Machine learning-guided optimization of probiotic chickpea milk fermentation enhances antioxidant capacity, volatile aroma profile, and sensory quality Ping Tang, Siew-Young Quek, Yi-Chen Lo, Somayeh Gholivand, Ming-Yang Cui, Aliah Zannierah Mohsin, Nurul Hanisah Juhari, Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin Future Foods, 2026 • ANN accurately predicted antioxidant, pH and probiotic responses in chickpea milk. • NSGA-II achieved balanced multi-objective fermentation optimization. • TOPSIS selected a compromise solution with desirable functional outcomes. • Fermentation lowered aldehydes and produced pleasant aroma compounds. • Sensory evaluation showed stronger fermented aroma and higher acceptability. This study developed and optimized a probiotic chickpea milk fermentation process using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PC4, integrating response surface methodology with artificial neural network genetic algorithm (ANN-NSGA-II) modeling. Fermentation parameters (time, temperature, inoculum level) were systematically evaluated for their effects on antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, TPC), pH, and probiotic viability. Although response surface models showed strong fitting accuracy (R² > 0.96), ANN demonstrated superior prediction stability and captured nonlinear behavior across all responses (Test R² > 0.97). Multi-objective optimization using NSGA-II maximized antioxidant capacity and viable cell counts while maintaining pH near 4.5. The optimal compromise solution (7.40 h, 35.95°C, 2.22%) achieved high antioxidant values and 8.81 log CFU/mL viable probiotics, with validation experiments demonstrated reasonable agreement between the predicted and experimental results. Fermentation enhanced β-glucosidase activity, lactic acid accumulation, and the formation of alcohols and esters, while markedly reducing aldehyde-driven beany odor. Sensory evaluation confirmed stronger fermented aroma, lower beany notes, and improved overall flavor. These findings establish ANN-NSGA-II as an effective and precise framework for developing functional plant-based fermented beverages.
Multi-objective genetic algorithm driven formulation of a plant-based probiotic premix powder: Nutrient-cost modeling, microstructural characterization and sensory validation Ping Tang, MingYang Cui, Aliah Zannierah Mohsin, Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin, Nurul Hanisah Juhari Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2026 This study presents a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) driven framework for the rational formulation of a plant-based probiotic premix powder under simultaneous nutritional and economic constraints. Protein content, energy value, and protein density were maximized while formulation cost was minimized within predefined macronutrient ranges. Pareto-optimal solutions were further refined into integer-feasible formulations and ranked using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), from which the most balanced candidate was selected and experimentally validated. The predicted and measured nutritional values showed strong agreement, with relative errors below 6% for macronutrients, and approximately 6% for energy, confirming the robustness and practical reliability of the optimization strategy. During 28 days of storage, probiotic viability remained above 7 log₁₀ CFU/g under refrigerated and ambient conditions, while elevated temperature accelerated viability loss and color changes.. Microstructural and physicochemical analyses revealed near-spherical particles and a predominantly amorphous composite matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the preservation of major carbohydrate–protein functional groups, while High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns exhibited a broad diffraction halo without sharp crystalline peaks. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms displayed a single endothermic transition within the scanned temperature range, indicating good thermal stability of the composite matrix. Sensory evaluation further demonstrated acceptable flavor, viscosity, and overall preference of the optimized formulation. The novelty of this study lies in integrating multi-objective optimization, integer-feasible formulation refinement, and experimental validation into a single reproducible and cost-aware framework, offering a scalable strategy for the development of nutritionally optimized plant-based probiotic powders.
