INFLUENCE OF σ DONATION AND π ACCEPTANCE PROPERTIES OF SPECTATOR LIGANDS ON SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS IN BIFUNCTIONAL MONONUCLEAR PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES: EXPLORING REACTIVITY PATTERN OF ANTITUMOR COMPOUNDS and Parnajyoti Karmakar Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 2025 Kinetics and mechanism of ligand substitution reactions on square planar platinum (II) complexes have been explored continuously over the last few decades. This was after the fortuitous discovery of the antiproliferative activity of cisplatin by Barnett Rosenberg in 1965, which attracted much attention from various other investigators to design new Pt(II) drugs with better activity and fewer side effects. Cisplatin's clinical success as a chemotherapeutic drug has promoted the discovery of succeeding generations with efficacy and less toxicity. The focal aim of these investigations was based on tailoring the steric and electronic properties of spectator ligands to influence the solubility, pKa, and molecular association or reactivity of the platinum complexes to promote the potential of the antitumor drugs. This mini-review provides accounts on: i) the mechanisms of substitution at the Pt(II) complexes in general and the key factors that control the reactivity, and ii) the trends in experimentally measured rate data and how they are controlled by varying the σ-donation and π-acceptance abilities of the spectator ligand. Furthermore, the reactivity patterns of platinum complexes are analyzed, highlighting how σ-donating and π-accepting ligands influence their biological activities. The insights gained from kinetic and mechanistic studies are essential for the development of more effective and less toxic platinum-based anticancer drugs.
Kinetics and mechanism for ligand substitution reactions of some square-planar platinum(II) complexes: Stability and reactivity correlations Debabrata Nandi, Parnajyoti Karmakar, Sumon Ray, Animesh Chattopadhyay, Roshni Sarkar(Sain), Alak K. Ghosh Inorganic and Nano Metal Chemistry, 2018 A brief overview of mechanistic studies on the reactions of cis-[Pt(dap)(H2O)2]2+ (1) and cis-[Pt(pipen)(H2O)2]2+ (2) (where dap and pipen are 1,3-diaminopropane and 2-aminomethylpiperidine respectively) with 2-thiouracil (LH), a nitrogen and sulfur-donor bio molecule, is presented. All the substitution reactions have been monitored at 327(for 1) and 326 (for 2) nm respectively where the differences in abosorbances between the reactants and products are maximum. At pH 4.0, the kinetics shows two consecutive processes, i.e., they show a non linear dependence on the concentration of ligand: first process is [ligand] dependent but the second step is [ligand] independent. The activation parameters and the thermodynamic parameters were also calculated, which supports the spontaneous formation of an outer sphere association complex. The product of this reaction has been characterized with the help of Job's method, IR and ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis. The purpose of this work is to improve the understanding of the mechanism of action of Pt(II) complexes as potential anti-tumour drugs in the human body.
Mechanistic aspects of ligand substitution on the cis-diaqua-chloro-tris(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) complex by some sulfur-containing bioactive ligands in aqueous medium Animesh Chattopadhyay, Anwesha Dey, Parnajyoti Karmakar, Sumon Ray, Debabrata Nandi, Roshni Sarkar(Sain), Alak K Ghosh Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism, 2018 The synthesis and interactions of the cis-diaqua-chloro-tris(dimethyl sulfoxide)ruthenium(II) complex with selected sulfur-containing ligands such as 2-thiouracil, glutathione and L-cysteine have been studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometry in aqueous medium at pH 4.5. From experimental data it is clear that all three reactions proceed via two steps: the first one being a rate-limiting ligand-dependent replacement of one water molecule, followed by a ligand-independent ring closure step with the expulsion of the second water molecule. The substituted products have been characterised by Job's method, FTIR spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Activation parameters (Δ H≠ and Δ S≠) and thermodynamic parameters (Δ H0 and Δ S0, from the temperature dependence of the outer-sphere association equilibrium constant) are presented. Consistent with the experimental findings, an associative interchange mechanism is proposed.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations on Some N,N-Chelated Pt(II) Oxalate Complexes with Some "S" Containing Biorelevant Ligands at Physiological Condition Sumon Ray, Parnajyoti Karmakar, Animesh Chattopadhyay, Debabrata Nandi, Roshni Sarkar (Sain), Alak K Ghosh International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 2016 The substitution of the chelating oxalate group by a group of nucleophiles, viz. thiourea (L1), 2‐thiouracil (L2), diethyldithiocarbamate (L3), dl‐penicillamine (L4), and thiosemicarbazide (L5) was studied under pseudo–first‐order conditions as a function of concentration and temperature using UV–vis spectrophotometry and stopped‐flow technique. π‐Accepting effects are often used to account for the unusual high lability of Pt(bipy) complexes. The complexes [Pt(dach)(oxalate)] (1) (dach = cis‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane) and [Pt(bipy)(oxalate)] (2) (bipy = 2,2'‐bipyridine) and substituted products were isolated and characterized by FTIR and ESI‐MS spectroscopic analysis. The negative entropies of activation support a strong contribution from bond making in the transition state of the substitution processes.
