Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir
@unilorin.edu.ng
Associate Professor, Faculty of Clinical Sciences
University of Ilorin
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Medicine; Bachelor of Surgery (Bayero University Kano)
Fellowship, West African College of Physicians
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Infectious Diseases
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Amudalat Issa, Yekeen Ayodele Ayoola, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Rasheed Olayinka Ibrahim, Tijani Idris Ahmad Oseni, Musa Abdullahi, Rasheedat Mobolaji Ibraheem, Aishat Funmi Lawal, Bolade Folasade Dele-ojo, Bilkis Iyabo Owolabi,et al.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract Background Hepatitis B vaccination is the most important preventive measure against Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. Vaccination against HBV infection among healthcare workers is important because of their daily exposure to patients’ body fluids and the possible risk of transmission to other patients. Hence, this study assessed the risk of hepatitis B infection, vaccination status and associated factors among healthcare workers in six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2021 using electronic data capture techniques to enroll 857 healthcare workers (HCWs) in regular contact with patients and their samples through a multi-stage sampling method. Results The participants’ mean (SD) age was 38.7 (8.0) years, and 453 (52.9%) were female. Each of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria had a fair representation, with a range of 15.3 to 17.7% of the study population. The majority (83.8%) of healthcare workers in Nigeria knew that they were at an increased risk of being infected by their work. Also, 72.2% knew that if infected, there was a high risk of liver cancer in later life. Many participants (642 [74.9%]) responded that they consistently applied standard precautions, such as hand washing, gloves, and face masks while attending to patients. Three hundred and sixty (42.0%) participants were fully vaccinated. Of the 857 respondents, 248 (28.9%) did not receive any dose of the hepatitis B vaccine. Factors that were associated with not being vaccinated included age less than 25 [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.796, 95% CI 1.119 to 20.547, p = 0.035], being a nurse (AOR 2.346, 95% CI 1.446 to 3.808, p = 0.010), being a health attendant (AOR 9.225, 95% CI 4.532 to 18.778, p = 0.010), and being a healthcare worker from the Southeast (AOR 2.152, 95% CI 1.186 to 3.904, p = 0.012) in Nigeria. Conclusion This study showed a high level of awareness of the risks associated with hepatitis B infection and suboptimal uptake of the hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers in Nigeria.
Folake Moriliat Afolayan, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Bashirat Ayobola Olanipekun, Adedeji Nurudeen Lawal, Solomon Olubodunrin Ariyib, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Harifarta Claphton Difirwiti, and Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu
Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL)
Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu, Omotayo Oluwakemi Adesiyun, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Habibat Dirisu Suberu, Selimat Ibrahim, Surajudeen Oyeleke Bello, Moboni Mokikan, Temitope Olorunshola Obasa, and Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir
Frontiers Media SA
IntroductionDespite the relatively higher neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries, there are limited data on the detailed analysis of the burden in Nigeria. With a database of over 14,000 admissions, this study presents a compelling picture of the current trends disaggregated by their gestational age groups. It provides unique opportunities for better-targeted interventions for further reducing newborn mortality in line with SDG 3, Target 3.2.MethodsThis prospective observational study involved newborn babies admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Kwara State, Nigeria, between January 2007 and December 2018. The outcome was the neonatal mortality rates. The exposure variables included birth weight, gestational age (preterm versus term), and clinical diagnosis. Frequencies were generated on tables and charts, and the trends or associations were determined.ResultsOf the 14,760 neonates admitted, 9,030 (61.2%) were term babies, 4,847 (32.8%) were preterm babies, and in 792 (5%) of the admissions, the gestational ages could not be determined. Males constituted a higher proportion with 55.9%, and the total number of deaths in the study period was 14.7%. The mortality ratio was highest among babies with a birth weight of less than 1,000 g (38.0%) and gestational age of less than 28 weeks (65.5%). The trend analysis showed that the mortality rate decreased from 17.8 to 13% over the 12 years, p-value < 0.0001. For term babies, mortality decreased by 45%, from 15.7% in 2007 to 8.7% in 2018, while the decline in mortality for preterm babies was 28.4%, from 25.7% in 2007 to 18.4% in 2018. For both categories, p-values were < 0.001. Regarding morbidity in term babies, asphyxia occurred in (1:3), jaundice (1:5), sepsis (1:6), and respiratory disorders (1:6) of admissions. For mortality, asphyxia occurred in (1:2), sepsis (1:5), jaundice (1:8), and respiratory disorders (1:10) of deaths. The leading causes of morbidity among preterm babies were asphyxia (1:4), sepsis (1:5), respiratory disorders (1:9), and jaundice (1.10). For mortality, their contributions were asphyxia (≈1:2); sepsis (1:5); respiratory disorders (1:9), and jaundice (1:10).ConclusionThere was a marked improvement in neonatal mortality trends. However, severe perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, hyperbilirubinemia, and respiratory disorders were the leading conditions contributing to 75% of the morbidities and mortalities. Measures to further accelerate the reduction in neonatal morbidity and mortality are discussed.