Effect of Wall Material Concentrations on Microencapsulation Efficiency and Oxidative Stability of Pomegranate Seed Oil Hala Rabea Damen, Nameer Khairullah Mohammed, Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin, Belal J. Muhialdin, Muammar Talib Hamad, Arpit Shrivastava Food Safety and Health, 2026 The purpose of this study is to evaluate how different compositions of wall materials affect the efficiency and oxidative stability of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) by spray drying. Three different wall materials (maltodextrin, concentrated milk protein, and lecithin) at three ratios: 1:3 (A), 1:3.5 (B), and 1:4 (C) (oil: wall material) are taken into consideration. All emulsions showed stability over 24 h, with the highest viscosity ratio observed at the 1:4 ratio. The properties of the encapsulated powders were analyzed and the microencapsulation efficiency (MEE) was evaluated at 91.60%, the solubility was 87.66%, the moisture content 2.33 g/100 g, and the bulk density was 0.65 g/cm 3 . The particle size did not exceed 100 μm. All the particles were spherical, proportionate in size, and free of cracks. A storage stability test, conducted on the encapsulated oil for 28 days with 7 days intervals, showed that the antioxidant content was 69.30% and the peroxide value was 4.00meq/kg compared to free oil, PV was 42.03 meq/kg and DPPH was 55.33%. However, the total phenolic content (TPC) showed a significant decrease in free oil compared to the encapsulated oil with values of 0.57 mg GAE/g and 0.90 mg GAE/g for the encapsulated oil.
Advancing sugarcane juice as a sustainable alternative to plant-based sports isotonic drinks: Innovations in preservation techniques Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2025
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Production of banana cake premix from banana (musa acuminata colla) by-products via foam mat drying process Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020
The extraction of crude enzyme of lipase from Penicillium candidum PCA 1/TT031 by way of solid state fermentation International Food Research Journal, 2018
Characterization and quantification of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) betacyanin pigments extracted by two procedures Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 2012
Bile resistance and bile salt deconjugation activity of bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 in a simulated colonic pH Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 2011
Phytase: Application in food industry International Food Research Journal, 2010
Cholic acid resistance and the adherence ability of Bifidobacterium pseudocaenulatum G4 African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009
Potential phytate-degrading enzyme producing bacteria isolated from Malaysian maize plantation African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009
Evaluation of GABA, crude protein and amino acid composition from different varieties of Malaysian's brown rice Australian Journal of Crop Science, 2009
Effect of hypocholesterolemic properties of brown rice varieties containing different gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels on Sprague-Dawley male rats Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 2009
Screening and comparative performance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains for enhancing functional properties of legume-based milks P Tang, MY Cui, AZ Mohsin, NH Juhari, AS Meor Hussin Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1-15 , 2026 2026
Machine learning-guided optimization of probiotic chickpea milk fermentation enhances antioxidant capacity, volatile aroma profile, and sensory quality P Tang, SY Quek, YC Lo, S Gholivand, MY Cui, AZ Mohsin, NH Juhari, ... Future Foods, 101032 , 2026 2026
Integrated machine learning assisted multi-objective optimization of spray drying conditions for plant-based probiotic powder: Comparative modelling with GC-MS and FTIR validation P Tang, SY Quek, AZ Mohsin, NH Juhari, SQ Huang, ASM Hussin Food Bioscience, 109033 , 2026 2026
Fractional factorial design and machine learning reveal key formulation factors in chickpea-based (Cicer arietinum) cheese analogues AA Marzlan, AZ Mohsin, FH Brishti, S Marchesseau, C Cunault, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1-10 , 2026 2026