Kinetic behavior of cis-[Pt(cis-dach)(H2O)2]2+ (where 'dach' is 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) towards some essential amino acids Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2014
Reactivity of hydroxopentaaquarhodium(III) ion towards glycine-containing dipeptides in aqueous medium Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2013
Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of bio-active ligands with cis-diaquabis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) in aqueous medium Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2013
Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction of [(H 2O)(tap)2RuORu(tap)2(H2O)] 2+ {tap = 2-(m-tolylazo)pyridine} with diethyldithiocarbamate anion in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2013
Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the interaction of DL-penicillamine with di-μ-hydroxobis(bipyridyl)dipalladium(II) ion in aqueous solution Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2011
INFLUENCE OF σ DONATION AND π ACCEPTANCE PROPERTIES OF SPECTATOR LIGANDS ON SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS IN BIFUNCTIONAL MONONUCLEAR PLATINUM (II) COMPLEXES: EXPLORING REACTIVITY … P Karmakar Chemistry 19 (1), 20-33 , 2025 2025
Transition Metal Based Coordination Complexes as Catalysts for Water Oxidation: An Overview P Karmakar Resonance 27 (7), 1185-1209 , 2022 2022 Citations: 4
Insight into anti-oxidative carbohydrate polymers from medicinal plants: Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of actions and interactions with bovine serum albumin D Ghosh, P Karmakar International journal of biological macromolecules 166, 1022-1034 , 2021 2021 Citations: 28
Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on novel Platinum (II) Complex containing bidentate N, N-donor ligands in ethanol-water medium D Nandia, P Karmakarb, A Deya, R Sarkar, AK Ghosha Indian Journal of Chemistry 59, 760-767 , 2020 2020
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on the Cis -Diaqua-Chloro-Tris(Dimethyl Sulfoxide)Ruthenium(II) Complex by Some Sulfur-Containing Bioactive … A Chattopadhyay, A Dey, P Karmakar, S Ray, D Nandi, R Sarkar, ... Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 43 (3-4), 274-285 , 2018 2018
Relative reactivity of N,N-donor ligands in substitution reactions of cis -diaqua(2-aminomethylpiperidine)platinum(II): a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study: D … D Nandi, S Ray, P Karmakar, A Chattopadhyay, A Dey, R Sarkar, ... Journal of Chemical Sciences 130 (9), 124 , 2018 2018 Citations: 2
Kinetics and mechanism for ligand substitution reactions of some square-planar platinum (II) complexes: Stability and reactivity correlations D Nandi, P Karmakar, S Ray, A Chattopadhyay, R Sarkar, AK Ghosh Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry 48 (1), 16-22 , 2018 2018
Substitution reactions of [Pd (bipy)(malonate)] explored with a different set of ligands: Kinetic and mechanistic interpretation in aqueous medium and at pH 7.4 S Ray, P Karmakar, A Chattopadhyay, D Nandi, S Ukil, AK GHOSH Journal of Chemical Sciences 128 (8), 1327-1335 , 2016 2016
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations on Some N , N ‐Chelated Pt(II) Oxalate Complexes with Some “S” Containing Biorelevant Ligands at Physiological Condition S Ray, P Karmakar, A Chattopadhyay, D Nandi, R Sarkar, AK Ghosh International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 48 (7), 347-357 , 2016 2016 Citations: 5
Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of some essential amino acids with cis -diaqua(1,3-diaminopropane)-platinum(II) ion: a potent anticancer agent S Ray, D Nandi, A Chattopadhyay, R Sarkar, P Karmakar, AK Ghosh Monatshefte für Chemie-Chemical Monthly 145 (11), 1727-1735 , 2014 2014 Citations: 3
The effect of σ-donation on the interactions of cis -diaqua(2-aminomethylpiperidine)platinum(II) complex with biomolecules in aqueous medium: synthesis, kinetic … P Karmakar Transition Metal Chemistry 39 (7), 727-733 , 2014 2014 Citations: 6