Peter Oladapo Adeoye, Olushola Abdulrahman Afolabi, Habeeb Kayodele Omokanye, Ifedolapo Olaoye, Oluwaseun Rukeme Akanbi, Segun Segun-Busari, Olusola Abidemi Morohunfade Adesiyun, Olufemi Adebayo Ige, Abdulrazaq Olasunkanmi Akiode, Ololade Aderinola Wuraola,et al.
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: Foreign body (FB) in the aerodigestive tract presents more commonly in children and remains a surgical emergency with potential for fatal complications.
 Objectives: To describe management and outcomes of aerodigestive FB managed at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) and proffer preventive measures.
 Methods: A 9-year retrospective review of all patients with foreign body in the aerodigestive tract managed between March 2011 and July 2020.
 Results: Sixty-six patients were studied. Median age was 9years with M:F ratio =1.6:1. FB was ingested in 38(57.6%) patients, aspiration occurred in 28(42.4%). Denture was most common FB 20(30.3%); plastic whistle/valve placed in dolls or football accounted for 4(6.1%). When ingested, FB was impacted in cervical 17(44.7%), upper thoracic 10(26.3%) and middle thoracic 2(5.3%) oesophagus. Oesophagoscopy was used in 30(8.9%) for retrieval. When aspirated, FB was located in the right bronchus 10(35.7%), left bronchus 7(25.0%), hypopharynx and trachea 2(7.1%) each, and cricopharynx 1(3.5%); no FB was found in 3(10.7%) patients. Direct Laryngoscopy was the method of retrieval in 3(10.1%) patients while others had rigid bronchoscopy. Mortality rate was 1.5%.
 Conclusion: Children are most vulnerable group. Preventive effort should include public health education and close monitoring of children by parents and care givers during play.
 Keywords: Foreign body; Aspiration; Ingestion; Aerodigestive tract; Impaction.
Rasheedat Mobolaji Ibraheem, Bilkisu Ilah Garba, Rasaki Aliu, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Afeez Oyesola Bello, Salihu Sheni Mohammed, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Rabiu Hashim, Lawal Magaji Ibrahim, and Grace Ahmed
Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
Background: Lack of a timely receipt of vaccines can cause uncertain immune response and under-vaccination. Hence, timely vaccination is crucial to ensure an infant’s early protection. Objectives: To identify the age of presentation for the birth dose vaccines, vaccine antigens received and factors associated with vaccination presentation by day one in Northern Nigeria. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 1 952 mother-infant pairs enrolled from 5 different states in Northern Nigeria. Data was collected using a questionnaire including the socio-demographic, antenatal care (ANC), delivery details, birth dates, vaccination presentation and birth vaccine antigens received. Data analysis was done with the SPSS-21 software. Findings: The median age of the infants at presentation for birth vaccines was six (interquartile range 2–16) days. A total of 413 (21.2%) infants were brought by the day of birth (day 0) or the next day (Day one), while one-fifth (20.6%) presented after Day 28. The most frequently received antigen was the Bacille-Calmette-Guerin by 1 781 infants (91.2%), oral polio vaccine 1 703 (87.2%), and hepatitis B vaccine birth dose the lowest at 75.1% (1 565). The commonest reasons for delayed presentations were an ill baby (24.7%) and an ill mother (21.9%). Factors associated with presentation within Day one post-birth were hospital delivery (OR–1.67, 95% CI; 1.28–2.19), firstborn (OR–1.40; 95%CI; 1.02–1.93), Christianity (OR–2.14 95% CI; 1.63–2.81), and mother with tertiary education (OR–1.62, 95% CI; 1.05–2.48). Conclusion: Timely administration of the birth dose vaccines is low in Northern Nigeria. Furthermore, some babies do not get the required vaccines despite presenting for vaccination due to stockout. Strategies for early neonatal vaccination such as vaccination in hospital suites post-delivery and utilizing relatives/fathers to take the baby for vaccination when a mother is indisposed are imperative.
