Innovations Driving the Future of Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Part I: The Technological Leap in Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Mostafa I. Fayad, Mohamed Ashour Ahmed, Marwa Kothayer, Mona M. Aboelnagga, Emad El Said Fahim Essa, et al. European Journal of Dentistry, 2026 Maxillofacial prosthetics is a specialized field focused on replacing part or all of the facial and cranial structures. In recent years, digital technology has gained popularity over traditional methods for fabricating maxillofacial prostheses. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of recent innovations in maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation, with an emphasis on emerging technologies and their impact on patient outcomes, treatment efficiency, and overall quality of life.A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL databases for studies published in English within the last decade. The keywords utilized included “Maxillofacial Prosthesis Implantation,” “Maxillofacial Prosthesis,” and “rehabilitation,” as well as “Virtual Rehabilitation,” “Artificial intelligence,” and “digital technology.” The initial search yielded 178 articles. After resolving 51 duplicates, 127 articles were screened based on titles and abstracts. Following full-text assessment, 81 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review.The results indicated that advancements in digital technologies, digital imaging, data acquisition, and the integration of digital workflows have significantly transformed the rehabilitation of maxillofacial prosthetics. These innovations enabled customization and personalization, provided an improved fit, enhanced precision, reduced number of visits and chair time, and facilitated seamless rehabilitation of complex maxillofacial defects. Four-dimensional printing involves materials that can change shape or properties over time, enabled printed objects to adapt dynamically to external stimuli, enhancing both comfort and functionality of prosthetics. Further advancements, such as five-dimensional and six-dimensional printing, improved the sensory capabilities of prostheses. Virtual and augmented reality enhance real-world experiences by overlaying digital data, improving accuracy and fit, enabling virtual surgical planning, and developing patient-specific implants. Artificial intelligence (AI) assists automated decision-making and supports the design of AI-driven prostheses. AI algorithms have shown the potential to automate digital planning, replicate intricate anatomical features, and attain high diagnostic accuracy in maxillofacial prosthodontic scenarios.
Evaluation of the Antifungal Efficacy of Natural Gum Acacia and Aloe Vera against Candida albicans on Conventional and Digital Denture Base Materials: An In Vitro Study Mai Salah El-Din, Hend Zeitoun, Mostafa I. Fayad, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Redhwan Saleh Al-Gabri, et al. European Journal of Dentistry, 2026 This study evaluated the efficacy of Acacia Arabica and aloe vera solutions versus commercial effervescent tablets on Candida viability and adhesion to various denture bases with different materials and manufacturing techniques.A total of 96 square-shaped denture base specimens (24 per group) were fabricated from heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), thermoformed polyamide (FlexiUltra), milled computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM; Avadent), and 3D-printed (FormLabs) resins. Specimens were allocated into a control group (distilled water) and three experimental groups (n = 6 per group) based on the immersion solutions: Gum acacia (GA), aloe vera, and alkaline peroxide denture cleansers. One specimen from each material subgroup was prepared for qualitative assessment. All specimens were incubated with Candida albicans for 48 hours and immersed in the designated disinfectant solution for 8 hours. Anti-C. albicans biofilm activity was assessed quantitatively using an MTT assay and qualitatively using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for mean comparison, and data were considered significant at p < 0.05.The reduction in mean Candida viability was greatest in the alkaline peroxide tablets across all denture base materials, followed by GA and aloe vera (p < 0.001). GA demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in Candida levels in the thermoplastic polyamide (p < 0.001). The mean viability of Candida in both alkaline peroxide tablets and GA was statistically similar in digital denture bases (p > 0.05).The antifungal efficacy of alkaline peroxide denture cleansers was determined to be the highest. The cost-effective GA may serve as a viable denture disinfectant, particularly for thermoformed polyamide denture bases.
