General Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, Language and Linguistics
156
Scopus Publications
13993
Scholar Citations
50
Scholar h-index
121
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
A markerless, real-time, augmented reality-based surgical navigation system for neurosurgical biopsies Annabel Groenenberg, Jan M. M. Heyligers, Bachtiar Burhani, Geert-Jan M. Rutten, Max M. Louwerse Acta Neurochirurgica, 2026 Purpose Neurosurgical biopsies require high accuracy and precision and are executed with image-guided surgical navigation. The current state-of-the-art techniques require markers, are displayed on a 2D screen, and have a time-consuming setup. We propose an AR-driven surgical navigation method that automatically projects a 3D virtual overlay onto a patient in real-time, without the use of any markers. Method Baseline accuracy of the proposed system and the StealthStation S8 was measured on a 3D printed human head phantom in a lab-based setting. For the measurements in the operating room, seventeen participants who underwent a neurosurgical biopsy with the StealthStation S8 were included. Prior to the clinical procedure, our proposed markerless AR system provided an automated three-dimensional virtual overlay onto the patient to the surgeon. By measuring the difference in the planned biopsy trajectory between the state-of-the-art StealthStation S8 and our experimental system, a comparison was made between the two systems. Results The average clinical error for the entry point of the proposed system was 4.5 ± 2.2 mm, which is lower than the total error of the current clinical gold standard found in literature. Conclusion The total error of the system proposed in this study reaches the gold standard for image-guided neuronavigation, in both lab-controlled and clinical settings. These initial results highlight the potential and advantages of AR over other methods, offering promising AR opportunities for future clinical applications.
The right eye for fixations: Eye asymmetries modulate gaze patterns towards speakers Desiderio Cano Porras, Max M. Louwerse Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2026 Eye contact is critical in face-to-face social interactions. Prior research has shown that dialog partners primarily focus on the eyes of the speaker both when the speaker is speaking and, particularly, when the speaker is not. These findings are compatible with the communicative but specifically the social function of eye contact. This is in line with animal cognition literature showing that animals with more eye sclera tend to be more social. Several human studies have reported a left perceptual bias in eye contact, with the listener focusing on the right side of the speaker’s face. Some studies attributed this bias to hemispheric specialization. Here two eye-tracking experiments using human and virtual human speakers confirmed a systematic bias towards the right eye of the speaker. Findings, however, are modulated by the amount of sclera and communicative events. Larger eyes (more sclera visibility) attracted more fixations, so that faces with larger left eyes do not systematically induce the left perceptual bias to the right side of the face. Moreover, a difference in fixations on the left or right eye of the speaker was found depending on whether somebody was speaking or not. Our results are consistent with the left perceptual bias, but suggest the bias is not solely perceptual. Instead, our findings suggest the social function in eye contact modulates the bias towards the right eye. Face-scanning behavior emerges as an unfolding dynamic shaped by a flow of social and communicative action ladders. These findings shed light on the most fundamental aspects of human communicative behavior.
Team Coordination Breakdowns: Examining Physiological Features Underlying Transitions in Coordination Dynamics Kyana H. J. van Eijndhoven, Travis J. Wiltshire, Elwira A. Hałgas, Josette M. P. Gevers, Max Louwerse Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2025 Team coordination breakdowns (TCBs) generally reflect episodes of ineffective team functioning, resulting in suboptimal team performance. Computational identification of TCBs enables us to examine the underlying characteristics of suboptimal performance and to potentially deliver real-time feedback to teams. Especially in time-critical crisis situations, such feedback can be invaluable. Previous studies found difficulties in distinguishing between coordination patterns that indicate TCBs and patterns that indicated other aspects of teamwork (e.g., shifts in tasks or affective behavior). Subsequently, we examined features capturing underlying characteristics of team coordination, based on multiple physiological signals and coordination measures, to identify TCBs. Our multi-methodological approach allowed us to identify features that are important for TCB identification. We also observed that distributions of (coordination-based) feature data related and unrelated to TCBs were significantly different, indicating that the features captured underlying patterns in team coordination data. In addition, our results indicated that team performance, measured as goal achievement duration, is more severely compromised when TCBs lasted longer. By showing a relationship between TCBs and goal achievement duration, as well as understanding the key features of these TCBs, our study contributes to deepening our understanding of TCBs and provides a basis for future research pursuing timely team support interventions.