Folake Moriliat Afolayan, Olanrewaju Timothy Adedoyin, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Sikiru Abayomi Biliaminu, Olugbenga Ayodeji Mokuolu, and Ayodele Ojuawo
Paediatrica Indonesiana - Indonesian Pediatric Society

 
 
 Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an underrecognized complication of severe malaria and an independent risk factor for mortality among children.
 Objective To determine the incidence and factors predictive of AKI as defined by the pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage (pRIFLE) criteria in children with severe malaria and to assess in-hospital mortality rates in malarial AKI (MAKI).
 Methods This was a prospective cohort study in 170 children aged 0.5 to 14 years with confirmed Plasmodium falciparum on peripheral blood smears and clinical and/or laboratory features of severe malaria. Serum creatinine was determined using the Jaffe method and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the Schwartz equation. The primary outcome was the incidence of AKI as defined by the pRIFLE criteria. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality comparison between AKI and non-AKI groups, as well as factors predictive of AKI.
 Results The incidence of MAKI was 61.2% (104/170) and was comparable between males (66.7%) and females (70.6%). Mean eGFR was lower among children with AKI than those without [42.00 (SD 22) vs. 98.7 (SD 3.9) mL/min/1.73m2, respectively; P=0.005]. Children with MAKI were categorized as having risk (47/104; 45.2%), injury (33/104; 31.7%), or failure (24/104; 23.1%). Mortality rates in AKI and non-AKI subjects were comparable (4.8% vs. 4.6%; P=0.888). Predictors of MAKI were hemoglobinuria [adjusted OR (aOR) 3.948; 95%CI 1.138 to 8.030], deep acidotic breathing (aOR 2.991; 95%CI 3.549 to 66.898), and longer hospital stay (aOR 2.042; 95%CI 3.617 to 12.156). Children with MAKI were more likely to have a longer hospital stay by a mean of 2.5 days.
 Conclusion AKI is a common complication in children with severe malaria. MAKI has a low mortality rate comparable to those with severe malaria but without AKI. Hemoglobinuria, deep acidotic breathing, and longer hospital stay were predictive of MAKI.
Rasheedat Mobolaji Ibraheem, Afeez Oyesola Bello, Olayinka Rasheed Ibrahim, Bilkisu Ilah Garba, Rasaki Aliu, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Rabiu Hashim, Lawal Magaji Ibrahim, Salihu Sheni Mohammed, Amina Hannatu Sambo,et al.
Oxford University Press (OUP)
AbstractBackgroundRoutine vaccination, a cost-effective means of preventing deadly childhood disease, has a low coverage in Nigeria. The study assessed the willingness of mothers to receive reminder messages for routine vaccination appointments in Northern Nigeria.MethodsA multi-centre cross-sectional study involving at least 363 mother–infant pairs per centre from five states in Northern Nigeria. Data collected include the socio-demographic details, responses on parental phone ownership, mothers’ willingness to receive reminders for immunization appointments and the reminder type characteristics. Data analysis was done with SPSS.ResultsOf the 1952 mother–infant pairs, ownership of at least one household phone was 97.7%. In total, 1613 (82.6%) mothers were willing to receive reminders. A majority (62.2%) of mothers preferred phone calls. A day before the vaccination appointment was the preferred timing (78.1%), and the predominant communication language was the local language for each region.The odds of being willing to receive reminders were 3.1 times, 2.6 times and 1.8 times higher in those with no formal education, primary education and secondary education, respectively, compared with mothers with tertiary education, each p < 0.05. Mothers who delivered at home were significantly less likely to want reminder messages (p = 0.03).ConclusionEight of 10 women in Northern Nigeria are willing to receive a reminder for their child. The predominant mode of reminder preferred is phone calls using the local language. Deployment of mobile phone reminders strategy in Northern Nigeria as a means to improve vaccination uptake is feasible. The institution of this strategy can be in collaboration with service providers.