Comparative Effect of Different Nanoparticles with Different Concentrations on Fracture Toughness and Elastic Modulus of Restorative Dental Composite Resin Mohamed Ahmed Helal, Emad Amin Azmy, Amal Al-Faraj, Faris A. Alshahrani, Firas K. Alqarawi, et al. Dentistry Journal, 2026 Background/Objective: Resin-based composite (RBC) gained wide popularity in dentistry due to its excellent biocompatibility, superior aesthetics, and good bonding to enamel and dentine. However, they have several shortcomings, including mechanical insufficiency and shrinkage tendency. Many researchers have utilized nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing filler for RBCs. This article focused on assessing the impact of three different nanoparticles, ZrO2, TiO2, and SiO2, with concentrations of 3 wt% and 7 wt%, on the elastic modulus (E) and fracture toughness (KIC) of one commercial light-activated dental resin composite. Methods: 140 rectangular specimens were constructed according to ISO 4049 with dimensions (25 × 2 × 5 ± 0.03 mm) and (25 × 2 × 2 ± 0.03 mm) for fracture toughness and elastic modulus, respectively. Specimens were categorized into four main groups based on nanofiller types. Control: plain without filler (CC) and three modified ones with ZrO2 (ZC), TiO2 (TC), and SiO2 (SC). Furthermore, modified groups were divided into two subgroups according to nanofiller concentration, 3 and 7 wt% (ZC3, ZC7, TC3, TC7, SC3, and SC7), n = 10. Mechanical testing for fracture toughness was completed using a single-edge notched beam, while a three-point bending test was used for elastic modulus. Analysis of data was based on two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc (α = 0.05). Results: ZrO2 provided the most substantial improvement in both E and KIC, with the optimal performance observed at 3 wt% for stiffness and 7 wt% for toughness. TiO2 groups also enhanced these properties at both concentrations; however, the gains were less pronounced compared to ZrO2. SiO2 improved mechanical performance at 3 wt%, but a higher loading of 7 wt% resulted in reduced values. Conclusions: Resin-based composite modified with 3 wt% of NPs tends to possess higher fracture toughness and modulus of elasticity. Fracture toughness enhancement was concentration-dependent with ZrO2 NPs, where the best result was obtained with 7 wt%. Nanoparticle-reinforced composite, particularly ZrO2, may be suitable for prosthodontic applications.
Evaluation of Retention and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life for Completely Edentulous Subjects Wearing Heat-Cured, 3D-Printed, and Injection-Molded Polyamide Complete Dentures: Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial Mohamed Ahmed Helal, Ibrahem M. Ali Abd El Rahman, Ehab Atito, Sara Mohamed Bahaa El-Din, Mostafa Fayad Dentistry Journal, 2026 Objective: This study aims to evaluate the retentive forces and oral health-related quality of life of completely edentulous subjects wearing heat-cured, 3D-printed, and polyamide complete denture (CD) bases at different intervals. Subjects and Methods: For this crossover study, 45 CDs were constructed for 15 completely edentulous male subjects, and subjects were randomly allocated to 3 equal groups (n = 5/group, 3 CDs/subject). Each subject was randomized to receive one manufactured CD—either heat-cured, polyamide, or 3D-printed. After 3 months, subjects crossed over to the other set, with 4 weeks’ rest between each CD. The retentive force (primary outcome) was measured for each maxillary CD base at baseline, after the first and third months; however, the oral health-related quality of life (second outcome) was evaluated for each CD after the first and third months using the oral health impact profile in the completely edentulous patient (OHIP-EDENT) questionnaire. Results: There were significant differences in retention forces between the polyamide CD and the other two CDs (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed between the heat-cured and 3D-printed CDs at different intervals (p > 0.05). After 3 months of follow-up, significant differences in oral health-related quality of life were observed between polyamide and both 3D-printed and heat-cured CDs (p < 0.05). Additionally, the comparison between heat-cured and 3D-printed CDs revealed no significant variation in the overall OHIP-EDENT scores (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The retention of polyamide bases was higher than that of heat-cured and 3D-printed CDs. Additionally, oral health-related quality of life with polyamide dentures was superior to that of 3D-printed and heat-cured CDs across all OHIP-EDENT measures, except for social disability. Both 3D-printed and heat-cured CD bases provide retention and patient satisfaction within acceptable clinical measures.