Kinetic behavior of cis [Pt( cis -dach)H 2 O) 2 ] 2+ (where `dach' is 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) towards some essential amino acids S Ray, P Karmakar, Sarkar (Sain), Roshni, A Chottopadhayay, D Nandi, ... JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 91 (9), 1627-1638 , 2014 2014
The Reactivity of vic -dioximes Towards the [(H 2 O)(tap) 2 RuORu(tap) 2 (H 2 O)] 2+ Ion {tap = 2-( m -tolylazo)pyridine} at Physiological pH A Mandal, S Ray, A Chattopadhyay, P Karmakar, D Nandi, AK Ghosh Journal of Solution Chemistry 43 (5), 870-884 , 2014 2014
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on cis -diaqua-chloro-tris(Dimethyl Sulfoxide) Ruthenium(II) Complex by Adenosine and Cytidine in Aqueous Medium A Mandal, P Karmakar, BK Bera, S Ray, S Mondal, AK Ghosh Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 39 (1), 74-88 , 2014 2014 Citations: 1
Mechanistic and Kinetic Investigations on the Interaction of Model Platinum (II) Complex With Ligands of Biological Significance in Reference to the Antitumor Activity P Karmakar, S Ray, A Mandal, S Mondal, S Mallick, BK Bera, AK Ghosh Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal … , 2013 2013 Citations: 11
Kinetics and mechanism of interaction of some bioactive ligands with cis -diaqua( cis -1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) in aqueous medium P Karmakar, S Ray, S Mallick, BK Bera, A Mandal, S Mondal, AK Ghosh Journal of Chemical Sciences 125 (5), 1133-1143 , 2013 2013 Citations: 4
Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction of [(H S Mondal, D Nandi, A Mandal, BK Bera, P Karmakar, S Ray, S Mallick, ... J. Indian Chem. Soc 90, 1-9 , 2013 2013
Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction of [(H2O)(tap)(2) RuORu (tap)(2)(H2O)](2+){tap= 2-(m-tolylazo) pyridine} with diethyldithiocarbamate anion in aqueous … S Mondal, D Nandi, A Mandai, BK Bera, P Karmakar, S Ray, S Mallick, ... JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 90 (7), 903-911 , 2013 2013
MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF SOME SQUARE PLANAR PLATINUM (II) COMPLEXES P KARMAKAR 2013
Reactivity of hydroxopentaaquarhodium (III) ion towards glycine-containing dipeptides in aqueous medium BK Bera, A Mandal, P Karmakar, S Mallick, S Mondal, AK Ghosh JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 90 (4), 449-458 , 2013 2013
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Insight into anti-oxidative carbohydrate polymers from medicinal plants: Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of actions and interactions with bovine serum albumin D Ghosh, P Karmakar International journal of biological macromolecules 166, 1022-1034 , 2021 2021 Citations: 28
Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of DL -penicillamine with cis -diaqua( cis -1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) perchlorate in aqueous medium P Karmakar, BK Bera, KL Barik, SK Mukhopadhyay, AK Ghosh Journal of Coordination Chemistry 63 (12), 2158-2171 , 2010 2010 Citations: 18
Mechanistic aspects of ligand substitution on cis -diaqua( cis -1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) by Glycine- l -Leucine P Karmakar, S Mallick, BK Bera, A Mandal, S Mondal, SK Mukhopadhyay, ... Transition Metal Chemistry 35 (8), 911-916 , 2010 2010 Citations: 12
Mechanistic and Kinetic Investigations on the Interaction of Model Platinum (II) Complex With Ligands of Biological Significance in Reference to the Antitumor Activity P Karmakar, S Ray, A Mandal, S Mondal, S Mallick, BK Bera, AK Ghosh Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal … , 2013 2013 Citations: 11
Kinetic studies on interaction of platinum (II) complexes with an ‘S’containing ligand in aqueous medium P Karmakar, S Ray, D Nandi, A Mandal, S Mondal, S Mallick, BK Bera, ... Journal of Solution Chemistry 42 (2), 441-458 , 2013 2013 Citations: 8
Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction of di-μ-hydroxobis (bipyridyl) dipalladium (II) ion with thiourea in aqueous solution S Mallick, S Mondal, BK Bera, P Karmakar, SC Moi, AK Ghosh Transition Metal Chemistry 35 (4), 469-475 , 2010 2010 Citations: 8