Amudalat Issa, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Omotayo Olukemi Adesiyun, Bilkis Owolabi, Habibat Suberu, Kayode Olusegun Alabi, and Ruqayat Ronke Bakare
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a condition associated with multiple organ dysfunctions inclusive of cardiovascular dys- function. Neurologic predictors of survival have been studied, but little has been reported regarding cardiovascular signs and their role in determining outcome in asphyxia.
 Objective: The study aimed to determine the relationship between cardiovascular signs and outcomes in asphyxiated new- borns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
 Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving asphyxiated new-born babies recruited within the first 24 hours of life. Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy staging was done using Sarnat and Sarnat staging. All patients had a detailed cardi- ovascular examination on admission, after initial resuscitation (30 – 60 minutes) into admission, and were followed till final outcome: discharge or death.
 Results: Eighty-five asphyxiated new-borns with HIE were studied over seven months. Abnormal cardiovascular-related signs identified in the patients included respiratory distress (64.7%), small volume pulse (57.6%), hypotension (52.9%), hy- poxemia (48.2%) and shock (32.9%). Five babies died. None of the clinical signs had a significant relationship with mortality.
 Conclusion: Abnormal cardiovascular signs increased with the progression of HIE staging but had no relationship with mortality.
 Keywords: Cardiovascular signs; Neurological outcomes; Mortality; Perinatal asphyxia.
Rasheedat Ibraheem, Moshood Akintola, Mohammed Abdulkadir, Hafsat Ameen, Oladimeji Bolarinwa, and Muhammed Adeboye
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Background: Reminders via mobile devices deployed as short message services (SMS) or calls have been identified to be a useful strategy in improving routine immunization uptake in several countries.
 Objective: To identify the timeliness of appointments with reminders (calls or SMS), SMS health education and the routine care, and the vaccination completion rates in Ilorin, Nigeria.
 Method: Mother-infant pairs presenting for the first vaccination appointment were randomized into four (three inter- ventions, one control) groups, each consisting of 140 participants. Intervention groups were reminders via calls (A), SMS reminders (B), immunization fact SMS messages (C) and controls on usual care (D). Reminders were made a day before the appointment while SMS immunization facts were sent at five weeks, nine weeks and eight months. Appropriate timing was defined as the scheduled visit ±3 days.
 Results: The immunization completion rates after the nine months’ visit were 99.2%, 99.3%, 97% and 90.4% for Groups A, B, C and D respectively. Compared with controls, Group A had the highest odds [AOR 8.78 (6.10, 12.63)] of presenting at an appropriate time, followed by Group B [AOR 2.56 (1.96, 3.35)], then Group C [AOR 2.44 (1.87, 3.18)].
 Conclusion: Reminders/SMS immunization facts improve vaccination completion rates.
 Keywords: Call reminders; short message services (SMS) reminders; SMS immunization; vaccination timing; Nigeria.