Precision mapping of mandibular canal dimensions: cone beam computed tomography insights Mohamed Omar Elboraey, Emad El Said Fahim Essa, Mostafa Ibrahim Fayad, Albraa Badr Alolayan, Ahmed Mohamed Kabli, et al. Peerj, 2026 Background The purpose of this study was to provide detailed anatomical localization of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) in the mandible area using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Saudi population, with particular considerations including buccal cortex thickness (BCT), IAC diameter, mental foramen position (MF), and buccal shift patterns of the IAC. Methods This retrospective split-mouth study analyzed 126 CBCT scans of 63 males and 63 females between the age group of 18 to 65 years from the faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Measurements included BCT at nine points between the first premolar and third molar area, IAC diameter, the closest point of IAC to the mandibular lower border, MF position in relation to premolar apices and mandibular border, and the location of buccal shifting of the IAC. Statistics were calculated with Student’s t -test and paired t -test with the level of significance at p ≤ 0.05. Results BCT showed a progressive increase from anterior to posterior regions in both genders, with the thickest measurements at the second and third molar regions (maximum: 6.05 ± 1.34 mm in females). The MF position showed considerable individual variation, with 10% of female subjects exhibiting a coronal position relative to premolar apices. The IAC diameter ranged from 2.43 to 3.80 mm. The closest position of the IAC to the lower border was mostly in the second molar area, with the shortest distances being 2.50–3.40 mm. The canal primarily exhibited a buccal shift in the second molar region in 60–81.8% of the subjects. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive anatomical mapping of the mandibular region, highlighting considerable individual variation in key anatomical parameters. The findings have significant clinical implications for various dental and maxillofacial procedures.
Can Different Impression Techniques Affect the Chewing Efficiency of Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdentures? Esmail Ahmed Abdel-Gawwad, Mostafa I. Fayad, Mohamed Abdullah Quassem, Mohamed Osman, Wesam E. Badr, et al. Brazilian Dental Journal, 2024 Several impression techniques and theories have been developed for implant-retained overdentures, each with its own set of advantages and limitations. This study aimed to assess the chewing efficiency of mandibular implant-retained overdentures fabricated using three distinct impression techniques (mucofunctional, selective, and minimal pressure impression techniques). Twenty-six patients with complete edentulism free from any oral or systemic disease were selected to participate in the study. Three complete mandibular implant-retained overdentures were constructed for each patient, and grouped into three groups according to the impression technique employed in overdenture construction; Group A: Patients were treated by mandibular implant-retained overdenture fabricated using mucofunctional impression technique; Group B: Patients were treated by mandibular implant-retained overdenture fabricated using selective pressure impression technique; Group C: Patients were treated by mandibular implant-retained overdenture fabricated using minimal pressure impression technique. Chewing efficiency was evaluated for each patient with the implant-retained mandibular overdenture after three months of prosthesis insertion as an adaptation period. The data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. Results indicated that mandibular implant-retained overdentures made using the mucofunctional impression technique showed higher mean values of chewing efficiency parameters than mandibular overdentures made using selective and minimal pressure impression techniques. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the mucofunctional impression technique may be effective in improving the chewing efficiency of mandibular implant-retained overdentures more than minimal or selective pressure impression techniques.
Minimally Invasive Posterior Full Crown Competitors: Onlays, Occlusal Veneers, Vonlays and Endocrowns: A Review and Proposed Classification Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 2021
Vertical Dimension in Prosthodontics Theory and Practice (Part III): Contemporary Clinical Protocols and Decision-Making for Loss of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion MI Fayad, R Moussa, EA Abdel-Gawwad, AA Laithy, EE Mahmoud, ... Cureus 18 (5) , 2026 2026
Evaluation of the Antifungal Efficacy of Natural Gum Acacia and Aloe Vera against Candida albicans on Conventional and Digital Denture Base Materials: An In Vitro Study MS El-Din, H Zeitoun, MI Fayad, MS Zafar, RS Al-Gabri, AY Alqutaibi, ... European Journal of Dentistry 20 (02), 654-662 , 2026 2026
