Mohd Ashraf Ahmad received his first degree in B.Eng Electrical Mechatronics and Master Degree in M.Eng Mechatronics and Automatic Control from University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) in 2006 and 2008, respectively. In 2015, he received a Ph.D in Informatics (Systems Science) from Kyoto University. Currently, he is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA). His current research interests are model-free control, control of Mechatronic systems, nonlinear system identification and vibration control. He has been listed as 2% of the Stanford University's world’s top scientists in 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025.
EDUCATION
March 2015: Doctor of Informatics (Systems Science), Kyoto University
October 2007: Master of Engineering (Mechatronics & Automatic Control), University of Technology Malaysia
June 2006: Bachelor of Electrical-Mechatronics Engineering, University of Technology Malaysia
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Control and Systems Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Energy, Artificial Intelligence
Robust Fractional-Order Control with Master–Slave Mechanism for Motor Speed Regulation Davut Izci, Serdar Ekinci, Rizk M. Rizk-Allah, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad Fractal and Fractional, 2026 Robust controller tuning is essential for the accurate regulation of nonlinear dynamic plants operating under variable conditions. This study proposes an enhanced gradient-based optimizer, termed the quadratic wavelet–enhanced gradient-based optimizer (QWS–GBO), which integrates quadratic interpolation mutation (QIM) and a wavelet mutation strategy (WMS). QIM reinforces population diversity, while WMS mitigates stagnation and strengthens local refinement through adaptive perturbations, yielding a more effective balance between global exploration and local exploitation. QWS–GBO is employed in a reference–follower control framework based on Bode’s ideal response, where the follower is realized by a fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controller. The FOPID parameters are optimized using QWS–GBO and evaluated in two stages. First, performance is assessed on the CEC2020 benchmark suite under a uniform protocol. Second, the approach is applied to DC motor speed regulation. On the CEC2020 functions, QWS–GBO consistently achieves lower mean objective values and faster convergence than GBO, dwarf mongoose optimization (DMO), the arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA), and the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) with only minor computational overhead (35.90 s per trial versus 34.00 s for GBO). In the DC motor case, the QWS–GBO–tuned FOPID controller attains a rise time of 0.0216 s, settling time of 0.0350 s, zero overshoot, and peak time of 0.0509 s. Robustness tests under four operating conditions showed limited deviations (maximum 0.0058 s in rise time, 0.0113 s in settling time, 0.465% in overshoot, and 0.0131 s in peak time). Additional analyses confirmed that both QIM and WMS individually contribute measurable gains, validating their joint integration. Implementation details and parameter settings are provided to ensure reproducibility.
Optimal Brain Emotional Learning with PID Control for Flexible Joint Manipulators Applications of Modelling and Simulation, 2026
Preface Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2026
A Memory-Based Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation Method for the Optimal PID Controller Tuning in Flexible Joint Manipulators Nik Mohd Zaitul Akmal Mustapha, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Mohd Riduwan Ghazali, Mohd Helmi Suid International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems, 2026 This paper presents a memory-based Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (M-SPSA) method for the optimal Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller tuning in flexible joint manip ulators. The study addresses convergence instability in standard SPSA variants by introducing a memory-retention mechanism that preserves the best-performing design variable. The research contribution is the formulation of a memory-driven SPSA framework that improves convergence stability and robustness while maintaining computational efficiency. The proposed method is validated through simulation using a nonlinear flexible joint manipulator model. Its performance is compared with two established variants, namely Norm-Limited SPSA (NL-SPSA) and Normalized SPSA (N-SPSA), to evaluate convergence behavior, energy efficiency, and tracking accuracy. Results show that the proposed M-SPSA achieves consistent and stable convergence across all simulation trials. The algorithm effectively minimizes the objective-function value and reduces control energy while maintaining accurate trajectory tracking. Compared with NL-SPSA and N-SPSA, the proposed method exhibits improved convergence reliability and smoother control input behavior. These outcomes indicate that incorporating memory retention enhances stability and resilience in stochastic optimization applied to flexible robotic systems. Future work will focus on real-time validation, and extension of the approach to multi-input multi-output and adaptive control systems to strengthen its practical applicability in advanced robotics.