Kayode Olusegun Alabi, Titilayo Funmilayo Kayode-Alabi, Rasheed Olayinka Ibrahim, Hamdalat Issa, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, Samuel Kolade Ernest, and Ayodele Isaac Ojuawo
Nepal Journals Online (JOL)
Introduction: Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of deaths with more than half due to coronary heart disease linked with the development of atherosclerosis. Hypertension (HTN) and obesity are leading risk factors for atherosclerotic CVDs, presence of which is predicted by microalbuminuria (MA). We wanted to evaluate the relationship between microalbuminuria and risk factors for CVDs (obesity, overweight, pre-hypertension and hypertension) among secondary school students in Ilorin, North central Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study from December 2017 to March 2018 among secondary school students. We recruited 584 students, aged 10 to 18 years from 14 schools across the three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Ilorin. We measured their blood pressure and anthropometrics following standard protocols and determined microalbuminuria in their early morning urine using Microalbumin 2-1 Combo strip and spot urinary albumin - creatinine ratio. Results: The prevalence of MA was 30.1%. MA was more common in obese and hypertensive adolescents (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). Occurrence of MA correlated strongly with subject’s weight (r = 0.790, p = 0.004, p < 0.01); systolic blood pressure (r = 0.884, p = 0.001, p < 0.01) and body mass index (r = 0.710, p = 0.001, p < 0.01). Independent predictors of MA were obesity, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.9, (95% CI 1.124, 20.913), overweight (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.184, 10.174), older age (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.007, 1.219) and presence of systolic hypertension (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.903, 5.042). Conclusions: This study shows a high prevalence of MA among the adolescents. CVDs risk factors predictive of MA are overweight, obesity, systolic hypertension and older age.
Folake M. Afolayan, Olanrewaju T. Adedoyin, Mohammed B. Abdulkadir, Olayinka R. Ibrahim, Sikiru A. Biliaminu, Olugbenga A. Mokuolu, and Ayodele Ojuawo
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal
Objectives: Serum creatinine levels are often used to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI), but may not necessarily accurately reflect changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This study aimed to compare the prevalence of AKI in children with severe malaria using diagnostic criteria based on creatinine values in contrast to cystatin C. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed between June 2016 and May 2017 at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. A total of 170 children aged 0.5–14 years old with severe malaria were included. Serum cystatin C levels were determined using a particle-enhanced immunoturbidmetric assay method, while creatinine levels were measured using the Jaffe reaction. Renal function assessed using cystatin C-derived estimated GFR (eGFR) was compared to that measured using three sets of criteria based on creatinine values including the Kidney Disease: Improved Global Outcomes (KDIGO) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria as well as an absolute creatinine cut-off value of >1.5 mg/dL. Results: Mean serum cystatin C and creatinine levels were 1.77 ± 1.37 mg/L and 1.23 ± 1.80 mg/dL, respectively (P = 0.002). According to the KDIGO, WHO and absolute creatinine criteria, the frequency of AKI was 32.4%, 7.6% and 16.5%, respectively. In contrast, the incidence of AKI based on cystatin C-derived eGFR was 51.8%. Overall, the rate of detection of AKI was significantly higher using cystatin C compared to the KDIGO, WHO and absolute creatinine criteria (P = 0.003, <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Diagnostic criteria for AKI based on creatinine values may not indicate the actual burden of disease in children with severe malaria.
 Keywords: Biomarkers; Acute Kidney Injury; Renal Failure; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Cystatin C; Creatinine; Malaria; Nigeria.
Rasheedat Mobolaji Ibraheem, Jubril Adegboyega Aderemi, Mohammed Baba Abdulkadir, and Wahab Babatunde Rotimi Johnson
Elsevier BV
MohammedB Abdulkadir, SundayAdedeji Aderibigbe, RasheedahM Ibraheem, and Abayomi Fadeyi
Medknow
Context: Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children aged less than 5 years. Healthcare providers are responsible for implementing strategies for control of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Aims: To determine knowledge of healthcare providers regarding rotavirus gastroenteritis, its burden, management, and prevention. Materials and Methods: The study was a crosssectional descriptive survey of healthcare providers working in facilities caring for children. A selfadministered questionnaire was given to subjects containing questions on demographics and knowledge covering burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis, modes of transmission, age of occurrence, prevention, and rotavirus vaccines. Statistical analysis used: Data analysis was carried out with SPSS version 20. Results: Questionnaires were issued to 75 participants of which 65 (response rate = 86.7%) returned filled questionnaires. Majority (70.8%) of the subjects were females. Subjects included medical doctors (33.8%), nurses (32.3%), community health extension workers (27.7%), and laboratory scientists (4.6%). Most [39, 60.0%] subjects identified rotavirus as the commonest cause of diarrhea and only 21 (32.3%) indicated rotavirus contributed over 30% to the burden of diarrhea in these children. Fecooral route was recognized as a route of transmission by most subjects (95.4%) and 67.7% identified vaccination as a modality for prevention. Only six (9.2%) respondents could name any rotavirus vaccine. None of the demographic or occupational characteristics of the subjects was significantly related to awareness of effective rotavirus vaccines (all P > 0.05). Conclusions: Healthcare providers were aware of rotavirus as a cause of gastroenteritis in underfive children but most had poor understanding regarding its burden, prevention, and existing vaccines.