Natural- and redirected walking in virtual reality: Spatial performance and user experience Tycho T. De Back, Angelica M. Tinga, Max M. Louwerse Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2025 Immersive virtual reality offers a range of unique possibilities. One of these is the realistic exploration of virtual worlds using natural walking. This however becomes difficult when the size of the virtual world exceeds that of the available physical space. Redirected walking in virtual reality presents a novel solution to this problem by typically making its users think to be walking in a straight line while they are in fact walking in a curve, thus allowing them to physically walk long distances in confined physical spaces. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of redirected walking on variables such as spatial memory, navigation and user experience as compared to other immersive and non-immersive locomotion methods. In a maze task we examined 1) redirected- and 2) natural walking in immersive virtual reality conditions, and 3) artificial locomotion on a non-immersive desktop monitor. Walked path lengths became shorter and distance estimates, object location memory and user experience improved using natural walking compared to a monitor condition. However, redirected walking yielded similar performance to natural walking while requiring less physical space, opening up possibilities for more pervasive use of real locomotion in virtual environments.
Launching Tens of Thousands of People into Space: Spacebuzz Creates Ambassadors of Planet Earth Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress Iac, 2022
SpaceBuzz: creating ambassadors of planet Earth by making space education relevant and inclusive for all children Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress Iac, 2022
Zipf's Law in Human-Machine Dialog Guido M. Linders, Max. M. Louwerse Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Iva 2020, 2020
Intrapersonal dependencies in multimodal behavior Pieter A. Blomsma, Guido M. Linders, Julija Vaitonyte, Max M. Louwerse Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Iva 2020, 2020
Awe Yields Learning: A Virtual Reality Study Proceedings for the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Developing A Mind Learning in Humans Animals and Machines Cogsci 2020, 2020
Brain activity reflects sense of presence in 360° video for virtual reality Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Information Systems Development Information Systems Beyond 2020 Isd 2019, 2019
Explanation Versus Prediction: Statistical Differences in Detecting Fraudulent Events Do Not Necessarily Have Predictive Power Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Creativity Cognition Computation Cogsci 2019, 2019
Presence is Key: Unlocking Performance Benefits of Immersive Virtual Reality Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2018, 2018
The Applicability and Benefits of Virtual Reality for the Cognitive Sciences: The Case of Context-Dependent Memory Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2018, 2018
Grammar-Based and Lexicon-Based Techniques to Extract Personality Traits from Text Cogsci 2017 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Computational Foundations of Cognition, 2017
Modality Switch Effects Emerge Early and Increase throughout Conceptual Processing: Evidence from ERPs Cogsci 2017 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Computational Foundations of Cognition, 2017
Burstiness across multimodal human interaction reveals differences between verbal and non-verbal communication Cogsci 2017 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Computational Foundations of Cognition, 2017
The Sound of Valence: Phonological Features Predict Word Meaning Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2015, 2015
How Sharp is Occam's Razor? Language Statistics in Cognitive Processing Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2015, 2015
Time after Time in Words: Chronology through Language Statistics Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2015, 2015
Introduction: The effects of personal involvement in narrative discourse Effects of Personal Involvement in Narrative Discourse A Special Issue of Discourse Processes, 2014
Grounding the Ungrounded: Estimating Locations of Unknown Place Names from Linguistic Associations and Grounded Representations Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2014, 2014
Predicting the Good Guy and the Bad Guy: Attitudes are Encoded in Language Statistics Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2014, 2014
Quick Linguistic Representations and Precise Perceptual Representations: Language Statistics and Perceptual Simulations under Time Constraints Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2014, 2014
Part of speech induction from distributional features: Balancing vocabulary and context Proceedings of the 27th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference Flairs 2014, 2014
Avoiding the language-as-a-fixed-effect fallacy: How to estimate outcomes of linear mixed models Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2014, 2014
What's Up can be Explained by Language Statistics Cooperative Minds Social Interaction and Group Dynamics Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2013, 2013
Coherence in Discourse Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2013
Tell Us Your Story: Investigating the Linguistic Features of Trauma Narrative Cooperative Minds Social Interaction and Group Dynamics Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2013, 2013