Data-driven TID controller for double-pendulum overhead crane system with distributed-mass payload Mohd Ikhmil Fadzrizan Mohd Hanif, Muhammad Haziq Qayyum Mardi, Mohd Zaidi Mohd Tumari, Mohd Helmi Suid, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, et al. Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control, 2026 This study proposes a data-driven tilt–integral–derivative (TID) controller for a nonlinear multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) double-pendulum overhead crane system with a distributed-mass payload (DPOC-DMP), in which the controller parameters are tuned using the Safe Experimentation Dynamics Algorithm (SEDA). The main advantage of the proposed data-driven TID controller is its ability to enhance control accuracy and robustness without reliance on an explicit mathematical model. By incorporating a tilt action into the integral–derivative structure, the proposed TID controller significantly improves transient behaviour and suppresses load sway in nonlinear crane dynamics. The tuning of the TID controller parameters is performed using SEDA, which facilitates stable convergence via random but safeguarded perturbations. The effectiveness of the proposed TID controller was evaluated through simulations by analysing tracking errors, sway suppression, control effort, and robustness under external disturbances. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed controller was compared with that of a conventional PID controller. The results demonstrated that the proposed data-driven TID controller achieved superior performance in terms of objective function value, total tracking error, total control input energy, sway suppression capability, and faster recovery under external disturbance conditions. The simulation results show improved transient performance with reduced overshoot and enhanced sway suppression, together with lower control input energy compared with the PID controller. Quantitatively, the proposed method achieved a lower objective function value (310.6951 vs. 326.4870), reduced total tracking error (0.1619 vs. 0.1720), and lower control input energy (3.9647 vs. 4.3902), while maintaining faster recovery under disturbance conditions. In particular, the proposed TID framework improves control accuracy by 2.82% compared with the traditional PID controller, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing complex, nonlinear MIMO crane systems.
An Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Muhammad Shafiqul Islam, Muhammad Ikram Mohd Rashid 8th International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering Empowering Computing Analytics and Engineering Through Digital Innovation Icraie 2023, 2023
Cupping Suction System with Fuzzy Logic Controller Design Mohd Riduwan Ghazali, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Yoong Tai Hui, Nor Aimi Najwa Shamsudin, Wan Ismail Ibrahim 2022 IEEE 10th Conference on Systems Process and Control Icspc 2022 Proceedings, 2022
A Kalman-Filter-based sine-cosine algorithm Mohd Falfazli Mat Jusof, Shuhairie Mohammad, Ahmad Azwan Abd Razak, Ahmad Nor Kasruddin Nasir, Mohd Riduwan Ghazali, et al. Proceedings 2018 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems I2cacis 2018, 2019
A data-driven PID controller for flexible joint manipulator using normalized simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019
A model-free approach to optimal chiller loading problem using global simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation Journal of Telecommunication Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2018
Model-free wind farm control based on random search Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, RenHao Mok, Raja Mohd Taufika Raja Ismail, Ahmad Nor Kasruddin Nasir Proceedings 2016 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems I2cacis 2016, 2017
Broadcast control of multi-agent systems for assembling at unspecified point with collision avoidance Journal of Telecommunication Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2016
Robustness evaluation of feedback control scheme for overhead crane International Conference on Control Automation and Systems, 2011
The direct strain feedback with PID control approach for a flexible manipulator: Experimental results International Conference on Control Automation and Systems, 2011
Performance comparison between sliding mode control (SMC) and PD-PID controllers for a nonlinear inverted pendulum system World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, 2010
Two wheels mobile robot using optimal regulator control N. M. Abdul Ghani, D. Ju, H. Z Othman, M. A. Ahmad Proceedings of the 2010 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications Isda 10, 2010
Collocated PD with input shaping for trajectory control and sway suppression of a rotary crane system 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice 2010 M2vip 2010, 2010
Composite PD and fuzzy logic approach for vibration of elastic joint manipulator Iccas 2010 International Conference on Control Automation and Systems, 2010
Computer-based system for calibration of temperature transmitter using RTD Najidah Hambali, Shahrizal Saat, Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Mohd Syakirin Ramli, Muhammad Akmal Ishak Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Information Management Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering Iciii 2010, 2010
Active sway control of a lab-scale rotary crane system M.A. Ahmad, R.M.T. Raja Ismail, M.S. Ramli, N. Hambali, N.H. Noordin 2010 the 2nd International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering Iccae 2010, 2010