M. Abdulkadir and R. Rainis
SynthesisHub Advance Scientific Research
Maternal mortality reduction is very important of international development goal. Any attempts of health programme and policies aiming to reduce maternal deaths need reliable and valid information. The research was undertaken comprehensive review of maternal mortality at the General Hospitals in Jigawa North-West Senatorial District to find out the trends and maternal mortality causes and recommend ways of getting better the circumstances. The research utilized a retrospective data of maternal deaths records from 2010 to 2015. It incorporated all deaths related to pregnancy recorded at the public hospitals within this period. Midwives and other health records officers served as key research assistant who provided shading lighter on the primary data collected. The results reveal that there was a sum of 1,006 maternal mortality recorded out of 73,821 l deliveries, yielding a of 1,362 per 100,000 live births maternal mortality ratio. The yearly mortality ratios observed an fluctuating picture. The study discovered a total of 8,265 reported obstetric complications in which direct causes accounted for 518(51%), while indirect causes were 492(49%).The study further identified the major obstetric complications that caused deaths in the study area in which the haemorrhage (APH and PPH) represents (29.3%), Anaemia in pregnancy (17.2%), eclampsia (12.6%), Retained placenta (RP) (10.4%), Sepsis (1.89%), Obstructed Labour (3.08), Malaria (9.74%), Labour Pain (4.17%). VVF (1.09%) and others uncommon causes representing (10,4%).Based on the above findings, the number of death recorded is unacceptably high and also the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was not encouraging. Therefore, the research recommend: improve obstetric care by providing enough personnel, facilities, Haihuwa Lafiya vehicles that uses to carry women who are in labour prior to delivery and after delivery, and also enlighten the individuals and the entire communities on the effects of early age pregnancy.
Beckie N Tagbo, Rowan E Bancroft, Iretiola Fajolu, Mohammed B Abdulkadir, Muhammad F Bashir, Olusola P Okunola, Ayodeji H Isiaka, Namadi M Lawal, Benedict O Edelu, Ngozi Onyejiaka,et al.
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Abstract Background Historically, Nigeria has experienced large bacterial meningitis outbreaks with high mortality in children. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and Haemophilus influenzae are major causes of this invasive disease. In collaboration with the World Health Organization, we conducted longitudinal surveillance in sentinel hospitals within Nigeria to establish the burden of pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM). Methods From 2010 to 2016, cerebrospinal fluid was collected from children &lt;5 years of age, admitted to 5 sentinel hospitals in 5 Nigerian states. Microbiological and latex agglutination techniques were performed to detect the presence of pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction and serotyping/grouping were conducted to determine specific causative agents of PBM. Results A total of 5134 children with suspected meningitis were enrolled at the participating hospitals; of these 153 (2.9%) were confirmed PBM cases. The mortality rate for those infected was 15.0% (23/153). The dominant pathogen was pneumococcus (46.4%: 71/153) followed by meningococcus (34.6%: 53/153) and H. influenzae (19.0%: 29/153). Nearly half the pneumococcal meningitis cases successfully serotyped (46.4%: 13/28) were caused by serotypes that are included in the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The most prevalent meningococcal and H. influenzae strains were serogroup W and serotype b, respectively. Conclusions Vaccine-type bacterial meningitis continues to be common among children &lt;5 years in Nigeria. Challenges with vaccine introduction and coverage may explain some of these finding. Continued surveillance is needed to determine the distribution of serotypes/groups of meningeal pathogens across Nigeria and help inform and sustain vaccination policies in the country.