The effect of σ-donation on the interactions of cis -diaqua(2-aminomethylpiperidine)platinum(II) complex with biomolecules in aqueous medium: synthesis, kinetic … P Karmakar Transition Metal Chemistry 39 (7), 727-733 , 2014 2014 Citations: 6
Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of adenosine with cis ‐diaqua( cis ‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) perchlorate in aqueous medium P Karmakar, S Mallick, S Mondal, BK Bera, A Mandal, SK Mukhopadhyay, ... International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 43 (5), 219-229 , 2011 2011 Citations: 6
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Ligand Substitution Reaction of the Di- μ -hydroxobis(bipyridyl)dipalladium(II) Ion with some Bio-relevant Ligands S Mallick, BK Bera, P Karmakar, S Mondal, A Mandal, AK Ghosh Journal of solution chemistry 40 (3), 532-544 , 2011 2011 Citations: 6
Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations on Some N , N ‐Chelated Pt(II) Oxalate Complexes with Some “S” Containing Biorelevant Ligands at Physiological Condition S Ray, P Karmakar, A Chattopadhyay, D Nandi, R Sarkar, AK Ghosh International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 48 (7), 347-357 , 2016 2016 Citations: 5
Kinetic Study of the Interaction of Three Glycine-Containing Dipeptides with Hydroxopentaaquarhodium (III) Ion in Aqueous Medium BK Bera, S Mondal, S Mallick, A Mandal, P Karmakar, AK Ghosh Journal of solution chemistry 41 (4), 741-753 , 2012 2012 Citations: 5
Transition Metal Based Coordination Complexes as Catalysts for Water Oxidation: An Overview P Karmakar Resonance 27 (7), 1185-1209 , 2022 2022 Citations: 4
Kinetics and mechanism of interaction of some bioactive ligands with cis -diaqua( cis -1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) in aqueous medium P Karmakar, S Ray, S Mallick, BK Bera, A Mandal, S Mondal, AK Ghosh Journal of Chemical Sciences 125 (5), 1133-1143 , 2013 2013 Citations: 4
Kinetic studies on substitution of cis -diaqua-chloro-tris-(dimethyl sulphoxide)-ruthenium(II) complex with some dipeptides in aqueous medium A Mandal, P Karmakar, S Mallick, BK Bera, S Mondal, S Ray, AK Ghosh Journal of Chemical Sciences 124 (4), 801-807 , 2012 2012 Citations: 4
Interaction of glycyl–glycine with hydroxopentaaquarhodium (III) ion in aqueous medium: kinetic and mechanistic studies BK Bera, S Mallick, A Mandal, S Mondal, P Karmakar, AK Ghosh Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 36 (4), 371-384 , 2011 2011 Citations: 4
Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of some essential amino acids with cis -diaqua(1,3-diaminopropane)-platinum(II) ion: a potent anticancer agent S Ray, D Nandi, A Chattopadhyay, R Sarkar, P Karmakar, AK Ghosh Monatshefte für Chemie-Chemical Monthly 145 (11), 1727-1735 , 2014 2014 Citations: 3
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of hydroxopentaaquarhodium(III) ion with l -Arginine in aqueous solution BK Bera, S Mallick, A Mandal, P Karmakar, AK Datta, AK Ghosh Transition Metal Chemistry 35 (5), 541-547 , 2010 2010 Citations: 3
Relative reactivity of N,N-donor ligands in substitution reactions of cis -diaqua(2-aminomethylpiperidine)platinum(II): a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study: D … D Nandi, S Ray, P Karmakar, A Chattopadhyay, A Dey, R Sarkar, ... Journal of Chemical Sciences 130 (9), 124 , 2018 2018 Citations: 2
Kinetics and mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction of di- μ -hydroxobis(bipyridyl)dipalladium(II) ion with diethyldithiocarbamate anion in aqueous solution S Mallick, BK Bera, S Mondal, P Karmakar, A Mandal, AK Ghosh Journal of Chemical Sciences 123 (3), 311-318 , 2011 2011 Citations: 2
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on cis -diaqua-chloro-tris(Dimethyl Sulfoxide) Ruthenium(II) Complex by Adenosine and Cytidine in Aqueous Medium A Mandal, P Karmakar, BK Bera, S Ray, S Mondal, AK Ghosh Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 39 (1), 74-88 , 2014 2014 Citations: 1