Nonlinear dynamic modelling and analysis of a 3-D overhead gantry crane system with system parameters variation International Journal of Simulation Systems Science and Technology, 2010
Techniques for sway control of a double-pendulum-type overhead crane International Journal of Simulation Systems Science and Technology, 2010
Modelling and simulation of vibration and input tracking control of a single-link flexible manipulator Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 2010
The control of a highly nonlinear two-wheels balancing robot: A comparative assessment between LQR and PID-PID control schemes World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, 2010
Comparison of feed-forward schemes for anti-sway control of rotary crane Icacte 2009 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering, 2009
Robust feed-forward schemes for anti-sway control of rotary crane Mohd Ashraf Ahmad, Raja Mohd Taufika Raja Ismail, Mohd Syakirin Ramli, Nor Farizan Zakaria, Nor Maniha Abd Ghani Cssim 2009 1st International Conference on Computational Intelligence Modelling and Simulation, 2009
Sway reduction on gantry crane system using delayed feedback signal and PD-type fuzzy logic controller: A comparative assessment World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, 2009
Active sway suppression techniques of a gantry crane system European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009
Optimal control with input shaping for input tracking and vibration suppression of a flexible joint manipulator European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009
Optimal tracking with sway suppression control for a gantry crane system European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009
Asynchronous Cubature Kalman Optimizer for Solving Numerical Optimization Problems Z Musa, MA Ahmad, Z Ibrahim, MM Saari, MI Shapiai Franklin Open, 100629 , 2026 2026
A novel hyperbolic tangent-augmented controller framework for temperature control in jacketed continuous stirred tank reactors D Izci, S Ekinci, İ Ökten, RF Çınar, M Rashdan, M Salman, ... Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
A hybrid sine cosine algorithm with pattern search (SCAPS) for enhanced digital IIR filter system identification MA Ahmad, MS Islam, MH Suid, C Ersali, B Hekimoglu International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 1-22 , 2026 2026
An Improved Brain Emotional Learning-Based Intelligent Controller-PID Control with Adaptive Learning Rates for MIMO Systems S Saat, MA Ahmad, MR Ghazali, MH Suid Cognitive Robotics , 2026 2026
Robust Fractional-Order Control with Master–Slave Mechanism for Motor Speed Regulation D Izci, S Ekinci, RM Rizk-Allah, MA Ahmad Fractal and Fractional 10 (3), 187 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Data-driven TID controller for double-pendulum overhead crane system with distributed-mass payload MIF Mohd Hanif, MHQ Mardi, MZ Mohd Tumari, MH Suid, MA Ahmad, ... Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control, 14613484261439406 , 2026 2026
A Novel Gudermannian Function-Driven Controller Architecture Optimized by Starfish Optimizer for Superior Transient Performance of Automatic Voltage Regulation D Izci, S Ekinci, M Jabari, B Kocaman, BB Güneş, E Adas, MA Ahmad Biomimetics 11 (1), 7 , 2026 2026 Citations: 13
Optimal Brain Emotional Learning with PID Control for Flexible Joint Manipulators S Saat, MA Ahmad, MZM Tumari, MH Suid, MR Ghazali Applications of Modelling and Simulation 10, 11-27 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
A Memory-Based Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation Method for the Optimal PID Controller Tuning in Flexible Joint Manipulators NMZA Mustapha, MA Ahmad, MR Ghazali, MH Suid International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 6 (1), 173-189 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
A Novel Softsign Fractional-Order Controller Optimized by an Intelligent Nature-Inspired Algorithm for Magnetic Levitation Control D Izci, S Ekinci, MZ Mohd Tumari, MA Ahmad Fractal and Fractional 9 (12), 801 , 2025 2025 Citations: 10
Cubature Kalman Optimizer with Fixed Neighborhood Radius for AVR System Z Musa, MH Suid, MA Ahmad, NA Ab Aziz, MZM Tumari, Y Tsuboi 2025 IEEE 13th Conference on Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 141-145 , 2025 2025
Hybrid nonlinear sine cosine and safe experimentation dynamics algorithm for robust sigmoid PID control of automatic voltage regulators MZM Tumari, MH Suid, MA Ahmad Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences 37 (10), 355 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Data-driven brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller-PID control of MIMO systems based on a modified safe experimentation dynamics algorithm S Saat, MA Ahmad, MR Ghazali International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering 6, 74-99 , 2025 2025 Citations: 57
Wireless Communication Street Lights via Long Range Technology MFM Jusof, MH Suid, MA Ahmad, T Abdullah, MHA Bakar Advancements in Industry and Technology, 83-90 , 2025 2025
Improved tunicate swarm optimizer for solar cells parameter identification N Rosmizi, JJ Jui, MS Islam, MA Ahmad Engineering Optimization, 1-34 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