Ayotade B Ojuawo
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Heiner syndrome (HS) is a rare hypersensitivity reaction of an infant or young child to cow milk proteins. It is a disease characterised by failure to thrive, respiratory symptoms like cough, dyspnoea, wheeze and rhinitis with accompanying chest infiltrates on chest radiograph; gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea; and anaemia. The non-specific nature of the disease can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment and central to the condition is hypersensitivity to cow milk proteins.Several cases have been reported worldwide but there has been no report of this condition in Africa.We highlight the case of a sixteen week old child seen in our facility with features typical of Heiner syndrome. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for this condition especially in children predominantly on infant formula
Damilola M Oladele, Dimeji P Oladele, Rasheedat M Ibraheem, Mohammed B Abdulkadir, Rasaki Adewole Raheem, Aishat A Gobir, Olarenwaju T Adedoyin, and Abdul-Wahab B R Johnson
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Abstract Background Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) especially severe ALRIs, constitute a global high burden of morbidity and mortality in children <5 y of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been documented to a play a major aetiological role. However, Nigerian reports on severe childhood RSV ALRIs are rare and most reports are old. With recent advances in RSV preventive strategy, arises the need for a recent appraisal of RSV infection in children with severe ALRI. The current study thus set out to determine the prevalence of RSV infection among hospitalized children <5 y of age and describe the related social determinants. Methods We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over 1 y of 120 children, ages 2–59 months, diagnosed with ALRI. Relevant data were obtained and an antigen detection assay was used for viral studies. Results The prevalence of RSV infection was 34.2% and its peak was in the rainy months. The proportion of infants in the RSV-positive group was significantly higher than that in the RSV-negative group (82.9% vs 54.4%; p=0.002). These findings were largely consistent with those of earlier reports. Conclusions RSV has remained a common cause of severe ALRI in infants, especially during the rainy months in Nigeria. It is thus suggested that more effort be focused towards implementing the current global recommendations for the prevention of RSV-associated LRI, particularly in infants.
Rasheedat Ibraheem, Mohammed Abdulkadir, Moshood Akintola, and Muhammed Adeboye
Ubiquity Press, Ltd.
Background: Timely receipt of immunization is an essential prerequisite to ensure early protection of the child. However, a low proportion of children in Nigeria benefit from the timely administration of the birth dose vaccines. Objectives: These were identification of factors associated with timely presentation and reasons for presentation beyond 24 hours at an immunization centre in Ilorin, Nigeria. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 480 mother-infant pairs was conducted at an immunization centre. Socio-demographic, antenatal care (ANC) and delivery details, infant’s birthday and day of presentation for vaccination were recorded. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with time to presentation within day one. Findings: 239 (49.8%), 421 (87.7%) and 454 (94.6%) babies were vaccinated within days one, seven and 14 respectively. Post-secondary education level of mothers (OR = 3.60; 95% C.I: 1.30–9.91), antenatal care attendance (OR = 9.55; 95% C.I: 1.75–52.12), and hospital delivery (OR = 6.36; 95% C.I: 1.33–30.38) were associated with presentation within day one. Having correct knowledge of the immunization schedule increased the odds of early presentation by three times, p = 0.025. The commonest reason for presentation after day one for vaccination was weekend/public holiday delivery identified in 83 (35.2%) mother-infant pairs. Conclusion: Hospital delivery, attendance at antenatal care, postsecondary education and knowledge of the immunization schedule were factors associated with timely presentation for birth dose vaccination. Strategies to improve timeliness of the birth dose vaccination should target babies delivered outside the hospital as well as during weekends in the hospital. Also, inclusion of immunization into the health education curriculum of schools could be beneficial.
Joy C. Ebenebe, Olugbenga Mokuolu, Jose Ambe, Christian Happi, Temitope Aderoyeje, Nma Jiya, Chimere Agomo, Nnenna M. Ezeigwe, Stephen Oguche, George Emechebe,et al.