LSTM-NSGA-II Framework for Predicting and Enhancing the Quality of Fermented Kidney Bean Milk P Tang, AZ Mohsin, NH Juhari, ASM Hussin Food Bioscience, 108915 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Next-generation non-thermal processing technologies for fruit and vegetable juices: a review of quality, safety, and sustainability NK Mohammed, M Savira, AS Meor Hussin European Food Research and Technology 252 (4), 187 , 2026 2026
Multi-objective genetic algorithm driven formulation of a plant-based probiotic premix powder: Nutrient-cost modeling, microstructural characterization and sensory validation P Tang, MY Cui, AZ Mohsin, AS Meor Hussin, NH Juhari Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1-20 , 2026 2026
Effect of Wall Material Concentrations on Microencapsulation Efficiency and Oxidative Stability of Pomegranate Seed Oil HR Damen, NK Mohammed, AS Meor Hussin, BJ Muhialdin, MT Hamad, ... Food Safety and Health , 2026 2026
Pivotal Roles of α S1 -Casein in the Nutritional Composition, Technological Properties, Allergenicity, and Its Reduction Strategies in Goat Milk AZ Mohsin, R Sukor, M Mansor, MH Abd Rahim, NS Abdul Manan, ... Food Reviews International 41 (9), 2545-2569 , 2025 2025
Quality and safety of buffalo milk from Malaysian farms: physicochemical properties, aflatoxin M1 and antibiotic residues AS Ibrahim, R Sukor, ASM Hussin, AZ Mohsin Journal of Dairy Research 92 (4), 650-653 , 2025 2025
Evaluation of cold storage effect on Murrah buffalo milk yoghurt quality and safety attributes through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis M Mansor, A Zulkifli, ARM Lotfi, MSA Sani, JR Al-Obaidi, ... Food Control 176, 111395 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Comparative machine learning strategies for improving antioxidant properties and aroma quality in fermented mung bean milkby Lactobacillus plantarum PC4 T Ping, AZ Mohsin, NH Juhari, ASM Hussin International Journal of Food Microbiology, 111443 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
The multifaceted Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) protein: From molecular composition to extraction techniques, techno-functional properties, and food applications FH Brishti, WZW Ibadullah, MA Hanafi, S Hajar-Azhari, B Arulrajah, ... Food Chemistry, 145533 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
An insight into plant-based yogurts: Physicochemical, organoleptic properties and functional food aspects R Qadir, WNAWM Nasir, AB Azmi, S Fatima, N Mehmood, ASM Hussin Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 143, 107578 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Nigella sativa Vinegar Extract: An Insight Into Hypoglycemic Potential Using In Vivo and In Silico Studies MT Akhtar, R Qadir, U Altaf, T Almas, S Batool, MS Ikram, AS Meor Hussin, ... Chemistry & Biodiversity 22 (5), e202402512 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Advancing sugarcane juice as a sustainable alternative to plant-based sports isotonic drinks: Innovations in preservation techniques. N Zainuddin, EM Azman, AZ Mohsin, AS MEOR HUSSIN, ... Journal of Food & Nutrition Research 64 (1) , 2025 2025
Exploring the characteristics of kombucha tea fermented with soursop ( Annona muricata ), Noni ( Morinda citrifolia ) and pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) MA Azizan, R Qadir, MA Zakaria, AZ Mohsin, AS Meor Hussin BIO Web of Conferences 159, 01002 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Nutritional and therapeutic benefits of coconut milk and its potential as a plant-based functional yogurt alternative: a review G Gengan, NSM Zaini, N Saari, ASM Hussin, AH Jaafar, H Hasan, EJ Lim, ... Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 14, 9250004 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Composition changes of eggplant fruits (Solanum melongena L.) after different cooking treatments NK Mohammed, NFH Binti Halim, AS Meor Hussin Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences 24 (4), 92-104 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Exploring the physicochemical and microbiological properties of glutinous rice (Tapai pulut) fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum: a comprehensive characterization using 1H NMR A Anzian, M Hussin, R Qadir, SH Azhari, NH Juhari, YA Yusof, H Adnan, ... Food Bioscience 62, 105165 , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Spray drying for the encapsulation of oils—A review NK Mohammed, CP Tan, YA Manap, BJ Muhialdin, ASM Hussin Molecules 25 (17), 3873 , 2020 2020 Citations: 349