A Nonlinear Sine Cosine Algorithm Approach to Designing a One-Degree-of-Freedom Sigmoid PID Controller for Automatic Voltage Regulators I Ahmed, MH Suid, MA Ahmad, S Ahmad, MFM Jusof, ZM Tumari 2025 IEEE 9th International Conference on Software Engineering & Computer … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Data-Driven Variable Tracking Differentiation Sigmoid Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller for Nonlinear Multiple Input Multiple Output System with White Noise GM Qian, MRB Ghazali, MAB Ahmad Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) 6 (5), 2399-2412 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Development of a smart portable cupping suction device with multi-mode control using PID regulation MR Ghazali, MA Ahmad, LH Akmalmas International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 15 (5 … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Input Shaping Control of Crane System with Time Varying Hoisting Rope Length MHQ Mardi, MA Ahmad, MR Ghazali, A Nazari, MM Bello, Z Mohamed 2025 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology & Computer … , 2025 2025
Data-Driven FOPID Control for Nonlinear Gantry Crane Systems Using Adaptive Safe Experimentation Dynamics MR Ghazali, GM Qian, MA Ahmad, MH bin Suid 2025 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology & Computer … , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Optimal tuning of sigmoid PID controller using Nonlinear Sine Cosine Algorithm for the Automatic Voltage Regulator system MH Suid, MA Ahmad ISA Transactions 128, 265-286 , 2022 2022 Citations: 170
Optimal Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Recent Survey of Machine Learning Approaches JJ Jui, MA Ahmad, MMI Molla, MIM Rashid Journal of Engineering Research , 2024 2024 Citations: 110
Modelling and controller design for a cruise control system K Osman, MF Rahmat, MA Ahmad 2009 5th international colloquium on signal processing & its applications … , 2009 2009 Citations: 106
Performance comparison between LQR and PID controllers for an inverted pendulum system ANK Nasir, MA Ahmad, MF Rahmat AIP conference proceedings 1052 (1), 124-128 , 2008 2008 Citations: 106
Fast and optimal tuning of fractional order PID controller for AVR system based on memorizable-smoothed functional algorithm RH Mok, MA Ahmad Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 35, 101264 , 2022 2022 Citations: 99
Control of an underactuated double-pendulum overhead crane using improved model reference command shaping: Design, simulation and experiment HI Jaafar, Z Mohamed, MA Ahmad, NA Wahab, L Ramli, MH Shaheed Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 151, 107358 , 2021 2021 Citations: 95
Control strategy of buck converter driven DC motor: A comparative assessment MA Ahmad, RMTR Ismail, MS Ramli Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (10), 4893-4903 , 2010 2010 Citations: 79
An improved marine predators algorithm-tuned fractional-order PID controller for automatic voltage regulator system MZ Mohd Tumari, MA Ahmad, MH Suid, MR Hao Fractal and Fractional 7 (7), 561 , 2023 2023 Citations: 75
Optimal pid controller for the dc-dc buck converter using the improved sine cosine algorithm NF Nanyan, MA Ahmad, B Hekimoğlu Results in Control and Optimization 14, 100352 , 2024 2024 Citations: 70
Hybrid spiral-bacterial foraging algorithm for a fuzzy control design of a flexible manipulator AN Kasruddin Nasir, MA Ahmad, MO Tokhi Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 41 (1), 340-358 , 2022 2022 Citations: 69
Performance analysis of model-free PID tuning of MIMO systems based on simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation MA Ahmad, S Azuma, T Sugie Expert Systems with Applications 41 (14), 6361-6370 , 2014 2014 Citations: 65
The control of a highly nonlinear two-wheels balancing robot: A comparative assessment between LQR and PID-PID control schemes ANK Nasir, MA Ahmad, RMTR Ismail International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering 4 (10), 942-947 , 2010 2010 Citations: 65
A hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for identification of continuous-time Hammerstein systems JJ Jui, MA Ahmad Applied Mathematical Modelling 95, 339-360 , 2021 2021 Citations: 64
Performance comparison between sliding mode control (SMC) and PD-PID controllers for a nonlinear inverted pendulum system ANK Nasir, R Ismail, MA Ahmad World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 71, 400-405 , 2010 2010 Citations: 63
Data-driven brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller-PID control of MIMO systems based on a modified safe experimentation dynamics algorithm S Saat, MA Ahmad, MR Ghazali International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering 6, 74-99 , 2025 2025 Citations: 57
Adaptive safe experimentation dynamics for data-driven neuroendocrine-PID control of MIMO systems MR Ghazali, MA Ahmad, RMT Raja Ismail IETE Journal of Research 68 (3), 1-14 , 2022 2022 Citations: 57
Composite fuzzy logic control approach to a flexible joint manipulator MA Ahmad, MZM Tumari, ANK Nasir International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 10 (1), 58 , 2013 2013 Citations: 56
An improved marine predators algorithm tuned data-driven multiple-node hormone regulation neuroendocrine-PID controller for multi-input–multi-output gantry crane system MZ Mohd Tumari, MA Ahmad, MH Suid, MR Ghazali, MO Tokhi Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 42 (4), 1666-1698 , 2023 2023 Citations: 55
Dynamic modelling of a two-link flexible manipulator system incorporating payload MA Ahmad, Z Mohamed, N Hambali 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 96-101 , 2008 2008 Citations: 55
A model-free approach for maximizing power production of wind farm using multi-resolution simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation MA Ahmad, S Azuma, T Sugie Energies 7 (9), 5624-5646 , 2014 2014 Citations: 52