An Update of Tetrodotoxins Toxicity and Risk Assessment Associated to Contaminated Seafood Consumption in Europe: A Systematic Review Carlo Varini, Maura Manganelli, Simona Scardala, Pietro Antonelli, Carmen Losasso, et al. Toxins, 2025 Following the occurrence of Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in Europe—a group of neurotoxins identified in Asia, where fatalities occurred after the ingestion of contaminated pufferfish—the EFSA proposed a limit of 44 µg of TTX/kg of shellfish meat in mollusks in 2017, to protect heavy consumers. The limit was based on an acute reference dose (ARfD) derived from the few available data on TTX toxicity. TTX is expected to increase with sea-surface warming; indeed, it has been found in spring/summer in mollusks in Europe, with concentrations often exceeding this limit. Due to the numerous uncertainties of the EFSA’s ARfD, we conducted a systematic review to provide an update on TTX toxicity. Out of 12,741 articles retrieved from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus since 2017, only 17 were eligible for data extraction. Our results show that they are not sufficient to modify the EFSA’s conclusions. Furthermore, our analysis of occurrence data in European seafood, to assess the current risk of exposure to TTX, reveals several gaps, such as different LODs/LOQs and seasonal monitoring not allowing comparisons between areas and too few analyzed sites. However, the presence of positive samples exceeding the EFSA limit indicates a potential risk even for general consumers, highlighting the urgency to address these knowledge gaps.
A Snapshot, Using a Multi-Omic Approach, of the Metabolic Cross-Talk and the Dynamics of the Resident Microbiota in Ripening Cheese Inoculated with Listeria innocua Alessandra Tata, Andrea Massaro, Brunella Miano, Sara Petrin, Pietro Antonelli, et al. Foods, 2024 Raw milk cheeses harbor complex microbial communities. Some of these microorganisms are technologically essential, but undesirable microorganisms can also be present. While most of the microbial dynamics and cross-talking studies involving interaction between food-derived bacteria have been carried out on agar plates in laboratory-controlled conditions, the present study evaluated the modulation of the resident microbiota and the changes of metabolite production directly in ripening raw milk cheese inoculated with Listeria innocua strains. Using a proxy of the pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes, we aimed to establish the key microbiota players and chemical signals that characterize Latteria raw milk cheese over 60 days of ripening time. The microbiota of both the control and Listeria-inoculated cheeses was analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted amplicon sequencing, while direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was applied to investigate the differences in the metabolic profiles of the cheeses. The diversity analysis showed the same microbial diversity trend in both the control cheese and the inoculated cheese, while the taxonomic analysis highlighted the most representative genera of bacteria in both the control and inoculated cheese: Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. On the other hand, the metabolic fingerprints revealed that the complex interactions between resident microbiota and L. innocua were governed by continuously changing chemical signals. Changes in the amounts of small organic acids, hydroxyl fatty acids, and antimicrobial compounds, including pyroglutamic acid, hydroxy-isocaproic acid, malic acid, phenyllactic acid, and lactic acid, were observed over time in the L. innocua-inoculated cheese. In cheese that was inoculated with L. innocua, Streptococcus was significantly correlated with the volatile compounds carboxylbenzaldheyde and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, while Lactobacillus was positively correlated with some volatile and flavor compounds (cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, pyroxidal acid, aminobenzoic acid, and vanillic acid). Therefore, we determined the metabolic markers that characterize a raw milk cheese inoculated with L. innocua, the changes in these markers with the ripening time, and the positive correlation of flavor and volatile compounds with the resident microbiota. This multi-omics approach could suggest innovative food safety strategies based on the enhanced management of undesirable microorganisms by means of strain selection in raw matrices and the addition of specific antimicrobial metabolites to prevent the growth of undesirable microorganisms.
A systematic review of experimental studies on Salmonella persistence in insects Juliane Pinarelli Fazion, Filippo Marzoli, Alessandra Pezzuto, Michela Bertola, Pietro Antonelli, et al. Npj Science of Food, 2023 The consumption of insects as food and feed has been recently suggested as a possible alternative to the rising global food need, thus it is crucial to monitor any potential food safety hazards in the insect supply chain. The aims of this systematic review were to collect, select, and evaluate studies investigating the persistence of Salmonella in insects. We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, WEB of Science Core Collection, and Food Science and Technology Abstracts. In total, 36 papers investigating the persistence of Salmonella in insects (both holometabolous and heterometabolous) were included after screening. Regarding complete metamorphosis insects, the longest Salmonella persistence was reported in Phormia regina, in which the pathogen persisted for 29 days at 5 °C. Similarly, Salmonella persisted in the feces of Alphitobius diaperinus for 28 days. The incomplete metamorphosis insect showing the longest Salmonella persistence (>10 months) was Blatella germanica. Periplaneta americana excreted Salmonella via feces for 44 days until all the insects were dead. The retrieved data on the persistence of Salmonella can be useful for further analysis by risk assessors and decision-makers involved in the safety of insect-based food, contributing to defining the sanitary requirements and risk mitigation measures along the supply chain. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42022329213).
Nutritional Composition of Bombyx mori Pupae: A Systematic Review Luca Tassoni, Silvia Cappellozza, Antonella Dalle Zotte, Simone Belluco, Pietro Antonelli, et al. Insects, 2022 As insects have started to enter the eating habits of Western countries, an increasing amount of literature regarding the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) prospective application as food has been published. Despite this growing interest, there is currently no systematic review of silkworm nutritional composition available. In this paper, we performed a systematic review of the recent available literature on the nutrient composition of mulberry silkworm pupae. After screening the titles and abstracts of 14,008 studies retrieved from three scientific databases, data about nutrients was extracted from 29 selected papers, together with their related variables. This systematic review provides an overview of the variety of data reported in the literature and highlights that many elements contribute to hindering a sound comparison of the different nutritional values reported for silkworm pupae. The observed variability of the composition data reported could be due to differences in diet, strains, pretreatments, and origin of the silkworm analyzed. However, all these variables were not always available and should be reported in future studies to simplify the data comparison.