Modified starches and their usages in selected food products: A review study KA Abbas, SK Khalil, ASM Hussin Journal of Agricultural Science 2 (2), 90 , 2010 2010 Citations: 348
Review on the biological detoxification of mycotoxins using lactic acid bacteria to enhance the sustainability of foods supply BJ Muhialdin, N Saari, AS Meor Hussin Molecules 25 (11), 2655 , 2020 2020 Citations: 190
The Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties, Chemical Composition, and Thermal Behavior of Black Seed ( Nigella sativa L.) Oil NK Mohammed, MY Abd Manap, CP Tan, BJ Muhialdin, AM Alhelli, ... Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (1), 6273817 , 2016 2016 Citations: 163
Antifungal activity determination for the peptides generated by Lactobacillus plantarum TE10 against Aspergillus flavus in maize seeds BJ Muhialdin, HL Algboory, H Kadum, NK Mohammed, N Saari, Z Hassan, ... Food Control 109, 106898 , 2020 2020 Citations: 128
Effect of pre‐germination time of brown rice on serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolaemic rats S Roohinejad, A Omidizadeh, H Mirhosseini, N Saari, S Mustafa, ... Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90 (2), 245-251 , 2010 2010 Citations: 115
Phytase: application in food industry S Afinah, AM Yazid, MH Anis Shobirin, M Shuhaimi International Food Research Journal 17 (1), 13-21 , 2010 2010 Citations: 112
Effects of metabolite changes during lacto-fermentation on the biological activity and consumer acceptability for dragon fruit juice BJ Muhialdin, H Kadum, M Zarei, ASM Hussin Lwt 121, 108992 , 2020 2020 Citations: 110
Characterization of nanoemulsion of Nigella sativa oil and its application in ice cream NK Mohammed, BJ Muhialdin, AS Meor Hussin Food science & nutrition 8 (6), 2608-2618 , 2020 2020 Citations: 106
Effects of sugar sources and fermentation time on the properties of tea fungus (kombucha) beverage. BJ Muhialdin, FA Osman, R Muhamad, C Che Wan Sapawi, A Anzian, ... International Food Research Journal 26 (2) , 2019 2019 Citations: 104
Process conditions of spray drying microencapsulation of Nigella sativa oil NK Mohammed, CP Tan, Y Abd Manap, AM Alhelli, ASM Hussin Powder Technology 315, 1-14 , 2017 2017 Citations: 101
Influence of Storage Conditions on the Quality, Metabolites, and Biological Activity of Soursop ( Annona muricata. L.) Kombucha WC Tan, BJ Muhialdin, AS Meor Hussin Frontiers in Microbiology 11, 603481 , 2020 2020 Citations: 89
Incorporating torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack) inflorescence essential oil onto starch-based edible film towards sustainable active packaging for chicken meat AA Marzlan, BJ Muhialdin, NHZ Abedin, N Manshoor, FH Ranjith, ... Industrial Crops and Products 184, 115058 , 2022 2022 Citations: 86
Identification of antioxidant and antibacterial activities for the bioactive peptides generated from bitter beans (Parkia speciosa) via boiling and fermentation processes BJ Muhialdin, NFA Rani, ASM Hussin Lwt 131, 109776 , 2020 2020 Citations: 79
Effect of pre-germination time on amino acid profile and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) contents in different varieties of Malaysian brown rice S Roohinejad, A Omidizadeh, H Mirhosseini, N Saari, S Mustafa, ... International Journal of Food Properties 14 (6), 1386-1399 , 2011 2011 Citations: 69
Chemical and mineral composition of raw goat milk as affected by breed varieties available in Malaysia AZ Mohsin, R Sukor, J Selamat, ASM Hussin, IH Ismail International Journal of Food Properties 22 (1), 815-824 , 2019 2019 Citations: 60
Metabolomic changes and biological activities during the lacto-fermentation of jackfruit juice using Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 BJ Muhialdin, ASM Hussin, H Kadum, AA Hamid, AH Jaafar Lwt 141, 110940 , 2021 2021 Citations: 57
Effects of enzymatic treatment on physicochemical properties of sugar palm fruit juice P Arsad, R Sukor, WZ Wan Ibadullah, NA Mustapha, AS Meor Hussin International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information … , 2015 2015 Citations: 56
Metabolomics profiling of fermented cantaloupe juice and the potential application to extend the shelf life of fresh cantaloupe juice for six months at 8° C BJ Muhialdin, H Kadum, ASM Hussin Food Control 120, 107555 , 2021 2021 Citations: 55
Evaluation of GABA, crude protein and amino acid composition from different varieties of Malaysian’s brown rice S Roohineja, H Mirhosseini, N Saari, S Mustafa, I Alias, MH Anis Shobirin, ... Australian Journal of Crop Science 3 (4), 184-190 , 2009 2009 Citations: 52