Geographical Estimates are Explained by Perceptual Simulation and Language Statistics Cooperative Minds Social Interaction and Group Dynamics Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2013, 2013
Verifying properties from different emotions produces switching costs: Evidence for coarse-grained language statistics and fine-grained perceptual simulation Cooperative Minds Social Interaction and Group Dynamics Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2013, 2013
The Upbeat of Language: Linguistic Context and Embodiment Predict Processing Valence Words Building Bridges Across Cognitive Sciences Around the World Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2012, 2012
The Chinese Route Argument: Predicting the Longitude and Latitude of Cities in China and the Middle East Using Statistical Linguistic Frequencies Building Bridges Across Cognitive Sciences Around the World Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2012, 2012
Social Networks are Encoded in Language Building Bridges Across Cognitive Sciences Around the World Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2012, 2012
From Head to Toe: Embodiment Through Statistical Linguistic Frequencies Building Bridges Across Cognitive Sciences Around the World Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2012, 2012
A Linguistic Remark on SNARC: Language and Perceptual Processes in Spatial-Numerical Association Expanding the Space of Cognitive Science Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society Cogsci 2011, 2011
Dialog act classification using N-gram algorithms Flairs 2006 Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, 2006
Robust recognition of emotion from speech Mohammed E. Hoque, Mohammed Yeasin, Max M. Louwerse Lecture Notes in Computer Science Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics, 2006
The embodiment of amodal symbolic knowledge representations Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference Flairs 2005 Recent Advances in Artifical Intelligence, 2005
Automatic evaluation of aspects of document quality David F. Dufty, Danielle McNamara, Max Louwerse, Ziqiang Cai, Arthur C. Graesser Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Design of Communication the Engineering of Quality Documentation, 2004
AutoTutor: A tutor with dialogue in natural language Arthur C. Graesser, Shulan Lu, George Tanner Jackson, Heather Hite Mitchell, Mathew Ventura, et al. Behavior Research Methods Instruments and Computers, 2004
A revised algorithm for latent semantic analysis Ijcai International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2003
Utterance Classification in AutoTutor Proceedings of the Hlt Naacl 2003 Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using Natural Language Processing, 2003
Good computational manners: Mixed-initiative dialog in conversational agents Aaai Fall Symposium Technical Report, 2002
Computers and thematics: Where to start? some aspects of computational thematics1 Journal of Literary Semantics, 1999
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Physiological responses to the overview effect: a virtual reality study on awe HAT van Limpt-Broers, M Postma, MM Louwerse Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-22 , 2026 2026
The right eye for fixations: Eye asymmetries modulate gaze patterns towards speakers D Cano Porras, MM Louwerse Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 33 (3), 108 , 2026 2026
Prototyping and Evaluating a Real-Time Neuroadaptive Virtual Reality Flight Training System E Van Weelden, JM Prinsen, C Ceccato, E Pruss, A Vrins, M Alimardani, ... 2026 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended … , 2026 2026
A markerless, real-time, augmented reality-based surgical navigation system for neurosurgical biopsies A Groenenberg, JMM Heyligers, B Burhani, GJM Rutten, MM Louwerse Acta Neurochirurgica , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
A Multidisciplinary Journal M Ellefson, T Göksun, RC Guevara, JA Hampton, J Han, S Khemlani, ... COGNITIVE SCIENCE 50 (1) , 2026 2026
Assessment of individual and dyadic workload of student and instructor pilots in real and simulated flight: An exploratory study E van Weelden, TJ Wiltshire, M Alimardani, MM Louwerse, RN Roy, ... Applied Ergonomics 129, 104606 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Team Coordination Breakdowns: Examining Physiological Features Underlying Transitions in Coordination Dynamics KHJ van Eijndhoven, TJ Wiltshire, EA Hałgas, JMP Gevers, M Louwerse Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 19 (3), 283-307 , 2025 2025
Natural-and redirected walking in virtual reality: Spatial performance and user experience TT De Back, AM Tinga, MM Louwerse Multimedia Tools and Applications 84 (24), 28583-28601 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Face to face: The eyes as an anchor in multimodal communication DC Porras, MM Louwerse Cognition 256, 106047 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Predicting workload in virtual flight simulations using eeg spectral and connectivity features B Verkennis, E Van Weelden, FL Marogna, M Alimardani, TJ Wiltshire, ... 2025 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended … , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Engaging Students with Sustainable Development Goals: A Performative Educational Toolkit with Virtual Reality Simulations, Letters to the Future and an SDG Strategy Assignment M Schippers, R van Tulder, M Louwerse, D Cano Porras Letters to the Future and an SDG Strategy Assignment (January 05, 2025) , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Engaging Students with the SDGs: VR Simulations, Letters to the Future and a Strategy Assignment M Schippers, R Van Tulder, M Louwerse, D Cano Porras Academy of Management Proceedings 2025 (1), 15292 , 2025 2025