Associations Between Comorbidities, Medication Use and Dental Outcomes in Clinical Practice in Hail Dental Centre in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study AO Alotaibi, F Bakitian, HD Alshammari, A Alqhtani, MO Elboraey, ... Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry 24, 233 , 2026 2026
Comparative Effect of Different Nanoparticles with Different Concentrations on Fracture Toughness and Elastic Modulus of Restorative Dental Composite Resin MA Helal, EA Azmy, A Al-Faraj, FA Alshahrani, FK Alqarawi, HS AlRumaih, ... Dentistry Journal , 2026 2026
Evaluation of Retention and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life for Completely Edentulous Subjects Wearing Heat-Cured, 3D-Printed, and Injection-Molded Polyamide Complete … MA Helal, IM Ali Abd El Rahman, E Atito, SM Bahaa El-Din, M Fayad Dentistry Journal 14 (2), 95 , 2026 2026
Precision mapping of mandibular canal dimensions: cone beam computed tomography insights MO Elboraey, EESF Essa, MI Fayad, AB Alolayan, AM Kabli, A Alqhtani, ... PeerJ 14, e20553 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Dental Prosthetic Status, Needs, and Oral Frailty in Aging Population: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study RAA Mahdy, EA Abdel-Gawwad, MI Fayad, SG Mohammed Health Education and Health Promotion 14 (1), e28643 , 2026 2026
AI-Powered Clinical Decision Support in Dentistry: Comparative Evaluation of Large Language Models for Oral Medicine and Periodontal Diagnosis RM Meer, A Alqarni, BM Akily, H Zaki, MI Fayad, MHH AbdElaziz, ... Medical Science Monitor , 2026 2026
Evaluation of Crestal Bone Loss in Implant-Retained Mandibular Overdentures With Locator Attachments: Immediate VS. Delayed Loading Protocols AFE Mohamed, E Atito, EA Abdel-Gawwad, MI Fayad, WE Badr, ... Cureus 17 (11) , 2025 2025
Vertical dimension in prosthodontics theory and practice (part ii): a comprehensive review of vertical dimension determination in prosthodontics from classical methods to … MI Fayad, R Moussa, NA Ragheb, Y Ahmed, S Sultan, MR AbdulSalam, ... Cureus 17 (10) , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Unraveling Changes in Horizontal Condylar Path Angles with Aging: A Six-Year Longitudinal Radiographic Comparison MI Fayad, MO Elboraey, ANM Emam, MH AbdElaziz, AA Laithy, ... Ain Shams Dental Journal 38 (2), 791-799 , 2025 2025
Innovations driving the future of maxillofacial prosthetics, part I: the technological leap in maxillofacial rehabilitation MI Fayad, MA Ahmed, M Kothayer, MM Aboelnagga, EESF Essa, ... European Journal of Dentistry , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Exploring Non-conventional Dental Implants Beyond Traditional Paradigms Part I: Bridging the Gap in Bone Deficiency Cases MI Fayad, ME ِAbdel Naser, KM Hyderah, FB Ibrahem, OM Alaryani, ... Cureus 16 (11) , 2024 2024
Prosthetic applications of short dental implants in limited bone height cases: a review article FB Ibrahem, MI Fayad, ME ِAbdel Naser, MA Helal, IA Abd-Elrahman, ... Cureus 16 (11) , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Review of women on medical management of complex atypical hyperplasia and stage 1A endometrial cancer: The Oncological and Reproductive outcomes M Abdelaziz, M Fayad, N Tasnim, A Shaikh, L Sandison, D Nunns BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 131, 8-8 , 2024 2024
A novel formula for estimating the vertical dimension of occlusion using panoramic radiography MI Fayad, MO Elboraey, II Mahmoud, AA Shon, NI Fayad, R Moussa, ... BMC Oral Health 24 (1), 917 , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Comparison of perceived masticatory ability in completely edentulous patients treated with thermoplastic complete denture versus single implant-retained mandibular overdenture … MI Fayad, II Mahmoud, AAA Shon, MO Elboraey, RM Bakr, R Moussa PeerJ 12, e17670 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
A literature review of vertical dimension in prosthodontics theory and practice-part 1: theoretical foundations MI Fayad Cureus 16 (6) , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Microbial adhesion to different thermoplastic denture base materials in Kennedy class I partially edentulous patients HM Sakr, MR AbdulSalam, MI Fayad, R Moussa, AAH Alzahrani, H Sakr Cureus 16 (5) , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Can Different Impression Techniques Affect the Chewing Efficiency of Mandibular Implant-Retained Overdentures? EA Abdel-Gawwad, MI Fayad, MA Quassem, M Osman, WE Badr, ... Brazilian Dental Journal 35, e24-5941 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Prevalence of dental anxiety among dental patients in Saudi Arabia MI Fayad, A Elbieh, MN Baig, SA Alruwaili Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 7 (2 … , 2017 2017 Citations: 147