American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The efficacies of 3-day regimens of artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artesunate-amodiaquine (AA), and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) were evaluated in 910 children < 5 years old with uncomplicated malaria from six geographical areas of Nigeria. Parasite positivity 1 day and Kaplan-Meier estimated risk of persistent parasitemia 3 days after therapy initiation were both significantly higher, and geometric mean parasite reduction ratio 1 day after treatment initiation (PRRD1) was significantly lower in AL-treated children than in AA- and DHP-treated children. No history of fever, temperature > 38°C, enrollment parasitemia > 75,000 μL-1, and PRRD1 < 5,000 independently predicted persistent parasitemia 1 day after treatment initiation. Parasite clearance was significantly faster and risk of reappearance of asexual parasitemia after initial clearance was significantly lower in DHP-treated children. Overall, day 42 polymerase chain reaction-corrected efficacy was 98.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 96.1-100) and was similar for all treatments. In a non-compartment model, declines of parasitemias were monoexponential with mean terminal elimination half-life of 1.3 hours and unimodal frequency distribution of half-lives. All treatments were well tolerated. In summary, all three treatments evaluated remain efficacious treatments of uncomplicated malaria in young Nigerian children, but DHP appears more efficacious than AL or AA.
MohammedBaba Abdulkadir, OlayinkaRasheed Ibrahim, FolakeMoriliat Afolayan, and OlanrewajuTimothy Adedoyin
Medknow
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) may be associated with formation of intracardiac thrombi which may embolize and result in life-threatening complications. We present a 19-month-old female child with DCM who presented with a right hemispheric cerebrovascular accident. Urgent echocardiography revealed poor left ventricular systolic function and a thrombus attached to the interventricular septum along the left ventricular outflow tract. There was resolution of the thrombus following the use of warfarin.
EN Ekure, WE Sadoh, F Bode-Thomas, AA Orogade, AB Animasahun, OO Ogunkunle, I Babaniyi, MU Anah, BE Otaigbe, A Olowu,et al.
Clinics Cardive Publishing
Summary Background Paediatric cardiac services in Nigeria have been perceived to be inadequate but no formal documentation of availability and distribution of facilities and services has been done. Objective: To evaluate and document the currently available paediatric cardiac services in Nigeria. Methods In this questionnaire-based, cross-sectional descriptive study, an audit was undertaken from January 2010 to December 2014, of the personnel and infrastructure, with their distributions according to geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results Forty-eight centres participated in the study, with 33 paediatric cardiologists and 31 cardiac surgeons. Echocardiography, electrocardiography and pulse oximetry were available in 45 (93.8%) centres while paediatric intensive care units were in 23 (47.9%). Open-heart surgery was performed in six (12.5%) centres. South-West zone had the majority of centres (20; 41.7%). Conclusions Available paediatric cardiac services in Nigeria are grossly inadequate and poorly distributed. Efforts should be intensified to upgrade existing facilities, establish new and functional centres, and train personnel.
Mohammed Abdulkadir and Zainab Abdulkadir
African Journals Online (AJOL)
BACKGROUND
Congenital heart diseases cause significant childhood morbidity and mortality. Several restricted studies have been conducted on the epidemiology in Nigeria. No truly nationwide data on patterns of congenital heart disease exists.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the patterns of congenital heart disease in children in Nigeria and examine trends in the occurrence of individual defects across 5 decades.
METHOD
We searched PubMed database, Google scholar, TRIP database, World Health Organisation libraries and reference lists of selected articles for studies on patterns of congenital heart disease among children in Nigeria between 1964 and 2015. Two researchers reviewed the papers independently and extracted the data. Seventeen studies were selected that included 2,953 children with congenital heart disease.
RESULTS
The commonest congenital heart diseases in Nigeria are ventricular septal defect (40.6%), patent ductus arteriosus (18.4%), atrial septal defect (11.3%) and tetralogy of Fallot (11.8%). There has been a 6% increase in the burden of VSD in every decade for the 5 decades studied and a decline in the occurrence of pulmonary stenosis. Studies conducted in Northern Nigeria demonstrated higher proportions of atrial septal defects than patent ductus arteriosus.
CONCLUSIONS
Ventricular septal defects are the commonest congenital heart diseases in Nigeria with a rising burden.