A Multidisciplinary Journal O Deroy, M Ellefson, T Göksun, RC Guevara, JA Hampton, J Han, ... COGNITIVE SCIENCE 49 (10) , 2025 2025
Measuring transformative virtual reality experiences in children’s drawings HAT van Limpt-Broers, M Postma, MM Louwerse Memory & Cognition 53 (1), 96-115 , 2025 2025 Citations: 10
Predicting workload in virtual flight simulations using EEG features (including post-hoc analysis in appendix) B Verkennis, E van Weelden, FL Marogna, M Alimardani, TJ Wiltshire, ... arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.12428 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Exploring the impact of virtual reality flight simulations on EEG neural patterns and task performance E van Weelden, TJ Wiltshire, M Alimardani, MM Louwerse Cognitive Systems Research 88, 101282 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
Text‐to‐speech and virtual reality agents in primary school classroom environments L Dai, V Kritskaia, E van Der Velden, R Vervoort, M Blankendaal, ... Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 40 (6), 2964-2984 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
Questionnaire and drawing data children study, and drawing ratings A van Limpt-Broers, M Postma, M Louwerse DataverseNL , 2024 2024
Questionnaire and EEG data for the Overview Effect in VR A van Limpt-Broers, M Postma, E van Weelden, S Pratesi, MM Louwerse DataverseNL , 2024 2024
LittleGenius: Co-Designing a GPT-4 Enhanced VR Pedagogical Framework with Teachers for Primary Education L Dai, MM Jung, M Šafář Postma, J van der Loo, MM Louwerse Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual … , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language AC Graesser, DS McNamara, MM Louwerse, Z Cai Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers 36 (2), 193-202 , 2004 2004 Citations: 2555
AutoTutor: A tutor with dialogue in natural language AC Graesser, S Lu, GT Jackson, HH Mitchell, M Ventura, A Olney, ... Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36 (2), 180-192 , 2004 2004 Citations: 899
What do readers need to learn in order to process coherence relations in narrative and expository text AC Graesser, DS McNamara, MM Louwerse Rethinking reading comprehension 82, 98 , 2003 2003 Citations: 620
A linguistic analysis of simplified and authentic texts SA Crossley, MM Louwerse, PM McCarthy, DS McNamara The Modern Language Journal 91 (1), 15-30 , 2007 2007 Citations: 596
Coh-Metrix: Capturing linguistic features of cohesion DS McNamara, MM Louwerse, PM McCarthy, AC Graesser Discourse Processes 47 (4), 292-330 , 2010 2010 Citations: 548
Behavior matching in multimodal communication is synchronized MM Louwerse, R Dale, EG Bard, P Jeuniaux Cognitive science 36 (8), 1404-1426 , 2012 2012 Citations: 479
Symbol interdependency in symbolic and embodied cognition MM Louwerse Topics in Cognitive Science 3 (2), 273-302 , 2011 2011 Citations: 460
The linguistic and embodied nature of conceptual processing MM Louwerse, P Jeuniaux Cognition 114 (1), 96-104 , 2010 2010 Citations: 327
Sources of text difficulty: Across genres and grades DS McNamara, AC Graesser, MM Louwerse Measuring up: Advances in how we assess reading ability, 89-116 , 2012 2012 Citations: 296
An analytic and cognitive parameterization of coherence relations M Louwerse Cognitive linguistics , 2002 2002 Citations: 255
Embodied relations are encoded in language MM Louwerse Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (4), 838-844 , 2008 2008 Citations: 245
Question Understanding Aid (QUAID) a web facility that tests question comprehensibility AC Graesser, Z Cai, MM Louwerse, F Daniel Public Opinion Quarterly 70 (1), 3-22 , 2006 2006 Citations: 234
A taste of words: Linguistic context and perceptual simulation predict the modality of words M Louwerse, L Connell Cognitive science 35 (2), 381-398 , 2011 2011 Citations: 232
Toward a taxonomy of a set of discourse markers in dialog: A theoretical and computational linguistic account MM Louwerse, HH Mitchell Discourse processes 35 (3), 199-239 , 2003 2003 Citations: 197
Benefits of immersive collaborative learning in CAVE-based virtual reality TT De Back, AM Tinga, P Nguyen, MM Louwerse International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 17 (1), 51 , 2020 2020 Citations: 193
Variation in language and cohesion across written and spoken registers MM Louwerse, PM McCarthy, DS McNamara, AC Graesser Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 26 (26) , 2004 2004 Citations: 191
Social cues in animated conversational agents MM Louwerse, AC Graesser, S Lu, HH Mitchell Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for … , 2005 2005 Citations: 170
Coh-Metrix: Automated cohesion and coherence scores to predict text readability and facilitate comprehension DS McNamara, MM Louwerse, AC Graesser Technical report, Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Memphis … , 2002 2002 Citations: 170
Language comprehension is both embodied and symbolic MM Louwerse, P Jeuniaux Symbols and embodiment: Debates on meaning and cognition, 309-326 , 2008 2008 Citations: 167
Language encodes geographical information MM Louwerse, RA Zwaan Cognitive Science 33 (1), 51-73 , 2009 2009 Citations: 147