Prevalence and pattern of partial edentulism among dental patients attending College of Dentistry, Aljouf University, Saudi Arabia MI Fayad, MN Baig, AM Alrawaili Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 6 … , 2016 2016 Citations: 65
Factors influencing global variations in COVID-19 cases and fatalities; a review O Abu-Hammad, A Alnazzawi, SS Borzangy, A Abu-Hammad, M Fayad, ... Healthcare 8 (03), 216 , 2020 2020 Citations: 62
Bite force evaluation in complete denture wearer with different denture base materials: A randomized controlled clinical trial MI Fayad, HHT Alruwaili, MS Khan, MN Baig Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 8 (5 … , 2018 2018 Citations: 36
Effect of simultaneous application of arthrocentesis and occlusal splint versus splint in management of non-reducing TMJ disc displacement AA Altaweel, HA Ismail, MI Fayad Journal of Dental Sciences 16 (2), 732-737 , 2021 2021 Citations: 28
A literature review of vertical dimension in prosthodontics theory and practice-part 1: theoretical foundations MI Fayad Cureus 16 (6) , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Comparative study of some mechanical properties of cobalt chromium and polyether ether ketone thermoplastic removable partial denture clasps: an In-vitro Study R El-Baz, M Fayad, M Abas, A Shoieb, M Gad, MA Helal Brazilian Dental Science 23 (3), 6 p-6 p , 2020 2020 Citations: 16
Minimally invasive posterior full crown competitors: onlays, occlusal veneers, vonlays and endocrowns: a review and proposed classification S Sultan, H Al Garni, M Al Onazi, KK Gangi, S Al Otha, F Al Ruwaili, ... Journal of International Dental and Medical Research 14 (4), 1617-1622 , 2021 2021 Citations: 15
Bite force and oral health impact profile in completely edentulous patients rehabilitated with two different types of denture bases HM Sakr, M Fayad Tanta Dental Journal 14 (4), 173-180 , 2017 2017 Citations: 9
A novel formula for estimating the vertical dimension of occlusion using panoramic radiography MI Fayad, MO Elboraey, II Mahmoud, AA Shon, NI Fayad, R Moussa, ... BMC Oral Health 24 (1), 917 , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Prevalence of denture stomatitis among complete denture wearers in Aljouf M Fayad, M Hosny, H Sakr, F Al Kahtany Al-Azhar Journal of Dentistry 5 (3), 219-223 , 2000 2000 Citations: 6
Innovations driving the future of maxillofacial prosthetics, part I: the technological leap in maxillofacial rehabilitation MI Fayad, MA Ahmed, M Kothayer, MM Aboelnagga, EESF Essa, ... European Journal of Dentistry , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Locator versus ball and socket attachment systems for single implant retained mandibular overdenture (retention-oral health related quality of life) MI Fayad, MA Osman, DF Haddad, MA Quassemc Al-Azhar Assiut Dental Journal 2 (2), 109-115 , 2019 2019 Citations: 5
Efficacy of open cap splint versus split acrylic splint in management of pediatric mandibular fractures AABA Baiomy, MI Fayad, IM Atito Egyptian Dental Journal 65 (2-April (Oral Surgery)), 1047-1054 , 2019 2019 Citations: 4
Oral health related quality of life in hemimaxillectomy patients rehabilitated with obturator prosthesis fabricated using different materials MI Fayad, IM Atito, M Ammar Egyptian Dental Journal 65 (1-January (Fixed Prosthodontics, Dental … , 2019 2019 Citations: 4
EFFECT OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON MECHANI-CAL PROPERTIES OF DENTURE BASE RESIN: AN IN VITRO STUDY MM Mansour, MS Al-Nassr, AA Shon, MI Fayad, R Abd-Allah Al-Azhar Journal of Dental Science 20 (3), 261-265 , 2017 2017 Citations: 4
Vertical dimension in prosthodontics theory and practice (part ii): a comprehensive review of vertical dimension determination in prosthodontics from classical methods to … MI Fayad, R Moussa, NA Ragheb, Y Ahmed, S Sultan, MR AbdulSalam, ... Cureus 17 (10) , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Comparison of perceived masticatory ability in completely edentulous patients treated with thermoplastic complete denture versus single implant-retained mandibular overdenture … MI Fayad, II Mahmoud, AAA Shon, MO Elboraey, RM Bakr, R Moussa PeerJ 12, e17670 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Microbial adhesion to different thermoplastic denture base materials in Kennedy class I partially edentulous patients HM Sakr, MR AbdulSalam, MI Fayad, R Moussa, AAH Alzahrani, H Sakr Cureus 16 (5) , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Radiographic evaluation of single implant retained overdenture using locator versus ball and socket attachments MI Fayad, MA Osman, DF Haddad, MA Quassem Al-Azhar Assiut Dental Journal 3 (1), 1-5 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3