim Simão
    Journal of Building Engineering, 2017
  • Consolidation of a Tunisian bioclastic calcarenite: From conventional ethyl silicate products to nanostructured and nanoparticle based consolidants
    Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Paula Lopez-Arce, Nuno Leal, Joaquim Simão, Karima Zoghlami
    Construction and Building Materials, 2016
  • Accelerated aging experiments with saline fog, involving ventilation in calcarenitic monument rocks
    Comunicacoes Geologicas, 2014
  • Application of a simple thermometric methodology for the identification of geothermal anomalies zones at Ribeira Grande, São Miguel Island, Azores
    Comunicacoes Geologicas, 2014
  • Reusing coffee waste in manufacture of ceramics for construction
    B. Sena da Fonseca, A. Vilão, C. Galhano, J. A. R. Simão
    Advances in Applied Ceramics, 2014
  • Rock finishing and response to salt fog atmosphere
    Zenaide Carvalho G. Silva, Joaquim A.R. Simão, Maria Helena Sá, Nuno Leal
    Key Engineering Materials, 2013
  • "Bianco di Asiago" limestone pavement - Degradation and alteration study
    Vera Pires, Z.S.G. Silva, J.A.R. Simão, C. Galhano, P.M. Amaral
    Construction and Building Materials, 2010
  • The role of salt fog on alteration of dimension stone
    Z.S.G. Silva, J.A.R. Simão
    Construction and Building Materials, 2009
  • Petrographic and mechanical aspects of accelerated ageing of polymeric mortars
    Manuel A.G. Silva, Zenaide C.G. Silva, Joaquim Simão
    Cement and Concrete Composites, 2007
  • Effects of particulate matter from gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust emissions on silicate stones sulfation
    J. Simão, E. Ruiz-Agudo, C. Rodriguez-Navarro
    Atmospheric Environment, 2006
  • Anorthosite and its use as dimension stone: alterations as response to weathering in polluted environment
    Engineering Geology and the Environment Proc Symposium Athens 1997 Vol 3, 1997